A historical overview of previous work on ahermatypic Scleractinia from the Galapagos and Cocos Islands is provided. Pourtales (1875) reported seven scleractinians from the Galapagos collected on the beach during an expedition of the U.S.C.S. Six ahermatypic species were collected in the Galapagos and Cocos Islands in the 1953-1954 Galapagos Expedition of the International Institute for Diving Research (Durham, 1962).
None of the four shallow-water species in the Galapagos were new records, but all three in Cocos Island were previously. The faunistic affinities of the relatively few (12 species) ahermatypes known from Cocos Island (Table 2) are also consistent with most other groups of marine invertebrates, as summarized by Briggs (1974): a relatively low endemic component (17%) , a high Panamanian component (33%), and smaller Indo-Pacific (25%) and cosmopolitan (25%) components.
Astrangia dentata Verrill, 1866
The columella consists of a circular field of spiny papillae that form the concave floor of the fossa. The septum formula is S ^ S ^ S - j , the inner edges of S1 - 2 reaching the columella and often very thickened (especially S2), sometimes as paliform lobes. Inner edges of Su2 not thickened, only S, meeting at base of fossa.
Caryophyllia diomedeae Marenzeller, 1904
In view of the large number of Recent species of Caryophyllia and because three species of Caryophyllia are described from the Galapagos (two of them as new species), it was deemed appropriate to examine the descriptions and reference specimens (if possible) of all Recent species and to devise a method of subdividing this subgenus in order to facilitate comparisons. An easily observable and ecologically and morphologically fundamental difference between the species of Caryophyllia concerns whether or not the stem of the corallum is subsequently reinforced with stereomes. Squires (1958) also used this character in accordance with the condition of the corallum base to distinguish his five species groups.
Caryophyllia perculta, new species PLATE 5a,b4
Caryophyllia solida, new species
His figural specimen is deposited at the USNM (22083); deposition of the second syntype was not observed. Septa of nine specimens from JSL-1924 (including the holotype), decamerally arranged in the three largest cycles, as well as a specimen with a calicular diameter of only 5.5 mm, which has 40 septa and 10 palli. The fossa practically does not exist, the upper edges of the palis and columellar elements reach the upper calicular edge.
ETYMOLOGY.-The species name is from the Latin solida (solid), alluding to the solid, robust nature of the coral. Three of the seven corals examined (including the holotype) show evidence of rejuvenation from a larger diameter parent coral. Holotype (largest specimen) 6.7 mm in calicular diameter and 9.9 mm high; however, its pedicel is broken above the point of attachment. Only upper theca covered by coenosarc, the lower theca eroded.
Septa hexamerally arranged in four cycles, the fourth incomplete: the largest specimen lacked one pair of S4 (46 septa); a specimen with a larger calicular diameter of 5.8 mm lacks two pairs of S4 (44 septa); and other specimens 3.4-4.3 mm in calicular diameter have 36-42 septa. Small P3 (0.4-0.6 mm wide) occurs deep in the fossa and forms an indistinct crown just above the columella. Due to the great depth of the fossa of the holotype, the small P3 is barely visible, appearing as small appendages on the extreme lower, inner septal margins, but is nevertheless well differentiated from the columellar elements.
A review of the literature reveals that 12 species can be assigned to Crispatotrochus, and, as with Caryophyllia, they can be grouped on the basis of septal symmetry.
Crispatotrochus galapagensis, new species
Specimen illustrated (Plate 6a) 5.5 mm in calicular diameter and 10.2 mm long, with a pedicel diameter of 3.7 mm. Corolla up to 3.1 mm in greatest calicular diameter and 3-9 mm long; calices circular to elliptic. The largest Galapagan corallum 43 x 28 mm in calicular diameter and 50 mm long, with a pedicel diameter of 7.2 mm.
DESCRIPTION OF THE HOLOTYPE.—Corallum solitary, cuneiform and highly compressed: 2.3 x 1.25 mm in crown diameter and 4.0 mm high. Primary septa highly exserted (up to 1.7 mm), with sinuous vertical inner margins reaching the columella. Secondary septa also highly elongate (up to 1.2 mm), with sinuous vertical inner margins extending about 2/3 distance to columella.
Tertiary septa extend approx. 0.9 mm above the calicular edge and approx. 1/A distance to columella; they have relatively straight inner edges. Largest corallum 7.9 mm in calicular diameter and 17.9 mm high, with a non-reinforced pedicel 1.8 mm in diameter. Septa hexamerally arranged in four complete cycles, the fourth cycle already completed at a larger calicular diameter of 6.5 mm.
Su2 strongly strained (up to 5.0 mm), with gently sloping straight inner edges extending about 0.8 distance to center of fossa.
Balanophyllia galapagensis Vaughan, 1906
Theca is smooth and porcelain, with reddish brown streaks corresponding to upper C1 - 2 and C3. Columella consisting of an elongate, solid to porous, smooth mass of calcium carbonate fused to inner lower margins of S^_2. Polymyces wellsi is similar in pigmentation and septal number to the tulip shape of P.
The septa are essentially hexamerically arranged, but the total number of septa depends on the size of the calyx: for the larger calyx diameter of 4.0 mm, there are 36 septa; 5.5 -7.0 mm, 48 partitions; 10.0mm, 64 baffles; and the largest calyx 13.5 mm in the larger calyx diameter has 80 septa. Columella rudimentary, consisting of small cartilaginous elements attached to the lowest inner edges of the larger septa. S1>S2>S4>S3; however, as the diameter of the calyx increases (e.g. 8-11 mm), pairs of S5 are gradually added and simultaneously S2 increases to a size equal to Sr.
Ultimately, a full five cycles are present at a calycle diameter of 13-14 mm, the higher cycle of the septa being arranged in the Pourtales plan. Costae of equal width and height (ca. 0.6 mm wide), evenly convex and separated by thin intercostal lines. S,_2 about equal in size, thin and firm, their inner margins straight and entire or coarsely toothed.
Dendrophyllia californica, as shown by Durham and Barnard (1952), differs in having fewer strained corallites (usually less than 5 mm) projecting perpendicular to the main branch, a larger columella, and a more robust corallum.
Dendrophyllia johnsoni, new species
The bones are covered with fine pointed granules about 0.10 mm in diameter and 0.15 mm high, arranged in an irregular pattern of 2-4 across the width of the bank, forming a coarse "sandpaper" texture for the branches. Septa hexamerally arranged in five incomplete cycles, the usual arrangement being one pair of S5 in each hemisystem, resulting in 72 septa. S4 and S5, depending on the hemisystem, also porous, the septum pairs meet in front of the adjacent lower cyclic septa and extend to the columella.
Costae consisting of one or two rows of short spines; costae of large coral up to 0.45 mm wide and separated by shallow grooves about 0.35 mm wide. Septa arranged hexamerally in four or five cycles (48 or 96 septa) depending on calyx size. Su2 equal in size, slightly emarginate and rather thick (up to 1 mm) at calicular margin.
Coralles well separated from each other, connected by cylindrical cosset stolons 2.5-3.5 mm in diameter, 3 or 4 originating from the base of each coral. Costae equal in width and coarsely granular, intercostae porous and almost as wide as costae. Septa arranged hexamerally in five complete cycles, pairs of S5 continuously develop only in half-systems adjacent to S,.
S1 large and solid septa with straight inner edges projecting well into the fossa and extending to the columella.
Rhizopsammia wellingtoni Wells, 1982
S5 of each pair that is adjacent to each of S1 and S2 is more prominent and strongly fused with the septum of the adjacent lower loop above the calicular margin. Durham and Barnard (1952) reported that the species had four cycles of septa with traces of a fifth;. Wells (1983), who transferred this species to Endopsammia, suggested that it might be a junior synonym of the widespread Indo-West Pacific species E.
DESCRIPTION.-Only one small branch fragment of this species is known from the Galapagos, reported by Wells (1983) as E. DISCUSSION.-Enallopsammia rostrata differs from the other three species in the genus (see Zibrowius, 1973) in having calyxes on only one side of the colony. Mature corallites 10-13 mm in greater calicular diameter and project up to 12 mm above coenosteum; calyx elliptical.
S1 - 2 unexert and equal in size, much larger than the other septa of the higher cycle, their inner edges vertical and straight, reaching the columella. S4 about the same size and shape as S3, except for larger corallites, where the pairs of larger S4 are joined in front of the adjacent S3 and extend towards the columella as a porous lamella. DISCUSSION.—Table 4 compares the characters of the four species of Tubastraea known from the Galapagos.
Tubastraea coccinea is most easily distinguished from the other Galapagan species by the large difference in size between S,_2 and S3_4, and by its relatively large corallites.
Tubastraea faulkneri Wells, 1982
Costae equally broad and usually finely granular, separated by equally wide, porous intercostal grooves. The species are most easily distinguished on the basis of their number of septa and relative width and effort of various cycles.
Tubastraea tagusensis Wells, 1982
Tubastraea floreana Wells, 1982
Ti rebision ti ahermatypic scleractinia ti Is-isla ti Filipinas ken dagiti kabangibang a danum, paset 1: Fungiacyathidae, Micrabaciidae, Turbinoliinae ken Flabellidae. Ekolohia ti baybay ken dagiti pormasion ti korales idiay Is-isla ti Galapagos ken Marquesas, Panama. Resulta ti Puritano-Amerikano a Museo ti Natural a Pakasaritaan nga Ekspedision idiay Akinlaud a Mehiko, 7: Dagiti Korales ken dagiti Korales a Reef idiay Golpo ti California.
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