Simanjuntak 2022 IOP Conf. Ser. Earth Environ. Sci. 1083 012089

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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science

PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Bioenrichment of Papaya Leaf Meal (Carica papaya) with Different Feed Formulation to Increase Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Growth

To cite this article: Ricky F Simanjuntak et al 2022 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 1083 012089

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Bioenrichment of Papaya Leaf Meal (Carica papaya) with Different Feed Formulation to Increase Nile Tilapia

(Oreochromis niloticus) Growth

Ricky F Simanjuntak, Supardi Husni , Jimmy Cahyadi*

Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Borneo Tarakan University, Tarakan, Indonesia

E-mail: [email protected]*

Abstract. The level of absorption of fish nutrients is highly dependent on the source and components of the feed. Feeds with high protein have not been able to be absorbed optimally by fish. The use of synthetic enzymes as proteolytic agents to convert proteins into amino acids that are easily absorbed by fish has been widely used. However, synthetic enzymes has side effects and is quite expensive. The application of papain enzymes derived from papaya leaf as a substitute for synthetic enzymes is very necessary. This purpose of this study to examine the effect of commercial feed with the addition of papaya leaf meal (C. papaya) on the growth out of tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). The study used a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 3 replications. The feed treatment was given with a mixture of papaya leaf with 0%, 1%, 2%, and 3% concentrations. The result of this study showed tha absolute growth ranged from 1.04 – 1.36 grams, specific weight growth ranged from 3.47 – 4.53%, absolute length growth ranged from 2.52 – 2.87 cm, survival rate ranged from 63 – 80%, and FCR ranged from 0.93 – 0.99. However, after the analysis of variance showed that the results were not significantly different (P>0.05) on all observed parameters. Based on the results of the study, the use of papaya leaf meal (C. papaya) as a commercial feed mixture with the best composition was 2%.

Keywords: Papaya Leaf Meal, Increase Nile Tilapia, animo acids.

1. Introduction

Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) is freshwater fish with economic value and very potential commodity [1]. Tilapia (O. niloticus) especially in Tarakan City (North Kalimantan), is a species that have high economic value. Tilapia is one of the freshwater commodities that play a major role in fishery production centers. The increase in tilapia cultivation cannot be separated from its biological advantages as an omnivorous fish that has a wide tolerance for the environment. In addition, the easy cultivation method, the preferred taste of the fillet, and the relatively affordable price make tilapia cultivation increasing. One of the obstacles that often arise in the cultivation of tilapia is the slow growth out caused thefeed that contains high energy(metabolism) but cannot be digested optimally by fish [2]. In addition, the increasing price of imported feed has an impact on the cost of cultivation [3].

Several previous methods used synthetic enzymes formulated into feed, but they were quite expensive [1]. Therefore, to reduce the use of synthetic enzymes, it is necessary to add alternative ingredients to feed formulations to increase digestibility so that fish growth will increase.

Papaya leaf are one of the tropical plants that produce papain enzymes (protease group)[4,1]. The presence of papain enzymes in feed can help and optimize the digestive process, so that enough

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nutrients can be available for fish growth and survival. Based on this background, bioenrichment of feed with additional ingredients such as papaya leaf meal in feed formulations is very necessary, especially to improve the digestion of tilapia, including increase growth out and feed efficiency.

2. Material and Method 2.1 Preparation

Nile tilapia that will be used as many as 120 with ± 2 months (10-13 cm and of 20-40 grams). Nile tilapia were obtained from fish nurseries in Tarakan City. Stocking density of each container is 10 tilapia/30 liters. The rearing container used in this study was an aquarium with a size of 30 x 30 x 30 cm.

2.2 Feed Formulation and Fish Feeding

Commercial feed is mixed with papaya leaf meal and re-pelleting with different nutritional. Feeding were given two times in one day as much as 5% of the total body weight. Feeding time at 08:00 WITA and 16:00 WITA [5].

2.3 Research Design

This study used an experimental method carried out with a completely randomized design with four treatments and three replications, Treatment control: commercial feed with 0%, P1: commercial feed with papaya leaf meal 1%, P2: commercial feed with papaya leaf meal 2% and P3: commercial feed with papaya leaf meal 3%.

2.4 Growth Parameters 2.4.1 Absolute Length

The measurement of absolute length is carried out by calculating the difference between the initial length and the final length, using formula[6]

∆L = Lt – Lo (1)

With L is Growth in length (cm), Lt is Body length at the end (cm), Lo is Body length at the beginning of the study (cm).

2.4.2 Absolute Weight

Measurement of absolute weight is carried out by calculating the difference between the initial weight and the final weight, using the formula^[6]

∆W = Wt – Wo (2)

Where W is Absolute weight (gram), Wt is Final fish weight (gram), Wo is initial weight of fish (gram).

2.4.3 Specific Growth Rate (SGR)

The specific growth rate was measured using formula [7]

SGR = 100 (In Wt – W0)/t (3)

Where SGR is Specific growth rate (%/day), Wt is Fish weight at the end of the study (g), W0 is Weight of fish at the beginning of the study (g)

T = time (days)

2.4.4 Feed conversion rate (FCR)

Feed conversion rate (FCR) is carried out with formula[8]

FCR=F/(Wt-Wo) (4)

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Where FCR is Feed Conversion Rate, F is Amount of feed given during the rearing period, Wt is Final Biomass (kg), Wo is Initial Biomass (kg)

2.4.5 Survival Rate (SR)

Survival rate is calculated with formula[6].

SR=Nt/No ×100% (5)

Where SR is Survival Rate (%), Nt is Number of fish at the end of the study, No is Number of fish at the beginning of the study

2.4.6 Data Analysis

The all data from the research will be analyzed using the ANOVA and quantitative desriptive to determine treatments on fish growth[9]

3. Result and Discussion 3.1 Absolute Weight Growth

Based on Figure 1, the increase in the absolute weight growth rate of tilapia was 1.36 grams, 1.16 grams, 1.11 grams, 1.04 grams. The optimal increase was found in the P2 treatment of 1.36 grams when compared to other treatments. This is presumably due to the addition of papaya leaf containing the optimal papain enzyme found in the P2 treatment with higher growth compared to the other treatments. Papain enzyme in commercial feed can help and speed up the digestive process [10], so that enough nutrients can be available for fish growth and survival.

The papain enzyme contained in papaya leaf is thought to be able to improve the quality of feed and can be utilized optimally in break down the protein. Futhermore, other research expalin that giving 2.25 g/kg papaya fruit meal containing the papain enzyme was able to increase the absolute weight of fish[1]. Good protein conversion will lead to increased availability of amino acids needed for growth.

The high rate of absorption of feed nutrients will increase the availability of energy and support the metabolic processes of fish. The protein in the feed will be used as energy if the excess protein in the feed will be used for growth [11]. The difference in the growth value of tilapia can be caused by the role of protein and the presence of protease enzymes in the feed. Besides that, differences in growth are also caused by biological factors including ages, genetics and size. Based on the variance test showed that the results were not significant during treatments.

Figure 1. Absolute weigth of nile tilapia.

3.2 Absolute Growth Length

Based on the observations in Figure 2, there was an increase in the absolute length growth rate of tilapia (O. niloticus) during the study period. The increase in absolute length growth of tilapia was 2.87 grams, 2.68 grams, 2.53 grams, 2.52 grams. Optimal improvement was found in P2 treatment

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when compared to other treatments. This is presumably because the conversion rate of protein into amino acids with the help of the papain enzyme in papaya leaves is can work optimally. Protein with the same amino acid composition as the body of the fish has a high nutritional value so that the absorption of feed into the body of the fish is more optimal. Fish growth is highly dependent on the energy available in the feed and the energy metabolism. The requirement for metabolism is the main component that must be met, then the excess energy and amino acids in the feed will be used for growth. If energy is limited then energy will be used for metabolism and cause less than optimal growth. Protein and energy work in line and inversely with fat, when protein and energy increase, fat will be decrease and resulting the growth out[12].

Figure 2. Absolute length of nile tilapia.

Based on Figure 2, the growth of nile tilapia has differences between treatments. The growth out is influenced by the amount of feed consumed, nutrition and the environment^[2]. The difference in growth value could be caused by the role of amino acid conversion which was increased in the feed due to the influence of the papain enzyme with the specified concentration. Based on the variance test showed that the results were not significant (F count < F table when given the addition of papaya leaf meal (C.

papaya) during treatments.

3.3 Spesific Growth Rate

Based on Figure 3, the specific growth rate in P2 resulted in optimal weight gain of 4.53 grams when compared to other treatments. We suspected that the energy input from P2 feed has optimal enzyme work to convert protein into amniotic acid. These amino acids will be used for growth processes that involve mitotic cell division. The growth out occurs when there is excess input of energy and amino acids (protein) from feed[8].

Other report explain that the addition of enzyme supplements to feed can significantly improve growth performance and feed utilization in fish[13]. The addition of the papain enzyme, it is able to hydrolyze the protein contained in the feed into simpler compounds, namely amino acids so that it is easier to digest and absorb by the fish body[14]. Based on the variance test showed that the results were not significant during treatments.

Treatment

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Figure 3. Spesific growth rate of nile tilapia.

3.4 Survival Rate

Based on Figure 4, the highest survival rate of tilapia is 80% and the lowest is 63%. Survival rate >

60% can be categorized as good result. This means that fish are still able to adapt to the environment when given treatment. The survival rate (SR) 50% was classified as good, 30-50% survival was moderate and less than 30% was not good[15]. Tilapia survival is largely determined by feed and environmental conditions. Provision of feed with optimal quality and quantity as well as good environmental conditions can support survival.

Figure 4. Survival rate of nile tilapia.

In addition, the survival rate of fish is influence by environmental factors, including fish handling and water quality. Incorrect handling can cause stress for fish, so that fish health conditions decline and can cause mortality[16]. Some cases of mortality occurred due to the territorial behavior of other individuals in the same tank. Territorial behavior may arise because of the tendency of the dominant individual to intimidate other individuals due to factors of the opposite sex and place of residence.

3.5 Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR)

Based on the Figure 5 the average FCR value, value of all treatments is in the good category in the aspect of tilapia cultivation. However, the optimal FCR value is found in P2 with 0.93. The value of a

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good FCR ranges from 0.8-1.6[17]. Other report the results of the effective FCR value of tilapia given bioenrichmen of papaya fruit meal had a ratio of < 2[1].

Figure 5. Feed Convertion Ratio value of nile tilapia.

Low feed conversion ratio suggested the feed is efficient for fish growth, the higher feed conversion indicates the FCR is not effective for growth out[18]. The feed conversion ratio was influenced by feed protein and that is in accordance with the nutritional needs of fish results in more efficient feeding.

3.6 Water Quality Parameters

The result of water quality parameter showed on Table 1. The temperature during the study were in the optimal range of 25-28°C. The optimal temperature range for tilapia growth is between 25-32°C^[19]. Temperature can affect the metabolism of fish, inlcude feeding appetite. Increasing of feeding appetite in fish is correlated with temperature. The dissolved Oxygen during the study were in the range of 6.21-6.87. The range of dissolved oxygen according to tilapia culture standards is > 3 [19]. Dissolved oxygen is needed for respiration and metabolism as well as for the survival of organisms.

The ammonia assay during the study showed the levels were outside the tolerance limit recommended by SNI7550:2009 of 0.02 mg/l. However, even though the ammonia value was higher than the tolerance limit, the survival of tilapia was still high where in the treatment. We suspected that the biological behavior of nile tilapia tend to be adaptive to differences in water quality and the environment. The ammonia excretion of fish feed daily was higher than that of fish that were fasted^[20]. The increase in ammonia even reached 2 times higher.

Table 1. Water quality parameter.

Variable Treatments Optimun

Value

K P1 P2 P3

Temperature (°C) 25 – 27 25 – 27 25 – 28 25. – 27 25-32 Dissolved

Oxygen (mg/L) 6.21 - 6.86 6.22 - 6.87 6.24 - 6.74 6.22 - 6.77 >3

pH 7 7 7 7 6,5-8,5

Ammonia (mg/L) 0.03 - 0.45 0.33 - 0.65 0.11 - 0.65 0.05 - 0.54 <1

4. Conclusion

Based on the results of the study, the administration of papaya fruit meal was able to increase the growth of tilapia. administration papaya leaf meal as 2% is the optimal treatment to increase growth when compared to other treatments..

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Acknowledgments

This research was carried out with the help from the Institute for Research and Community Service.

University of Borneo Tarakan.

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