All members of the genus Zopherus are elongated and subcylindrical, with extremely thick and hard integuments. In the New World tropics, all species are patterned, sometimes boldly, in black and white. SCULPTURE.-Most of the species of Zopherus have tubercles of some sort on the elytra.
Usually a conspicuous, compact patch of golden hairs is present at the extreme apex of the terminal abdominal sternum. None of the species of Zopherus can be considered common and some are very rare. Grant, Jr., of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, I was able to study all of Horn's material.
Arnold of the Department of Photography, Ohio State University, whose careful skill with the camera and interest in the project is evident.
Zopherus chilensis Gray
MEXICO: Mochitlan and Omilteme in Guerrero; La Parada, Juquila, Tepanzacoalco and 6.6 miles south of Valle Nacional in Oaxaca; Jalapa and Orizaba in Veracruz. Individuals with a greater proportion of the dorsal surface black, the sample called variety sallaei, with variety verrucosus somewhat intermediate between the two. Transverse callus formation on apex of terminal abdominal sternum varies from simple forward emargination to almost completely divided into two distinct lobes.
The antennal fossae are appendicular and the ventral surface of the pronotum is usually smooth, but occasionally there may be some rather thick tubercles. In one from Santo Domingo, Oaxaca (BMNH), there are numerous strong tubercles on the ventral surface of the pronotum as in the nerve Solier;. Another specimen showing the same modifications is from 2 miles south of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas (UCal).
The specimen from Chilpancingo, Guerrero (MCZ) is .. almost completely black and the dorsal surface is smooth. I have examined 16 of Champion's specimens, including the two forms he described, and am convinced that it is only one species. MEXICO: El Zapotal, 2 miles south of Tuxtla Gutierrez, Chiapas; Acapulco, Chilpancingo, 38 miles south of Iguala, Omiltema and Taxco in Guerrero; San Miguel and Zacualtipan in Hidalgo; Ajijic and Guadalajara in Jalisco; Mexico, Distrito Federal; .. 16 miles south of Arteaga, Michoacan; Cuernavaca and Tejalpa in Morelos; Compostela and Ixtlan del Rio in Nayarit; Calpulalpan, Juquila, Oaxaca and Santo Domingo in Oaxaca; 82 km northeast of Tehuacan in Puebla;.
This subspecies is apparently a continuation of the trend from the dark {nodulosus) to the lighter (sallaei) form. This is the lightest form of the series and, as Casey (1907b: 463) notes, fairly constant in color. Most specimens seen from north of the Rio Grande River are easily separated from those from Mexico.
Zopherus jourdani Salle
Zopherus mexicanus is very similar to laevicollis, but has smaller, better defined apical tubercles of the elytra, and the ventral callus of the terminal abdominal sternum is weakly arcuate rather than trilobed (Figure 4). Small series examples available vary considerably in color, from mostly white to completely black (Linares in Nuevo Leon, . [CAS]). The development of the ventral callus of the apical abdominal sternum is intermediate between the simple arched form of mexicanus and the strongly trilobed condition of laevicollis and xestus.
All of the Casey specimens fall well within the range of variation observed in the many examples of this species examined. VARIATION.—The specimen chosen as the holotype is nearly intermediate in intensity of elytral sculpture. Some specimens are smoother and show a smaller amount of white on lateral parts of the pronotum and elytra.
This species most closely resembles laevicollis Solier and is the only one north of the Rio Grande that has the three-lobed ventral callus and the large flattened tubercles at the apex of the elytra. VARIATION.-The greatest variation observed is in the extent of the white borders of the elytra. The white in some of the specimens occupies as much as a quarter of the width of the elytra on each side, with a few small white spots on the disc.
Not all specimens have the apex of the antennal fossae inverted; this character is subject to variation in this as in some other types of Zopherus. The elytral sculpture in some of the specimens is somewhat more irregular than in the type, with an approach to the tubercles distinctly flattened. This is one of the easiest Zopherus species to recognize, but one of the most difficult to characterize.
Zopherus concolor LeConte PLATE 3: FIGURE 20
I have thus selected and labeled the first of six specimens of this name in the Casey collection as lectotype. This series is quite variable in size and sculpture, but one of them (the third) is suitable for the type specimen of aequalis Casey. BAJA CALIFORNIA: Comondu, Loreto, Mulege, 1 mile south of Puerto Escondido, 10 miles south of Punta Prieta, San Domingo, 5 miles south of San Miguel, 25 miles south of Santa Rosalia.
Zopherus gracilis Horn
The combination of elytral holes on which Casey largely bases this species is not a unique character, as I have seen it in occasional individuals from various parts of Arizona and New Mexico. Enough intermediate forms have been studied to convince me that it is only one species. Each of the above is represented in the Casey collection only by the unique holotype, and this is another example where Casey described specimens and not species.
I have collected this species under the bark of dead pines in Arches National Monument and under pieces of cut pine on the ground in Bryce Canyon. I have seen only one specimen from Arizona and one from Nevada (Casey's type of Z. induratus from Las Vegas). An interesting and fairly uniform series of 14 specimens from Death Valley National Monument was studied.
I have seen this same condition in series in which most of the individuals were grossly tuberculate, and assumed that these were older specimens in which the elytra had been eroded. This cannot be true of the Death Valley specimens, as they were grown from the roots of a pine (Pinus monophylla) by W. This is unusual, but not without precedent, as I have seen several other specimens with the same modification.
CALIFORNIA: Claremont, Cleghorn Canyon, Crestline, Crystal Lake, Cuyamaca Rancho State Park, Death Valley National Monument, Fillmore, Herron Hill, Hesperia, Idyllwild, Joshua Tree National Monument, Julian, Lake Arrowhead, Littlerock, Mount Wilson, Newhall, Palm Springs , Pasadena, Potrero, Providence Mountains, San Bernardino Mountains, San Gabriel Mountains, San Jacinto Mountains, Santa Barbara, Santa Rosa Mountains. This subspecies differs from the nominate subspecies in having much finer elytral tubercles, the lateral ones always being transversely elongated. Other than the previously mentioned Death Valley specimens, I have seen no intermediate specimens between the two subspecies, granicollis and ventriosus, which apparently occupy mutual territories.
Zopherus opacus Horn
River Camp 3, Sequoia National Forest og Mill Potrero i Kern County; Bass Lake og Sugar Pine i Madera County; Miami Ranger Station ved 4—5.000 fod i Mariposa County; Colony Mill, Davenport, Atwells Mill, Kaweah, Lloyd Meadow, Round Meadow Giant Forest og Wells Mill i Tulare County.
Zopherus elegans Horn
To clarify the above synonymy, it should be mentioned that both circumductus and woodgatei are typical elegans in that they both have white bordered elytra and pronotum. Later, Casey decided that verrucipennis was considered a variety of otiose, and the two were kept as separate entities in Casey's collection under L.
Zopherus sanctaehelenae (Blaisdell), new combination
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