Sesuvi um Marsh Evolvulus Heath

8 . THE TEKRESTRIAL FAUNA (EXCLUDING BIRDS AND INSECTS) OF LITTLE CAYMAN

M.V. Hounsome

A b s t r a c t

T e r r e s t r i a l a n i m a l s were c o l l e c t e d and o b s e r v e d by members of t h e Royal S o c i e t y and C a p a n I s l a n d s Government e x p e d i t i o n t o L i t t l e Cayman

i n J u l y and August of 1975, A f a u n a l i s t h a s been compiled and

a n a l y s e d w i t h r e f e r e n c e t o t h e v a r i o u s h a b i t a t t y p e s . The sand beach r i d g e , w i t h i t s a s s o c i a t e d human d i s t u r b a n c e , and t h e m a r l f a c i e s w i t h t a l l s c r u b l a n d a r e by f a r t h e r i c h e s t h a b i t a t s , t h e l a t t e r b e i n g worthy of t h e s p e c i a l a t t e n t i o n of c o n s e r v a t i o n i s t s .

I n t r o d u c t i o n

S t o d d a r t ( c h a p t e r 6 ) h a s d e s c r i b e d t h e t e r r e s t r i a l h a b i t a t s of L i t t l e Cayman, which may be summarised a s f o l l o w s : -

Pool Lagoon Sandbeach Ridge

Marl F a c i e s w i t h s c r u b Marl F a c i e s w i t h t a l l s c r u b Dwarf Mangrove

T a l l Mangrove S e s u v i um Marsh D i s s e c t e d B l u f f E v o l v u l u s Heath

I r o n s h o r e

The Pool Lagoon, S e s u v i u m Marsh and I r o n s h o r e and l a r g e l y a q u a t i c h a b i t a t s were n o t i n t e n s i v e l y sampled f o r t e r r e s t r i a l a n i m a l s , b u t t h e remaining s e v e n h a b i t a t t y p e s were v i s i t e d and t h e a n i m a l s c o l l e c t e d o r r e c o r d e d . The i n v e r t e b r a t e s were p r e s e r v e d i n a l c o h o l and t h e

v e r t e b r a t e s were k i l l e d by an e x c e s s of n a r c o t i c ( ' N e m b u t a l ' ) and s u b s e q u e n t l y p r e s e r v e d i n a l c o h o l . The i d e n t i f i c a t i o n s were c a r r i e d o u t , a s f a r a s p o s s i b l e a t Manchester U n i v e r s i t y , b u t many specimens

A t o l l Research B u l l e t i n No. 2 4 1 : 81-90, 1980.

had t o be p a s s e d on t o t h e B r i t i s h Museum (Nat. H i s t . ) f o r

i d e n t i f i c a t i o n o r c o n f i r m a t i o n ; t h e pseudoscorpions and one s p e c i e s of c r a b ( S e s a r m a a n g u s t i p e s Dana) had t o be s e n t t o A u s t r i a and t h e United S t a t e s r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r e x p e r t o p i n i o n s . The specimens have a l l been r e t a i n e d by t h e Manchester Museum, o r have been d e p o s i t e d i n t h e B r i t i s h Museum ( N a t u r a l H i s t o r y )

.

Methods

C o l l e c t i o n s o f a n i m a l s were made on d a i l y v i s i t s t o t h e v a r i o u s l o c a l i t i e s on L i t t l e Cayman ( s e e a p p e n d i x ) . P r e l i m i n a r y s o r t i n g and p r e s e r v a t i o n was c a r r i e d o u t a f t e r each v i s i t . A r e c o r d of g r i d r e f e r e n c e s was made and l i k e l y s i t e s i d e n t i f i e d on t h e map. Most of t h e c o l l e c t i n g v i s i t s were made t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r members of t h e e x p e d i t i o n , s o t h a t a wide v a r i e t y of s i t e s were covered. Notes of s ~ g h t l ~ ~ c j s i n the f i c l d were made s o a s t o supplement t h e r e c o r d s from c o l l e c t e d specimens; t h i s was e s p e c i a l l y u s e f u l f o r t h e r e p t i l e s and t h e most common m o l l u s c s .

R e s u l t s

A complete l i s t of t h e s p e c i e s found i s g i v e n i n t a b l e 7. Our knowledge o f t h e m o l l u s c s of L i t t l e Cayman h a s been summarised by Clench ( 1 9 6 4 ) , and t h a t o f t h e amphibians and r e p t i l e s by Williams

(1964, 1969) and Schwartz & Thomas ( 1 9 7 5 ) , b u t none of t h e o t h e r groups h a s r e c e i v e d such a s y s t e m a t i c t r e a t m e n t . Of t h e p r e v i o u s l y r e c o r d e d r e p t i l e s , t h e gekko ~ r i s t e l l i g e r p r a e s i g n i s Boulenger, t h e snake

~ r o p i d o p k i s c a y m a n e n s i s p a r k e r i Grant and t h e c r o c o d i l e C r o c o d i l u s a c u t u s C u v i e r were n o t seen i n 1975. Of t h e m o l l u s c s t h e f o l l o w i n g

f i v e s p e c i e s on C l e n c h ' s l i s t were n o t found i n 1975: A c a d i a l e w i s i P i l s b r y , G a s t r o c o p t a r u p i c o l a m a r g i n a l b a ( P f e i f f e r )

,

G . p e l l u c i d a

( P f e i f f e r )

,

P u p o i d e s a l b i l a b r i s (Adams)

,

and C e c i l i o i d e s i o t a (Adams)

.

On t h e o t h e r hand, t h r e e s p e c i e s of g a s t r o p o d were added t o C l e n c h ' s l i s t , v i z . D r e p a n o t r e m a l u c i d u r n ( P f e i f f e r )

,

G e o m e l a n i a ( M e r r i l l i a n a ) a l e m o n P i l s b r y , and L a m e l l a x i s m i c r u s ( d s Orbigny)

.

D i s c u s s i o n

Of t h e e i g h t y one s p e c i e s r e c o r d e d f i f t y s i x (69%) were p r e s e n t i n o n l y one of t h e seven h a b i t a t t y p e s , and s e v e n t y two ( 8 9 % ) were p r e s e n t i n o n l y one o r two h a b i t a t s . There were o n l y f i v e ( 6 % ) s p e c i e s

(Molluscs: H e l i c i n a f a s c i a t a and C e r i o n p a n n o s u m ; Amphibia: O s t e o p i l u s s e p t e n t r i o n a l i s R e p t i l i a : A n o l i s m y n a r d i and A . s a g r e i ⁾ r e c o r d e d from f o u r o r more h a b i t a t s (appendix 2 ) . T h i s s i t u a t i o n can be i n t e r p r e t e d a s meaning t h a t most of t h e s p e c i e s a r e h a b i t a t s p e c i f i c , a l t h o u g h i n s u f f i c i e n t sampling c o u l d produce s i m i l a r f i g u r e s , and n e g a t i v e r e c o r d s do n o t n e c e s s a r i l y imply t h e absence o f a s p e c i e s from a c e r t a i n h a b i t a t . S e v e r a l f u r t h e r v i s i t s would b e needed b e f o r e f i r m c o n c l u s i o n s a s t o h a b i t a t s p e c i f i c i t y c o u l d be drawn.

From t a b l e 8 i t may be s e e n t h a t o n l y t h r e e of t h e h a b i t a t t y p e s s u p p l i e d more t h a n t e n d i f f e r e n t s p e c i e s . Of t h e s e , t h e d i s s e c t e d

Bluff was by f a r t h e most e x t e n s i v e and was consequently t h e most sampled. The number of recorded s p e c i e s p e r s i t e (1.83) i n t h i s h a b i t a t type was o n l y a v e r a g e , and i t i s p o s s i b l e t h a t few f u r t h e r s p e c i e s remain t o be d i s c o v e r e d . By c o n t r a s t , t h e two o t h e r t y p e s

( t h e sandbeach r i d g e and t h e t a l l s c r u b ) show a f a r g r e a t e r d i v e r s i t y and probably harbour many more s p e c i e s t h a n were r e c o r d e d i n 1975

( f i g . 2 3 ) .

The sandbeach r i d g e has been s u b j e c t t o much human d i s t u r b a n c e i n t h e form of house and road b u i l d i n g , and coconut p l a n t i n g . The h i g h d i v e r s i t y of t h e fauna can i n l a r g e measure be a t t r i b u t e d t o t h i s d i s r u p t i o n , t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e i n t r o d u c t i o n of s p e c i e s such a s t h e r a t

( R a t t u s r a t t u s ) and t h e b l a c k widow s p i d e r ( L a t r o d e c t u s mactans)

.

F u r t h e r development of t h e sandbeach r i d g e would probably n o t g r e a t l y a f f e c t i t s f a u n i s t i c n a t u r e , which may be r e g a r d e d a s a r t i f i c i a l and of l i t t l e i n t r i n s i c i n t e r e s t . T h i s s i t u a t i o n may be c o n t r a s t e d w i t 3 1 e h a t of t h e ' c e n t r a l f o r e s t ' , o r marl f a c i e s w i t h t a l l s c r u b , where t h e number of s p e c i e s i s high f o r such f a - m i s t i c a l impoverished i s l a n d , and where s l x t e e n s p e c i e s a r e found which do n o t occur i n t h e o t h e r

h a b i t a t s . T h i s a r e a may be regarded a s unique and of g r e a t

b i o l o g i c a l v a l u e , I t i s t o be hoped t h a t this w i l l be taken i n t o account i n any proposed developments on t h e i s l a n d . hi many ways L i t t l e Cayman may be regarded a s an impoverished o u t p o s t of Cayman Brac, b u t this c e n t r a l f o r e s t a r e a i s of p a r t i c u l a r importance, and p l a n s f o r i t s c o n s e r v a t i o n should be made b e f o r e any developments g e t under way.

The o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c o n s e r v a t i o n a r e a i s t h e Evolvulus h e a t h c e n t r e d around g r i d 958746 n o r t h e a s t of t h e a i r s t r i p . This i s

because of t h e unique o c c u r r e n c e of t h e s n a i l Cerion nanus r a t h e r t h a n t h e g e n e r a l f a u n i s t i c importance of t h e a r e a . T h i s s n a i l must be one of t h e r a r e s t animals i n t h e world, w i t h o n l y 87 i n d i v i d u a l s found i n 1975, and a world d i s t r i b u t i o n c o v e r i n g an a r e a of about 600 sq. m e t r e s on t h e western end of L i t t l e Cayman (Hounsome & Askew, 1 9 7 9 ) . I t i s found o n l y on t h e p l a n t Evolvulus a r b u s c u l a which i s n o t found on t h e o t h e r Cayman i s l a n d s b u t which grows on Jamaica, H i s p a n i o l a , t h e Cuban Keys and t h e Bahamas. Cerion nanus i s v u l n e r a b l e t o any developments i n i t s a r e a of L i t t l e Cayman and p a r t i c u l a r e f f o r t s should be made f o r i t s c o n s e r v a t i o n . I n t h e l a s t r e s o r t , t r a n s p o r t i n g t h e p o p u l a t i o n t o a n o t h e r i s l a n d w i t h Evolvulus a r b u s c u l a might have t o be c a r r i e d o u t , even though such a t r a n s l o c a t i o n i s u n l i k e l y t o be s u c c e s s f u l .

Acknowledgements

I would l i k e t o thank t h e f o l l o w i n g people f o r t h e i r e x p e r t h e l p i n t h e i d e n t i f i c a t i o n of many of t h e specimens from L i t t l e Cayman:

D r . P . Morden, B r i t . Mus. Nat. H i s t . ( m o l l u s s ) ; M r . J . G . Blower, Manchester U n i v e r s i t y (myriapods); D r s . R.W. I n g l e and R . J . L i n c o l n , B r i t . Mus. Nat. H i s t .

,

and Fenner A. Chace, Washington ( c r u s t a c e a ) ; P r o f e s s o r D r . Max B e i e r , Vienna ( p s e u d o s c o r p i o n s ) ; M r . P.D. H i l l y a r d , B r i t . Mus. Nat. H i s t . ( s c o r p i o n s and whip-scorpions); M r . D.W. Mackie, Manchester Museum ( s p i d e r s ) ; M r . A.F. Stimson, B r i t . Mus. Nat. H i s t .

(amphibians and r e p t i l e s ) ; and M r . J.E. H i l l , B r i t . Mus. Nat. ~ i s t . ( b a t s ) .

Table 7. Terrestrial Fauna of Little Cayman, July and August 1975 (excluding birds and insects)

(Numbers refer to habitat type) Mollusca

Gastropoda Prosobranchia

Mesogastropoda

1 Cerithididae _{C e r i} t h i d c a c o s t a t a Da Costa 2,4,6,8 Pulmonata Helicinidae H c l i c i n a f a s c i a t a s u b s t r i a t a

Grey

8 L u c i d e l l a c a y m a n e n s i s Pilsbry

3,6,8 Chondropomidae Chondropoma caymanbracense p a r v i c a y m a n e n s e Pilsbry 8 'i'rwcatellidae Gcomelania ( M e r r i l l i a n a )

alemon Pilsbry

4,8 Planorbidae D r e p a n o t r e m 1 ucidum (Pfeif f er) Succineidae S u c c i n e a l a t i o r Adams (GRAIdD

CAYMAN)

a t 8 Strobilopsidae S t r o b i l o p s ( D i s c o s t r o b i l o p s ) h u b b a r d i (Brown)

Subulimidae L a m e l l a x i s m i c r u s (dl Orbigny) 4 Oleacinidae V a r i c e l l a c a y m a n c n s i s Pilsbry

4 M e l a n i c l l a y r a c i l l i m a

(Pfeif fer)

? S p i r a x i s sp.

4 Sagdidae L a c t e o l una ca y m a n b r a c e n s i s Pilsbry

4,6,8 P r o s e r p i n u l a l e w i s i Pilsbry 2,3,4,5,6,8,9 Cerionidae C e r i o n pannosum (Maynard)

9 C e r i o n n a n u s (Maynard)

9 Urocoptidae Microceramils c a ymanensi s Pilsbry

4 B r a c h y p o d e l l a c a ymanensis

Pilsbry

3,8 Fruticolidae H e m i t r o c h u s s t r e a t o r i Pilsbry Arthropoda

Chilipoda Epimorpha

Geophilomorpha

Geophilidae L e p t o p h i l u s c a r i b e a n u s Chamberlin

Scolopendromorpha

Scolopendridae Cormocephalus cf i m p r e s s u s Cryptopidae C r y p t o p s sp.

Anamorpha

Scutigeromorpha

Scutigeridae ? P s e l l i o p h o r a sp.

Diplopoda C h i l o g n a t h a

S p i r o b o l i d a

R h i n o c r i c i d a e C r u s t a c e a

M a l a c o s t r a c a P e r a c a r i d a Isopoda

O r c h e s t i a d a e Amphipoda

L i g i i d a e O n i s c i d a e

E u c a r i d a Decapoda

R e p t a n t i a

G e o c a r c i n i d a e C o e n o b i t i d a e G r a p s i d a e Ocypodidae Arachnids

S c o r p i o n e s

D i p l o c e n t r i d a e B u t h i d a e

P s e u d o s c o r p i o n e s N e o b i s i i d a e O l p i i d a e

S t e r n o p h o r i d a e C h e r n e t i d a e r n l y p y g i

T a r a n t u l i d a e S o l i f ugae

Arnrnotrechidae O p i l i o n e s , L a n i a t o r e s

Phalangodidae Araneae

Dinopidae S c y t o d i d a e S i c a r i d a e P h o l c i d a e

E u r h y n o c r i c u s c f f i s s u s Verhoef f

O r c h e s t a s p .

L i q i a b a u d i n i a n a (Milne Edwards)

P h i l o s c i a brevicornis Budde Lunde

P h i l o s c i a s p . gen

.

i n c e r t u n l

C a r d i s o m a quanhumi i a t r e i l l e C o e n o b i t a c l y p e a t u s ( H e r b s t ) S e s a r m a a n q u s t i p e s Dana Uca s p e c i o s a ( I v e s )

Gcypode q u a d r a t a ( F a b r i c u s )

D i p l o c e n t r u s s c a b e r Pocock C e n t u r o i d e s n i t i d u s (Thor

.

⁾

I d e o b i s u m s i m i l e ( B a l z a n ) P a c h y o l p i u m f u r c u l i f e r u m

( B a l z a n )

polp pi um l o n g i d i g i t a t um ( E l l i n g s e n )

Gar y o p s d e p r e s s a Banks

B y r s o c h e r n e s c a r i b i c u s B e i e r T a r a n t u l a mar g i n e m a c u l a t a Koch

? ~ m m o t r e c h e l l a s p .

S t y y n m m a s p i n i f e r a (Packard) D i n o p i s s p

.

S c y c t o d e s f u s c a Walckenaer S i c a r i u s s p .

P h o l c u s p h a l a n g o i d e s ( F u e s s l i n )

P h y s o c y c l u s y l o b o s u s Taczanowski

gen. i n c e r t u m

Chordata Amphibia

S a l i e n t a P r o c o e l a

Eiylidae R e p t i l i a

Squama t a S a u r i a

Gekkonidae Gnaphosidae C l u b i o n i d a e Thomisidae

S a l t i c i d a e

Lycosidae Agelenidae

Z o d a r i i d a e T h e r i d i i d a e

C t e n i z i d a e Araneidae

I g u a n i d a e

Anguidae S e r p e n t e s

C o l u b r i d a e

D r a s s o d e s o r H a p l o d r a s s u s s p

.

C l u b i o n a s p . gen. i n c e r t u m X y s t i c u s s p . Misumenops s p . Misumena s p

.

gen. i n c e r t u m

H a b r o c r e s t u m s p l e n d e n s Emerton M a r p i s s a o r H y c t i a s p .

gen. i n c e r t u m L y c o s a s p .

A g e l e n o p s i s o r T e g e n a r i a s p . A g e l e n a o r A g e l e n o p s i s s p . gen. i n c e r t u m

S t o r e n a s p , Theri dFon s p

.

L a t r o d e c t u s m a c t a n s ( F a b r i c u s )

S p i n a r t h u s f l a v i d u s Eientz B o t h - i o c y r t u m o r U m n i d i a s p . A r g i o p e a r g e n t a t a ( F a b r i c u s )

( C A m BilAC) A r a n e u s s p . Meta s p . C y c l o s a s p .

N e p h i l i a c l a v i p e s ( L i n ) G a s t e r a c a n t h a c a n c r i f o r m i s

( L i n )

O s t e o p i l u s s e p t e n t r i o n a l i s ( D w 6 r i l & Bibron)

S p h a e r o d a c t y l u s a r g i v u s b a r t s c h i Cochran A n o l i s ma y n a r d i Garman

A n o l i s s a g r e i s a g r e i Dumgril

& Bibron

Anolis s a g r e i l u t e o s i g n i f e r Garman (CAYMAN BRAC )

C y c l u r a n u b i l a c a y m a n e n s i s Barbour & Noble

L e i o c e p h a l u s c a r i n a t u s g r a n t i Rabb

D i p l o g l o s s u s c r u s c u l u s m a c u l a t u s Garman

A l s o p h i s c a n t h e r i g e r u s r u t t y i G r a n t

A l s o p h i s c a n t h e r i y e r u s f a s c i cauda Garman (CAYMAN

BRAC ) Manlmalia

T h e r i a

C h i r o p t e r a , M i c r o c h i r o p t e r a

2 Phyllastomidae M a c r o t u s w a t e r h o u s i m i n o r Gundlach

Molossidae M o l o s s u s t r o p i d o r h y n c h u s Gray (GRAND CAYMAN)

Rodentia, Myomorpha

2 Muridae R a t t u s r a t t u s L .

Table 8 , S p e c i e s D i v e r s i t y ifi each of t h e h a b i t a t t y p e s

H a b i t a t No of s p e c i e s No of sample s i t e s No of s p e c i e s n e r s a m ~ l e s i t e

2. Sandbeach r i d g e 37

3, Marl w i t h s c r u b 9 4. Marl w i t h t a l l s c r u b 3 2 5, Dwarf Mangrove

6 . T a l l Mangrove 8, D i s s e c t e d b l u f f

9 , Evolvulus h e a t h 6 4 1 . 5 0

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Mus. comp. Z o o l . , H a r v a r d , 44, 209-359.

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Decapod c r u s t a c e a n s o f t h e West I n d i e s w i t h s p e c i a l r e f e r e n c e t o Dominica. U.S. N a t . Mus. B u l l . 292, 258pp.

Clench, W . J . 1964. Land and f r e s h w a t e r mollusca o f t h e Cayman I s l a n d s , West I n d i e s . O c c a s . Pap. M o l l u s k s Mus. comp. Z o o l . , 2,345-380.

Garman, S. 1887. On t h e r e p t i l e s and b a t r a c h i a n s of Grand Cayman.

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Zoo1

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H a r v a r d , ^{2 ,} 383-384.

W i l l i a m s , E. 1969. The e c o l o g y o f c o l o n i s a t i o n a s s e e n i n t h e

zoogeography of A n o l i n e l i z a r d s on s m a l l i s l a n d s . Q. R e v . id.

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Appendix. G r i d r e f e r e n c e s t o c o l l e c t i n g l o c a l i t i e s 1. Pool Lagoon

2. Sandbeach Ridge

3. Marl F a c i e s with Scrub 4. Marl F a c i e s w i t h T a l l

Scrub 5. Dwarf Mangrove

6.

T a l l Mangrove 7. Sesuvium Marsh 8, D i s s e c t e d E l u f f

9 , Evoivulus _Heath

0

2

4 6 8 10

12

14 1

6

1 8 Number

of

s a m p l i n g s i t e s

F i g u r e 2 3 . Number o f s p e c i e s ( o t h e r t h a n i n s e c t s a n d b i r d s ) and s a m p l i n g s i t e s , L i t t l e Cayman, 1975