24 SDC 1. Summary and Bias Assessment of Included Neonatal IPD Incidence Studies, Pre-PCV Era
RefID First Author Data collection period (calendar years)
Country UN country stratum
Case ascertainment bias
Diagnostics Diagnostic methods bias
Attrition bias
Nosocomial infection
Surveillance type
Neonatal population (N)
IPD cases (n)
IPDr per 100,000
95% CI
2376 O’DEMPSEY TJ10
1989-1991 Gambia Least developed
Low risk C, antigen testing
Low risk Low risk No- study suggests community- acquired (CA)
NA (Pop-based)
812.2 3 369.5 119.2 - 1138.5
1227 LAGOS R11 1994-2007 Chile Less developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk Unsure - not
mentioned
Active (Pop-based)
8741 5.57 63.7 27.8 - 146.1
HS_6 RUSSELL FM12
2004-2007 Fiji Less developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No Active
(Pros lab)
2119.7 2 94.3 23.6 - 376.6
SS_4 DBAIBO G13 2006-2010 Lebanon Less developed
Unsure risk C Unsure risk Unsure risk
Unsure - not mentioned
Active?
(Pros lab)
202331 6 3.0 1.3 - 6.6
SS_8 VON GOTTBERG A14
2003-2008 South Africa
Less developed
Unsure risk C Unsure risk Unsure risk
Unsure - not mentioned
Active?
(Pop-based lab)
6692058 352 5.3 4.7 - 5.8
1338 HEFFERNAN HM15
1998-2005 New Zealand
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Passive (Pop-based lab)
37438.3 22 58.8 38.7 - 89.2
1402 VERGISON A16
2002-2003 Belgium More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pop-based lab, clinical)
112481.6 5 4.4 1.8 - 10.7
1418 POEHLING KA17
1997-2000 USA More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pros lab)
759739 27 3.6 2.4 - 5.2
1543 PARAGI M18 1993-2001 Slovenia More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pop-based lab)
9666 4 41.4 15.5 - 110.3
1551 GRANT CC19 1985-2001 England, Wales
More developed
High risk (Cases from only one hospital. All IPD cases in the community may not have been captured.)
C Low risk Low risk Unsure - not mentioned
Retrospective (Hosp/pop- based)
9712 3 30.9 10.0 - 95.8
1683 KALTOFT20 1981-1999 Denmark More developed
High risk (Pneumo. Unit received most but not all isolates from hospitals.)
C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Retrospective (Pop-based)
96446.7 44 45.6 33.9 - 61.3
1808 SCHUCHAT A21
1995 USA More
developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pop-based lab)
337579.6 314.3 93.1 83.4 - 103.9
25 SDC 1. Continued
RefID First Author Data collection period (calendar years)
Country UN country stratum
Case ascertainment bias
Diagnostics Diagnostic methods bias
Attrition bias
Nosocomial infection
Surveillance type
Neonatal population (N)
IPD cases (n)
IPDr per 100,000
95% CI
2214 GUTIERREZ RODRIGUEZ MA22
1998-2006 Spain More developed
Low risk ICD 9 codes High risk (ICD9 codes.)
Low risk No- study suggests CA
Retrospective (Pop-based)
43815 32 73.1 51.6 - 103.2
2222 JOHNSON AP23
1998-2005 England More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Retrospective (Pop-based)
388193.9 233.9 60.2 53.0 - 68.5
2268 ISPAHANI P24 1980-1999 England, UK
More developed
Low risk C, counterim mune electrophor esis
Low risk Low risk No- study suggests CA
Active (Pop-based lab)
18223.6 17 93.3 58.0 - 150.0
2312 DAHL MS25 1981-1995 Sweden More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Retrospective (Pop-based)
8928.6 7 78.4 37.4 - 164.4
2325b MILLER E26 1996 England, Wales
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Passive (Pop-based enhanced)
53051 44 82.9 61.7 - 111.5
2325c MILLER E26 1997 England, Wales
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Passive (Pop-based enhanced)
54100 48 88.7 66.8 - 117.8
2325d MILLER E26 1998 England, Wales
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Passive (Pop-based enhanced)
52617 36 68.4 49.4 - 94.8
3378 MELEGARO A27
1996-2000 England, Wales
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Enhanced (Pop-based)
196166.8 148 75.4 64.2 - 88.6
Dagan DAGAN R28 1998-2007 Israel More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No Active
(Pros pop- based)
115858.3 7.6 6.6 3.2 - 13.4
Dagan _d
DAGAN R28 2000-2009 Israel More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No Active
(Pros pop- based)
11897.6 1.1 9.2 1.4 - 59.9
SS_11 O'BRIEN KL29 1995-1997 USA (AZ,NM)
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pros pop- based lab)
1429 1 70.0 9.9 - 495.2
SS_11 b
O'BRIEN KL29 1998-2000 USA (AZ,NM)
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pros pop- based lab)
1245 4 321.4 120.6 - 852.7
SS_11 d
O'BRIEN KL29 1993-1997 USA (AZ)
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pros pop- based lab)
158.0 0.0 4.0 0.0 - 100000.0
SS_11 e
O'BRIEN KL29 1998-2000 USA (AZ)
More developed
Low risk C Low risk Low risk No- study
suggests CA
Active (Pros pop- based lab)
82 2 2438.7 610.8 - 9228.9
Note: Diagnostics - C: culture | NA: Not applicable, as not a surveillance but a population-based longitudinal study | AZ: Arizona, NM: New Mexico| IPDr: IPD incidence per 100,000| Numerator and Denominator include correction factor if n=0.
