Peter O'Donoghue is Reader and Discipline Director for Performance Analysis at the Cardiff School of Sport, UWIC. 7 Measurement issues in performance analysis 149 8 Analysis of quantitative sports performance data 178 9 Analysis of qualitative sports performance data 210 10 Drafting performance analysis research 227.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
PREFACE
The traditional view of performance analysis is that it involves objective methods based on the assumptions of the normative paradigm. These studies must be conducted with an understanding of the underlying assumptions of the action research methods used.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS RESEARCH
INTRODUCTION
This introductory chapter provides a brief history of sport performance analysis, as well as other relevant developments that have had an impact on the area. However, the hot topics in performance analysis research at the time of writing this first edition are covered at the end of this opening chapter.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF SPORT: WHAT?
WHY? WHO? WHERE? WHEN? HOW?
The last two World Congresses for Performance Analysis of Sports were the 7th (Szombathely, Hungary, 2006) and 8th (Magdeburg, Germany, 2008) in the series. The purposes of notational analysis of statistical compilation (Hughes, 1986), coach and player education (Hughes, 1998), development of performance databases and performance modeling (Hughes, 1998) are very broad purposes of performance analysis that include different specifications. c purpose.
HISTORY OF PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS RESEARCH
The history of sports notational analysis has been described by Mike Hughes during keynote speeches at World Congresses of Science and Football (Hughes, 1993) and Science and Racket Sports (Hughes, 1998). In 1992, the first World Congress of Sports Notation Analysis was held at Burton Manor in England, followed by subsequent World Congresses in Liverpool, England (1994), Antalya, Turkey (1996) and Porto, Portugal (1998).
RESEARCH TOPICS IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Tactical analysis is one of the main goals of performance analysis in sports and there are many sports where much more research on playing patterns is needed. Where teams and players do improve, it is impossible to prove that this is a direct result of the use of performance analysis.
SUMMARY
The position of the referee is important to be able to oversee incidents and to make the right decisions. Analysis of the referee's work rate and movement is important to support the development of such tests and training programs with a better understanding of the physical demands of refereeing a match.
RESEARCH PROCESSES
TYPES OF RESEARCH
External validity is the extent to which the results of the experiment can be generalized. People who lived during the events of interest but were not.
DATA GATHERING AND ANALYSIS METHODS
There are a number of measurement issues in using questionnaires that need to be considered. The purpose of the DM-CSAI-2 instrument within the study was to identify whether the intensity or direction of different types of anxiety differed between the two game types. 2007) surveyed 10 English FA Premier League clubs to describe. the current use of performance analysis within elite football clubs.
ASSUMPTIONS OF RESEARCH METHODS
The normative paradigm is based on the assumption of realism and that objects exist in a real external world that is independent of different people's views of the world and the objects in it. The normative paradigm is based on the assumption that there is a single real world that is independent of the view of individuals of that world.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESSES
A thorough analysis of sports performance data identifies areas of team performance that can be improved. Theoretical perspectives and other research evidence are used to explain 'why' the study has produced the findings that have been observed.
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCESSES
When devising quantitative research methods, it is necessary to take advantage of the opportunity to create a detailed plan of the research project, which will serve as a tool for project management and control. An initial timetable should be prepared showing the weeks from the start of the project activity to the dissertation submission deadline.
MIXED METHODS APPROACHES
Similarly, McLaughlin and O'Donoghue (2004) used computerized time motion analysis and qualitative analysis of videotaped behavior in a complementary manner to investigate elementary school children's playground activity. Qualitative methods, on the other hand, are based on the assumption of the interpretive paradigm.
SELECTING A RESEARCH QUESTION
CRITERIA FOR SELECTING A RESEARCH TOPIC
It is not always possible to develop a research idea based on the research of staff in the student's department and this is only one of the ways to identify a research question. Reading academic literature in performance analysis can give the student ideas for potential research projects.
LITERATURE REVIEW
The student should then consider the methods used within the research described in the paper that led to the results obtained. The amount of detail used to cover a paper depends on the relevance of the paper to the student's own research question.
SPECIFYING THE RESEARCH QUESTION
Therefore, this chapter is primarily concerned with the process of specifying the research question to answer the student's research project. The research area and rationale for the student's own inquiry are transformed into a more precise specification of the research question using the steps shown in Figure 4.1.
FOCUSING THE RESEARCH QUESTION
This should not be confused with the use of a cluster sample that is chosen to be representative of a wider geographical area. When research limits the scope of a project to a particular geographic region, the results are not intended to be representative of sport outside that geographic region.
STRUCTURING THE PROBLEM
Players with more powerful groundstrokes are less likely to be passed or hit by opponents if they are at the net (6). Selected aspects of the strategy concept must be represented in an observable and testable way to allow a research investigation to be undertaken.
DEFINING VARIABLES
H02 – There is no relationship between the percentage of first serves played and the percentage of points won, given that the first serve is played. HA2 – There is a relationship between the percentage of first serves that are played in and the percentage of points won, given that the first serve is played.
COMPLETING THE PROBLEM SPECIFICATION
First, the student focuses on the research problem by defining the scope of the research. The second phase involves identifying the key concepts of the research problem and relationships between these concepts.
ETHICAL ISSUES IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
SCIENTIFIC DISHONESTY IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
Some or all of the data within a study can be fabricated and this type of dishonesty can have consequences far beyond the study itself. Some research in performance analysis may use human observers to collect the data whose contribution would not warrant inclusion as an author of the paper but should be mentioned in the acknowledgements.
ETHICAL PRINCIPLES
However, there are often word limits for journal articles that prohibit publication of all possible analyzes of performance analysis data. In addition, there are cases when authors present a paper that analyzes the effect of two or more independent factors on a set of performance indicators and reviewers are asked to exclude hypotheses, analyses, results and discussion related to one or more of the these factors. in order to tighten the paper's aims.
GENERAL ETHICAL ISSUES
The ethical issues are that the participants are not aware that they are taking part in a research study and have not given their consent to be studied, the privacy of the participants is violated, the researcher is potentially exposed to danger, and the participants may experience embarrassment or other harm. consequences for the publication of the study. The conclusions from the study may show a picture of the participants that they do not accept.
SPECIFIC ETHICAL ISSUES WITHIN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS RESEARCH
It must be ensured that the use of videos is limited to the research project. There may be ways in which the researcher can describe the development and operation of the performance analysis support in vague terms, but this will affect the chances of the research being published.
ETHICS POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
This member of the department's research ethics committee acts as a gatekeeper to the ethics process for staff. Departmental research ethics committees will review any research proposals with other ethical concerns that do not need to be referred to the university's research ethics committee.
DEVISING METHODS
RESEARCH DESIGN AND PLANNING
The system development process must involve the trainer and the evolution of the system must be documented so that this activity can be evaluated later during the research. Once the final system can be used reliably, the student should consider the main study of the research project.
SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
If a penalty point was awarded, the system allowed the score at the start of the next point to be changed accordingly. Indeed, to make the study reproducible, only the final version of the system should be described to the reader.
PARTICIPANTS/MATCHES
Once a final decision has been made on the required number of performances, the student must ensure that it is feasible to collect data from that number of performances. There may be specific criteria for including performances in the study that need to be articulated.
DATA PROCESSING ANALYSIS
Therefore, the area of the service court where the ball was served is treated as a nominal variable and a chi-square test of independence can be used to obtain a frequency profile of service court areas (left, center and right) between men's and women's singles. If parametric procedures can be used, a series of independent t-tests can be used to compare the percentage of serves played with the three different areas of the service court between men's and women's singles for the four conditions of interest.
DESCRIBING QUALITATIVE METHODS
Although the purpose of the study is to compare the direction of the serve between individual matches for men and women, some may wish to do so to see if there are significant differences between the serving areas for one gender and not the other. The researcher must determine the participants (as individuals or groups) who will be involved in the qualitative part of the study, the environment in which this part of the study will be conducted, and agree on access to the environment and participants.
DOING THE RESEARCH
First, the system must be developed and tested, and second, the system must be used in the main study of the research project. The system must be specifically developed for efficient and effective use within a research study.
MEASUREMENT ISSUES IN PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS
VALIDITY
Similarly, there are players who adopt a basic strategy in all parts of the world rankings. Therefore, a more efficient analysis of a given sport can be performed if a more concise set of independent process indicators can be identified.
DO PRECISE OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS GUARANTEE GOOD RELIABILITY?
First, the operational definitions were read, discussed and agreed before the two observers independently analyzed the 2003 Rugby World Cup final. The independent variable was the style of defense used during the opponent's netball possessions.
OBJECTIVITY AND RELIABILITY
There are two types of reliability studies that have been used in performance analysis research: intraoperator agreement studies and interoperator agreement studies. Intra-operator agreement studies may be useful to the student during pilot testing of the system.
RELIABILITY STATISTICS FOR CATEGORICAL VARIABLES
The first seven columns of Table 7.8 can also be used in the calculation of 95 percent agreement limits, mean change, and standard error of measurement. Random error is calculated using the standard deviation of the differences between the two operators' recorded split times.
ANALYSIS OF QUANTITATIVE SPORTS PERFORMANCE DATA
DESIGN ISSUES
When the dependent variable is measured on a numerical scale, the decision to use a parametric test or a nonparametric test depends on whether the data meet the assumptions of the test. Therefore, an independent samples t-test can be used if the data meet the assumptions of the test.
DESCRIPTIVE AND INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
One way to analyze the data is to make the event the unit of analysis rather than entire performances or matches. Once a specific research design is chosen, the researcher develops the system to collect the necessary data and may need to process the data to produce the specific values to be entered into a statistical analysis package.
