The second party left Jamestown on the 24th of July, and in late August, after exploring the country to the north, returned to the mouth of the Rappahannock. And as related by the Manahoac Indian of Hassininga, through the Algonquian interpreter, they were near the falls near “the border between the kingdom of the Mannahocks and the.
4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 ACTS RELATING TO THE INDIANS PASSED BY THE GENERAL
ASSEMBLY DURING THE SECOND HALF OF THE SEVENTEENTH CENTURY
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 5
6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
The assembly of March, 1675-6, anticipating an invasion of the colony and attack on the outlying settlements, passed "An act for the protection and defense of the country against the Indians." This. As defined in the Handbook of the American Indians (Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull Roanoke.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 9
10 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
MOVEMENT OF TRIBES INDICATED BY NAMES ON THE AUGUSTINE HERRMAN MAP, 1673
NO, 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL II
And that our neighboring Indians, the Sasquehannoughs, are, in human probability, a Bullwarke and Safety of the Northern parts of this Province. It is presented in the Proceedings of the Council, and reads in part: "Articles of peace and friendship concluded on behalf of the Lord Proprietary of the Province of Maryland and the Sasqsahannough Indians at a treaty begun at Spes Utia the sixth day of May.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL I3
14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 Augustine Herrman finished gathering data for his map during the
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL I5 whence they may have removed, some having crossed the Potomac
SITES OF ANCIENT SETTLEMENTS
34; boundaries between the kingdom of the Mannahocks and the Naiidtanghtacunds." All are shown on the map, Figure 3. The location of the old village is shown on the aerial photograph shown in Plate 2.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL
English merchants were probably established at or near Pissaseck in the latter part of the seventeenth century, and " marte or flfaire." The region continued to grow in importance to the colony and was more densely populated with the construction of warehouses on the river bank.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL I9 and the vast amount of fragmentary pottery, now recovered from the
20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 tered specimens and caches of blades have been found in the sur-
Similar specimens from Michigan, Illinois, Indiana, and Kentucky are held in the collections of the United States National Museum. However, if mounted as knives or daggers, they would be useful in many ways.
POTTERY
The triangular fragment in the top row shows very deep, sharply defined impressions of some cords that extended across the top of the vessel. The large, worn fragment on the left side of the second row is the only piece found at the site that gives the impression of what it is. On the surface there are many very faint impressions of fine, twisted cords that may have been part of a net.
Very coarse sandblasting, two parts of which protrude from the right side of the fragment and are visible in the photograph.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 23
There are numerous small cavities formed by the leaching of hardened material, probably crushed shells. The impression on the surface was formed by a net in which an additional set of small cords was apparently knotted over the original meshes, dividing each of the latter into two triangular sections. It is extremely porous and contains numerous cavities formed by leaching of hardened material, probably crushed shells.
Samples c, d, and e are three fragments, each showing the rim or beginning of the base of the vessel, with a small portion of the wall attached.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSH NELL 25 no similar specimen was found on the sites examined along the
4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSH NELL 25no similar specimen was found at the sites adjacent to the investigation.
SOAPSTONE
SPECIMENS FROM THE SITE OF PlSSASECK
SPECIMENS FROM NEAR LEFT BANK OF THE RAPPAHANNOCK ABOVE GREENLAWS WHARF
CACHE OF TRADE BEADS
28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 29 great charge sent for the erecting of a glasse furnace in Virginia wee
This may have been the reason for the establishment of the Jamestown industry in 1621. When the land was plowed in the early spring of 1925, some beads were found on the surface near the center of the site. Two of the 13 varieties found in the hoard are the most interesting and will be described in detail later.
There are four groups of parallel lines on the surface of the red glaze, each group consisting of three lines alternating between white, black and white.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK — BUSHNELL 33
Although the beads from the bank of the Rappahannock are corroded, with their surfaces rough, those from California look as fresh and smooth as when placed in the graves. Cut rock crystal beads similar to those recovered from the Leedstown cache have been discovered on the west coast of Florida, but are not known from any other part of the United States. The surface is only slightly altered and in this respect resembles that of the two specimens c.
The rhyolite probably came from a quarry on South Mountain, south of the Susquehanna, in Pennsylvania.
38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
A brief account of a visit to an Indian village on the banks of the Rappahannock, in Virginia, is recorded in the journal of a young French Huguenot who traveled through the colony in the fall and winter of 1686." We saw their village on the other side of the river, and the next day, when he expressed his desire would see them at home, mr. 34; The title page of the small book in French does not reveal the name.
He was a citizen of Middlesex in 1674, advanced to the Council in 1677, and Secretary of the colony from 1693 until his death.
40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 through all lands on that side of the river, which were greater in
They have some knowledge, but a very imperfect knowledge, of the true God, they believe that he is the maker of all that they see, and of the increase of what is necessary for life, but that he does not lower himself so far; that the demons who are inferior to him are created for this purpose, and so they fear them because they are sometimes tormented by them. After the feast of the feast of unleavened bread and of all grain, the whole city assembles again, and each takes the fruits of his labor, from the portion previously allotted to him, which he deposits in his barn; which is individually his."
As previously mentioned, in June 1676 an act was passed by the Assembly which enabled the English to obtain from the Indians several articles mentioning "canoes, bowles, mats, or baskets," and to pay the said Indians for the purpose in Indian corn pay, but not other goods.
42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
MATERIAL FROM THE SITE OF NANDTANGHTACUND
At the bottom of the plate is a huge mortar, found on the surface near the shore of Port Tobago Bay. Plate 13 shows twenty-seven fragments of pottery, 22 of which were discovered near the shore of Port Tobago Bay, many of which were found along the shore leading from it. Therefore, the specimens shown on plate 13 came from a part of the settlement many meters offshore.
96 the coast and the front of the bank below ground level.
44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 the beach and iti the face of the bank below th.e level where the earth
The fragments of pottery illustrated in plate 13 were selected from many pieces discovered at the site. This fragment came from near the base of the vessel, as indicated by the convergence of the chain elements. The interior of the fragment is next shown with the contact line of two coils of clay indicated by the broken line.
Below is sketched a view of the fragment from above, with a bit of the curve, restored, pressed against the outer surface of the vessel.
46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 47
48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 or of reeds that had become crushed and flattened, held together
In texture it resembles charred materials found in mounds in the Ohio Valley, as well as the work of historic tribes." At the intersection of many of the ropes that make up the mesh, a short impression is made in the clay. when it was An account of the Delaware '* and their native arts during the years 1654-1656 throws light on customs which may not have differed from those practiced by the Indians of the Rappahannock during the same years.
Lindestrom, Peter, Geographia Americae with a description of the Delaware Indians, based on surveys and notes made in 1654-1656.
50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 of the warp which were twisted as they advanced with the woof
4 INDIAN SITES AT RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNEL 5Irochaj was placed at the other end of the vessel with the same relative.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 5I handle was placed on the other end of the vessel in the same relative
North over the Rappahannock Showing Mouth of Chingoteague Creek
A large number of small chipped objects, including many larger specimens and quantities of fragmentary pottery, are known to have been recovered from the site of the ancient village. The discovery of large numbers of pipes immediately calls to mind Durand's statement that he and another member of the party, on leaving the Indian village of Portobago, to return to the Wormeley house on the north side of the river, as a had received a gift. The bowls are so small that it is difficult to see how the pipes could have been used, unless the leaves of the plants were rolled up and inserted into the opening, instead of being crushed and used in the usual way.
Although the pottery now found scattered over the surface has for many been broken into small pieces by the continued cultivation of the land.
54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 large fragment is part of a vessel that measured approximately ii
It is believed that the present Millbank Creek was shown on Herrman's map as The land towards the river is high, but on the other side is lower and bordered by a marsh through which a stream flows. The point of land, well protected by water, is said to have been occupied by one of the villages marked on the 1624 map.
The most important piece known to have been discovered at the site is a Folsom point, made of dark gray flint, which has already been described. It is a typical example of the eastern form and was found on the surface in a small field, on the edge. of point of land, sloping into the marsh bordering the stream.
56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 the material of which it is made, it is doubtful if a better piece could
Looking across the property into the Rappahannock Valley, with Lamb Creek in the foreground.
SPECIMENS FROM THE SITE CF GUTTATA WOMEN
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 5/
58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 59
On the opposite side of the river, to the right of the arrow, is the site of an ancient settlement. Mooney was convinced that the ancient village stood at or near the mouth of Lamb Creek. Traces of a native settlement have been discovered at the junction of the creek and the Rappahannock and may point to the location of the Cuttatawomen.
All pieces illustrated in the lower half of the plate are made of white quartz.
62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 Nothing is known of the origin of the embankment and ditch
SOCKBECK
Quartzite weathers or changes so slowly that the present state of the two specimens suggests great age. But the surface of the secondary chipping of the two pieces has not changed to the same degree, and it is clear that the first specimen has been exposed a lot. The surface of the later cut on a has been changed, whereas the surface of h has remained unchanged.
But it is clear that most of the valley from here to the falls had been abandoned by the Algonquiant tribes before the summer.
CONCLUSIONS SUGGESTED BY CERTAIN SPECIMENS
The exposed surface thus produced is worn and smoothed from use, and although it has been in this condition for three centuries or more, the surface remains unchanged, in strong contrast to the appearance of the older work. Beyond this town the left bank of the Rappahannock is bounded by an extensive swamp, and on the opposite side are cliffs rising nearly 100 feet above the water.
64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 96 but all possessing the same characteristic features, similar in many
4 INDIAN SITES IN THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 65Clay vessels continued to be made in the Rappahannock.
NO. 4 INDIAN SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK BUSHNELL 65 Earthenware vessels continued to be made in the Rappahannock
ANCIENT SITES ON THE BANKS OF THE RAPPAHANNOCK IN VIRGINIA
ANCIENT SITES ON THE RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER IN VIRGINIA. pottery and stone objects, some broken and others, were scattered over the surface, indicating the location of a native village inhabited centuries ago. Examples of specimens collected at that time are shown in Figure 112. white quartz, which is so abundant in the valley. Photograph by U. S. Army Air Corps.) larity in shape and size is remarkable, but as they are made of quartz the condition and appearance of the surface are of no help in determining their proportion.
Several pottery fragments found at the site bear the impression of coiled basketry, and this is considered the oldest form of pottery occurring in the Rappahannock Valley; other parts are cord-marked, and some are smooth, porous, and deeply excavated through their drainage.
SMITHSONIAN EXPLORATIONS, 1937 109
