Smithsonian miscellaneous collections

^cparfwcnf of U.. S.. flic. SSTTfcvior:. NATIONAL MUSEUM.. 15. BULLETIN OF THE. UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM.. TSTo.. 15.. PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. WASnil>rGTOK: GOYERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 187 0..

ADYEETISEMENT, This work. is. the fifteeenth of a series of papers inteudecl to illustrate. the collections of Natural History ami Ethnology belonging to the. United States, and constituting the National Museum, of -which the Smithsonian Institution was placed in charge by the act of Congress of. August It. 10, 1846.. has been prepared at the request of the Institution, and i)riuted by. authority of the honorable Secretary of the Interior.. SPENCER. F.. BATKD,. Secretary of the Sinithsonian Institution.. Smithsoniaji Institution, Washington, April 15, 1879. 2.

CONTRIBUTIONS TO TUK. l^TATUKAL HISTOKT OF. ARCTIC AMERICA, MADE. IN CONNECTION. WITH. THE HOWGATE POLAR EXPEDITION, BY. NATUEALIST OF THE EXPEDITION.. WASHINGTON: G-OVEKNMENT PKINTINa OFFICE. IK71>.. 18TT-T8,.

TABLE OF CONTENTS. Page.. 1. By Ludwig Kumlien Ethnology. By Ludwig Kuimlien Mammals. By Ludwig Kumlien Birds. By Ludwig Kumlien Fishes. By Tarleton H. Bean Crustacea. By S. I. Smith Annelides. By A. E. Verrell MoLLUSKS. ByW. H. Dall MOLLUSCOiDS. By A. E. Verrill Radiates. By A. E. Verrill Insects Diurnal Lepidoptera. By W. H. Edwards Insects: Hymenoptera, Kocturnal Lepidoptera, Diptera, Coleoptera, Neuroptera, and Arachnida. By S. H. Scudder and others Plants. By Asa Gray Lichens. By Edward Tuckerman Algje. By W. G. Farlow Minerals. By F. M Endlich. Introduction.. :. 4. 5 11. 47. C9 107 i:i9. 141. 145 147 l.'il. l.''>5. 15U 1G3 167. 169 171.

INTRODUCTION. By Ludwig Kumliex.. The vessel conveying the Ilowgate preliminary Polar Expedition was the " Florence" of. New. London, Conn.. Slie is. a fore-and-aft schooner of. and was built in Wells, Me., in 1851, for mackerel, and was subsequently used as a sealer in the southern seas. Although a staunch and fair sea-boat, as far as her diminutive dimen-. fifty-six tons,. sions could allow, a less suitable vessel for the purpose could hardly. To say that she was. have been chosen.. work covers the ground, but quite drawbacks. ing of August. 3,. fitted. fails to. out in. New. thorough. scientific. convey a proper idea of what. were subjected to on. all scientific kibors. The schooner was. too small for. this account.. London, and saUed on the morn-. 1877, unfortunately at least. two months. later. than. had her object been piu-ely scientific. The primary object of the expedition, by Captain Howgate's order, was to coUect material, skins, skin clothing, dogs, sledges, and Eskimo, for the use of a future colony on the shores of Lady Franklin Bay. The secondary object of the expedition was scientific work and, thirdly, whaling was to be one feature of the cruise.. desirable,. ;. So far as the primary object cessfiQ as could. be expected. is :. concerned, the expedition was as suc-. a large amount of skins was collected. and made. into clothing; the services of sixteen. who were. willing to. Eskimo were. secured,. accompany the coming steamer northward; nearly. thirty dogs were secured,. and several good. sledges, with. an ample sup-. ply of whales' jaw-bones for shoeing the runners for some years.. As has been. stated. by Captain Howgate, " the peculiar nature of her. mission lifted the enteriirise from the level of an ordinary whaling voy-. age to the higher plane of geographical discovery.". Every. one, except. the scientists, had a " lay" in the voyage; and, so far as the crew was concerned, their "lay" was to be their only remuneration; as a natural. consequence, whaling became the primary object to them. dition. As. was. The expe-. also fairly successful in this direction.. far as the scientific. work. is. concerned, some valuable work was.

;. NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 6. done, especially by Mr. Sliermau in meteorology. still,. ;. nearly. all. the scien-. labors were prosecuted under very discouraging conditions.. tific. Tlie. lack of any place to work in save a snow-hut on shore, in which neither sufficient li^ht. nor heat was to be obtained, rendered. The. prosecute certain investijiations.. departure from. and. it. very. late date of sailing. difficult to. and the early. winter harbor dej)rived us of the most interesting. tlu'. profitable season for scientific research.. The outward. trip presented. long sailing voyage: fogs and Resolution Island,. nothing to break the usual monotony of a liglit. when a strong. Avinds prevailed. northeast gale was encountered.. schooner was heavily loaded and poorly trimmed, so ness for safety was naturally. among. the north of. till oil". tliat. The. some uneasi-. we were close inshore unknown coast. One provisions washed from deck. especially as. felt,. icebergs and rocks, in a thick fog and on an. boat was stove in and a few barrels of. damage was done. The first anchorage was in Xiantilic Harbor, on the western shore of Cumberland Sound, September 12, forty-one days after leaving New London. Some natives were secured here, to assist in whaling; and all otherwise no. were. their worldly possessions, including dogs, sledges, boats, &c.,. fallen. upon the decks, and the schooner weighed anchor and started for the opposite side of the sound. A short stay was made at the Kikkerton Islands, au<l on. tlie (>th. of October the Florence dropped anchor in the. harbor of Annanactook, at about. little. lat.. 07°. K,. long. 08° 50'. W.. Arrangements were at once begun by Mr. Sherman and myself to. erect. a shelter that would serve lor an observatory and general working-jdaee;. an eminence on a. little. rocky. meteorological work. As. the harbor was chosen for. was. tliis. liegaii in earnest.. soon as the snow became compact enough,. to build a It. islet in. Instrument-shelters were erected, and the. purpose, andourt(»nt raised.. snow-house for. we engaged. which our tent served as a. us, in. the. Eskimo. lining.. often difficult to get from the ship to the shcn-e on account of. the ice or nnnsnally stormy weather.. We. improved every op|)ortunity at. but as the. ice. this late. day. to secure specimens;. soon formed over the sound, our endeavors were far from. satisfactory, es})eeially as. we were unable. degree of certainty, as iIkn. The winter was. spent b\ Mr.. judge from the manner work, night and. liad to. (la\,. in. kei»l. Sherman. which. llnongh. he. all. lie. in. to procure a boat with in roadines.s for. any. whaling.. taking observations; and to. assiihiously appUcil himself to. iiis. weathers and under the most discour-.

;. INTEODUCTION.. 7. aging circumstances, the results of bis labors cannot. be very. fail to. val-. uable and do justice to Mr. Sherman's indefatigable perseverance and. We. scholarly attainments.. spent our time in procuring and taking care. of specimens, as well as taking our " watch" at the observatory. when. not too busy with other work.. From pur. peculiar surroundings and the isolation to which. necessarily subjected, we lost. and found. long, dreary winter,. The spring. much. of 1878. of. oui*. rest only in continual work.. was stormy and backward, and the prevalence. southerly gales kept the ice closely i^acked about us. This treacherous condition of the. Jidy.. we wore. wonted enthusiasm during the. ice,. till. of. the fore part of. and early departure from. the winter harbor, robbed us of any opportunity to prosecute extended researches, except in the immediate vicinity of the harbor ; thus the. most valuable season was comijletely. The Florence. left. lost to us.. her winter harbor on the 6th of July, having. all. collected material for the future Arctic colony stored in her hold,. sixteen. the. and. Eskimo and twenty-eight dogs on deck.. In the unnecessary haste of departure many valuable preparations had to be. abandoned. for. want of time. to get. them aboard,. as well as space. to store them.. Short stoi)pages were. made. at. two or three points on the outward. passage from the sound, and on the 19th of July we rounded Cax^e Mercy. and took the pack-ice of Davis schooner received the. It. Straits.. bump which. was on. this. afterwards cost us so. day that. much. tlie. trouble. and anxiety.. The pack. i)roved to be quite loose, but extensive,. small, but the winds were invariably contrary. almost impenetrable fog. we were. and the. and quite. lioes rather. stiff,. made the navigation dangerous and. often obliged to tie u]) to a floe. and await a "lead". and. tlie. tedious. in the pack,. nnuky fog veil. Godhavn Harbor, Disko Island, Greenland, was reached on. or the lifting of the. of July. if. We were all in. high. spirits in anticipation of. news from home,. not the i)resence of the exjxH-ted expedition steamer.. double disappointment was sorely. the .Hst. Of course. the. felt.. was awaited with great anxiety, m<»ie sent us via Denmark, so we naturally woid had been especially as no concluded the vessel or vessels were belated from some cause but when. The advent. of the expedition. ;. three weeks of waiting brought us no news, the anchor was weighed, and. the Florence put on a course for Cumberland once more, to return the. Eskimo and. their effects to tlieir country..

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 8. During our sojourn. in Godhaven every attention was paid to our comby the higlily enlightened Danes resident there, and these three Khort weeks were to us the most enjoyable of the whole cruise. We fort. pursued our. rorked. On. here as elsewhere. scientific labors. uuule, but in this case. well-. field.. the evening of the 22d of August, the Florence. sped on a southerly course, with a. ESE. and blew a. gale.. close-reefed storm-sail,. fair. north wind. ;. left. Godhaven and. this soon veered to. For four days the schooner lay hove-to under while the hatches were battened down over the. poor natives in the hold.. and. when an anchorage was. had the misfortune of being on an old and. drifted with the sea.. We were entirely at the mercy of the elements An. impenetrable fog, with heavy rain, con-. we were drifting among hundi-eds of icebergs, but luckily did not come in contact with any. On the 27th land was sighted on our starboard quarter, and subsequent observations proved us to be in the mouth oi Exeter Sound! We tinued the whole time, and. had. diifted completely across. On. Davis. Straits.. August we again anchored at Kiantilic, and viost. willingly landed our passengers and aU their goods, and enjoyed a few days of rest, rest from the howling of wind and wave and from the far less musical squall of the juvenile Eskimo and the fiendish howls of the dogs. the 31st of. —. We could also first. enjoy the luxury of clean and free decks once more, the. time since June.. )n the 12th of September willing hands headed the Florence for home, vciy glad iiulcod to near the long-wislied-for shores of the United (. States, but little. dreaming of the. terrible. passage we were about to en-. counter.. We started with. a. fair liee. wind, which soon increased to a gale; and. as the pize of the schooner forbid scudding with. more than a whole. sail. we were obliged to heave-to for two days. From this time till the 2Cth, when we made St. John's, Newfoundland, we were in a conbreeze,. tinual gale nearly the whole time.. and tbey followed one another in a few hours, and then hove-to. for. On. At the commencement of each storm, quick succession, we made a fair run till. the storm abato<l.. the 11th of October, the Florence. left St. .lolin's, Newfoundland, United States. The passage was one of unusually severe weather: storm followed an other before the sea could go down, and to add. lor the on(!. to our misery the schooner. sjuang a leak on the evening of the. while carrying a giKul deal of canvas, with. si. ill". free. I'Jth,. wind and heavy.

INTRODUCTION. head. AVe were somewhere. seii.. off. Sable Island at the. tiino,. our exact. unknown to us. The pumps were kept manned, and diligent search made for the leak, but without avail. Such a condition of. beai'ings being'. affairs cast. a shadoAv of gloom over the whole conii)any. :. our provisions. moment it might so that we were en-. gone, ship leaking badly, and not knowing at what. gain on us. ;. the elements in. all their-. fury let loose,. tuely in their power, drifting helplessly at the mercy of raging billows,. without knowledge of our position within a hundred miles.. evening of October. 25, Thatcher's Island lights. lights of. life,. fair. NW.. and before midnight we saw the. Boston on the clouds, and the next morning. Provincetown, Mass.. the. were sighted, and the. Florence seemed to have become animated, for with a. she sped like a thing of. On. di'oi^i^ed. breeze. reflected. anchor in. Provisions were secured and some slight repairs. made.. On the morning dock she had. and. well.. of October 30, the Florence lay alongside of the. same. man brought back. alive. left fifteen. months. before, every.



ETHNOLOGY. FRAGMENTARY NOTES ON THE ESKIMO. OF. CUMBERLAND SOUND.. By Ludwig Kumlien.. The lat.. Cimibei'laiid Straits, Sound, Gulf, or lulet, extends. 05° X. to. lat.. 07^. +. N.. original discoverer at the. It is the. Cumberland. end of the sixteenth century. Sound of Captain Penny, who rediscovered umberland lidet of Captain Wareham. it. from about. Straits of Baffin, its. in 1839;. ;. the Hogarth. and the North-. in 1841.. During the last quarter century it has often been visited by Scotch and American whalemen, ships frequently wintering on the southwestern shores. It is at present. unknown. sidered as a gulf, but some. if it. be a sound or gulf;. it is. generally con-. Eskimo say that the Kingwah Fjord, one of. the arms extending to the NE., opens into a large expanse of water, to. them unknown.. from their. Icebergs are also sometimes found. i)Ositions,. seem. in this fjord that,. have come from the northward, and not. to. from the south. iDhe eastern shore of this sound forms the western boundaiy of that. portion of Cumberland Island which Straits,. between. its. waters and l>a^is. and known as the Penny Peninsula.. In about. ENE.. lies. lat. (50°. direction,. N. the Ivingnite Fjord extends from the sound in an. and nearly. joins Exeter. Sound from Davis. they are separated only by a portage of a few miles.. Eskimo make frequent excursions. Straits;. The Cumberland. to the eastern shore via these fjords,. but seem to have extended their migrations but a short distance northward, finding Cumberland Sound more to. tlieir tastes.. The width of Cumberland Sound opposite miles, possibly its widest part. fjords, few, if any, of. It is indented. Niantilic. is. about thirty. by nuincrous and large. them having been explored. ;. niiiiiy. islands are scat-. tered along botli shores, and in some instances form quite considerable. groups.. The present Eskimo are few in numbers. We would estimate the entire population, men, women, and ehildren, on both sides of tlie sound, Jl.

NATURAL HISTORY OF. 12. Cape Mercy on the cast. fioiii. ARt^TIC AMKRICA.. to Xuguinoiite on the west, not to exceed. It is certain tlmt w itliin the last thirty. lour limidred individuals.. among them; even. the mortality has been very great. remark an astonishing diminution. in tlieir. Tuunhers nt. yens. the whalemen. tlie pi/'seiit. day,. as comi>ared with twenty years ago.. Numerous. traditions exist. witli otiiei- tril»es.. :iii(l. among them of the time when now living, have pointed out. tlie>. old men,. wmred. to us islands. that were once the scene ofbattles, where the besieged party was starved into submission. by. tiieir. enemies.. According to the usual. story, the. was one of the most efl'ective and common modes of warfare; this was especially the case when one party could get* upon a ledge above the other. At the present day they are peacefid and quiet, have no recognized leader, and no desire to fight, even if theii- inimbeis hurling of st/Ones. would permit of. As. it.. the story goes, the present population Avere the victors in those. fights,. and took posafssion of the country they now. overcame and drove away.. Some say. inhabit.. they came from the northwest, and found another. which they. tribe,. Their stories on this subject vary, and. sometimes with this unusually interesting tradition, as well as many others, they get events of a very recent date hopelessly. the rest; and. it is. no unusual instance to. find that. good imagination has supplied and restored. mixed up with. some whaler with a. lost portions of the nar-. but these restorations are chiefly. rative, to their entire satisfaction;. remarkable for their utter disregard of truth or possibility.. The following tradition is a translation from one we became acquainted with:. of the most reliable. "A. (Eskimo) were found. natives. here. ;. long time ago {tichcmaniadlo)*. othei' Iniuiits. they were called " Tunak";t they were very strong, very large, and. had short legs and large arms; they had very wide chests.. Their clothes. were made of bear skins, and then- knives from walrus tusks.. Did not. use bows and arrows, but only the harpoon-lance; they harpooned the reindeer in the water, from their kyacks; used very large kyacks. •Here. arises a great difficulty: tichemani signifies a loug ti/nc, i.e.,. where from a week. to. a year; tichcmaniadlo. is. least, this wjis the. we could bring up which they could understand, except their own ^\^len a. virii. t. Variously pronotineed.. \re are. long period (as in this case). unable to say.. "'I'linare,''. "Tiinnuk," or ••Tiinuak.". only example. ages, which we could. as liaving intervened, they repeat tichrmaniodlo several times, but. added by each repetition. may be any-. a veiy nuu-li longer period, generally. conceded to antedate the advent of the whiles; at. ascertain with less certainty,. it. The. is. represented. how much. time is.

ETHNOLOGY. TunuJcs. made Louses out. We were afraid of (the. Tun ids) came. clothes fi'om their. made. of stone.*. They. 13 Avere able to lift large stones.. them; we fought with them and killed them. in the first i)lace. own. They had no dogs at that time, but they finally {witchou = hy and by) put the. hair.. sledges and harnesses,. They The women made. from Greenland. f. aud. harnesses on three rocks, one white, one red, and one black; they then called,. and when they looked they found the stones had been. The present Eskimo could not understand. about more.. They. trans-. After a time they got jilenty dogs; then they went. formed into dogs.. lived to a great age {U. tukewouk. nami = did not. their language.. die!).. Far. to the. west some Eskimo lately saw some Tumilis; they had bear-skin clothIn the Tumiks land (where?) the music ox {oming muk), bear, and. ing.. They build walls of stones on the land, and drive ponds, and catch them in kyacks. They have a large,. seals are abundant.. the reindeer into. down around. long callytong (coat, or jumper jacket) that they fasten. them on the * Vide. sketch of foixndation, No.. tern are found in. teen feet in. ten. its. many of the. raised platform in the. is. underneath this. Stone foundations of a somewhat peculiar pat-. 1.. larger fjords.. The subject of the sketch was about. much the same. as the. end opposite the entrance. and two smaller platforms on either. place,. seal's hole;. greatest diameter (the larger enclosure) inside. The arrangement. feet.. watching a. ice while they are. Eskimo use. for a sleeping. four-. the smaller one about. ;. at the present day,. a. and general lounging. side,. where the lamps are kept, and where. Some. of the stones in the walls are so largo. the garbage accumulates.. These foundations are now mere ruins. that. it. must have required the united. efforts of several. men. to jilace. The stones gradually diminish in size from the foundation upward.. them in. pogiition.. Standing walls are. from two to three feet high, and might have been a foot higher, to judge from the loose stones lying about.. There was probably a fi-ame-work of whale ribs, over which. the seal-skin covering was spread.. On the north lie parallel to. side of this foundation. were seven kyacks, built of small stones; they. each other, and are from ten to fifteen feet in length; they are built of. a single row of. stones,. of inmates that have. the lamp-places. and only one died.. we found. tier high.. They appear. These are said to indicate the number. to us. more. like the. work. Cistopliora cristata, THclieclms rosmarus, Ursus maritimus (the three. occur. now ?,. of children.. In. the remains of Pagomys fcctidus (abundant), Phoca harhata,. last-named species. only as stragglers in the vicinity), Eangifcr tarandus, Beluga catodon, Larus. and Somateria. ?. {mollissima, probably).. Other bones are found, but not. No implements were found except a stone skin-scraper. The present Eskimo say these stone foundations were made by the Tunuks. They are foimd in various out-of-the-way places, especially in the greater Kingwah Fjord. t Aboiit twenty years ago, a man and women (Greenlandcrs) lauded near Cape Mercy, having got adrift on a piece of ice on the Greenland coast. From this occiu-rence we recognizable from decay.. coujecturc that the story has received a. modern. addition..

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 14:. I,'. Mineiit,. on the. ice,. eyes are sore. 'J>i('ir. tncm;. they place a lamp; over this. We. the time.. all. iiiVaid. :ire. I;iiii]>. of. tliciii;. cook meat.. do not. like. jilad tliey lia\e ^^oiie away.''. This tradition differs somcAvhat in the particulars i"\\. tlicy. will not tell. the dogs. it all. ;. some, oidy parts of. told. l»y differ-. Many. The ridiculous story about. it.. lirmly belie\cd by the present. is. when. main points are essentially the same.. individuals, but the. Eskimo as the. origin of these. animals.. That the Tionds liave been seen of late years probable,. most. — that. is,. and. natives, differentin dress. likely the tribe. known tin'. west. is. not im-. were. Bay Eskimo from the north Fox Channel, they being larger. as the Pelly. shores of Hudson's Straits and from. and more robust than. in the. stature; but they. ('und)erland Ivskimo of the present day.. certain that since the whalers. It is. have begun coming among the Cumber-. land Eskimo, and introduced venereal diseases, thej^ have deteriorated. They now almost depend upon ships coming, and as a. very much.. con-. sequence are becoming less exi^ert hunters, and more careless in the <'onstruction of their habitations, ters. made. which are merely rude temporary. at a few minutes' notice.. The. living in these miserable huts.. repair the tent. is. is. soon thro^vn aside.. women, half. in consequence,. themselves or any one. to. wants. but sjjorting a gaudj- calico. clothes,. and dying of a quick. tlie. shijts,. rei)airing. garments. doing nothing for. else.. The Cumberland Eskimo of .st«'el. to. some. The men are emi)loyed. when they should be. or preparing skins, are loafing around. tobacco, or. in order to sui)ply the. clad,. gown, instead of their comfortable skin. little. shel-. ensues from. have gone. seal skin that should. when they should be hunting. of their families; and the. consumption. sirffering often. bartered to the whalemen for a. valueless trinket, which. catch whales,. Great. knives, cotton jacket,. ]»rocuiing from the ships,. is. and. with his breech-loading. to-day, all. ritle,. the various trinkets he succeeds in. worse clad, lives. j)oorer,. and gets. less to eat. who had never seen or heard of a white man. among them that is ])rol)ab]y of longstanding, and. than did his forefathers,. There is. is. a practice. regularly carried out every season, of going into the interior or. some of the large fjords alter ]<'indcer. months of .Tuly and August, rctniniiig in tiie fall. whaling begins.. They have regular. Tliey geneially go dining the Sei)tend»(T, to. lie. on hand when. Tlu' i>urpose of tins i-eindeer hunt. skins for their winter clothing.. Nearly. uj). all. is. to i)rocure. return to the sound to winter.. setttements, which arc haidly ever entirely deserted.

ETHNOLOGY. The. any season.. at. principal ones are. 15. known. as Nugumeute, Niantilic,. Newboyant, Kemesuit, Annanactook, Oosooadluin, Ejnjuajuin, Kikkertou,. and Middliejuacktuack Islands, and Shaumeer,. l>oints. on both sides of Cumberland Sound.. gregate at these points in. The present. little. situate at different. During the winter they con-. villages of snow-huts.. principal headquarters are at the Kikkerton Islands, or at. The old harbor. which point the whalers winter.. Niantilic, according to. of Kemasuit, once the winter harbor of whalers and a favorite resort of. now. by a few superannuated. couples,. who manage to catch enough seal to live on. As a rule, the present race is of short stature, the men from. five feet. the Eskimo,. is. deserted, except. tliree inches to five feet six.. There are some exceptions, but they are. a less rather than a greater height. The women are a little The lower extremities are rather short in proportion to the body, and bow-legs are almost the rule. This probably arises from the in favor of. shorter.. manner. in. which the children are carried in the mother's hood, as well. The habit. as the early age at which they attempt to walk. cross-legged li. may. also. have a tendency to produce. ands and feet are small and well formed.. with the scars of cuts and bruises. rises,. and. is. It. one might not apply at. all to. Their. Their hands are almost covered. seems that in healing the inj ured part. always afterwards disgustingly prominent.. ^'ariation in the color of their skin,. for. of sitting. this deformity.. There. is. a great. and a description that would answer. another.. Even among those. that are. of i)ure breed there are some whose skins are no darker than a white. man's would be. if. subjected to the rigors of wind and cold, and the. Others again seem to. never-removed accumulation of soot and grease.. have been " born. so.". Tlie children,. when young,. black, straight, coarse,. among. and very abundant.. fair. The The hair is. are quite. eyes are small, oblique, and black or very dark brown. It is rarely. wavy. or curly. the full-blooded Innuits.. There. are, of com-se, exceptions to the. Their faces arc broad and. flat,. above in cases of half-breeds.. with rather large lips and prominent. cheek-bones. Infanticide. present day.. is. not practiced. among the Cumberland Eskimo. barbarous custom was in vogue in former times, however. natives of Kepulse. Bay and. Straits, it is practiced to. known. at the. I have learned from some of the most intelligent that this. as the Pelly. Bay. Among. the. those living on the north siiores of Hudson's. a considerable extent, especially with the tribe natives.. The. practice. is. confined almost en-.

NATURAL HISTORY OF AUCTIC AMERICA.. T6. female cliildreu, the reason beiug, they. tirely to. unable to hunt, and consequently of. little. that they are. tell us,. account.. seems. It. to. same cause among the Cumberland Eskimo.. b'^en referable to the. have Their. have modified some of the most. intercourse with the whites seems to. barbarous of their primitive habits.. Twins are not common, and. some extent, be the cause; but lung. Infanticide may, to. the females.. The males outnumber. very rare.. triplets. which are alarmingly prevalent, seem more. diseases,. fatal to the. women. than to the men. Children are often mated by the parents while they are. There. fants.. is. still. mere. such an extreme laxity of morals that the young. in-. women. almost invarialy become wives only a short time before they are mothers.. what age the women cease to bear children, as they have no idea of their own age, and few are able to count above It is impossible to say at. Puberty takes place at an early age, possibly at fourteen with the. ten.. female.. They are not a. prolific race,. and. seldom a woman has more. it is. than tM'o or three children, and often only one, of her own; or almost. that. all,. have children. ;. still. many,. but inquiry will generally divulge the fact. some of the children have l)ecn. Almost every young woman. bonglit.. has or has had a child, but the identity of the father. is in. no wise neces-. sary in order to insure the respectability of the mother or child.. away. cliildren are generally traded or given. Such. to sonic elderly eoui>le as. The. soon as they are old enough to leave the mother. take quite as good care of such adopted children as. if. foster-parents. they were their. own.. So far as we coiUd. learn, thej'. ceremonies of marriage.. do not generally practice any. The best hnnfer.. or. tlie. or. rites. owner of the largest. numl)er of dogs and hunting-gear, will seldom have any difliculty in. woman. proenring the. husband at the. lime.. periods or for good.. we. coidd induce no. of his choice It is a. They. i'or. common. a])]>ear to. a wife,. e\en though she has a. on<' to tell us, e.\eei>t. tin-. oppoitunity to. Monogamy. jtass. is. without imjuoving. wives.. Tliree,. and even. man. foui, are. I'oi-,. seit'uee,. to,. and. and, although. we allowed. this. it.. at the ])resent time tin-. practiced only in the case of a. who agreed. intei'csted ]>arti«'s. This was more than we had liargained. generally willing to be a martyr for the <*ause of. sometimes, but. rites. one s^iuaw,. but only on condition that we l)ecanu' one of. Bhetheother.. wives for short. ]iraetiee to trade. have maniage. being. most. |»re\ alent.. al)Ie to in(»\ id«' for. known. ot'.. but lare.. Tolygamy. is. two or more. Neithei-. do two.

ETHNOLOGY.. 17. or three wives in one lint miike an altogether harmonions household;. but. all little difficulties. are generally settled. by the husband,. in. a man-. ner better calculated to insure reverence to masculine strength than respect for superior intelligence.. The. women. scarcity of. men makes. at present in proportion to the. l>olygamy a luxury only to be indulged in by the wealthy. it. can be called by that name,. is. needed. that he. is. much. she. :. is. very frequent among them.. that the husband tires of his wife, or. is. Neither does. able to procure. is. quite sure to. knows of a. have another offer before long. One. among. these people. is. among. as. and a change. the adoption of young. whose mother. is. These children, whether bought. civilized nations.. are always taken as good care of as. gift,. woman. Orphans, so to speak, are thus twice as. the only recognized parent.. common. All that. rather remarkable and. children whose parents are dead, or, as often hai)pens,. or received as a. ;. if. better one. seeui to trouble the. it. of this kind seems to benefit both parties.. very laudable practice. Divorce,. they were. if. their own, especially if they are boys.. Among. the Eskimo employed by the Florence. two children, wlio passed. nephew. of ". Eskimo. for brother. and. Joe," of Polaris fame.. sister.. was a family that had One, the boy, was a. He had. been bought from. He. the Hudson's Straits Eskimo, some two hundred miles to the south.. and, though he gave us. was a. perfect little satan. was a. never-failing source of. ;. amusement. to us. much annoyance, he The. all.. were considered as their own children, and well cared. again,. girl,. a native of Exeter Sound, on the west coast of Davis Staits. still,. ;. was both. for.. Half-breeds are said to be of more irritable temperaments, and less able to bear exposure and fiitigue, than the full-blooded Eskimo.. The food. of the. Cumberland Eskimo. consists entirely of. most sections of the sound of Pagomys fcntidns.. In. and. in. animal. is. flesli,. fact, this. their principal dependence for food, fuel, clothing, and light. The Eskimo will eat a few of the berries of Vaccininm uliginosuni and Umpctrum nigrum, the roots of Fcdicuhiris, and occasionally a little Fticns vcsiculosus in winter, but this constitutes a very small and unimportant part of. their food.. As. soon as the ice has fairly. left. the sound, the Eskimo hunter leaves. the winter encampment, with his family and such portions of. hold goods as. will. large fjords after reindeer.. The larger part. some unfrequented Bull. Nat.. house-. of his possessions, including. sledge, dogs, harnesses, winter clothing, &c., he secretes in. liis. be needed, and takes a tour inland or up some of the. spot.. Mus. No. 15. His dogs are put on some 2. among little. the rocks. rocky. islet,.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 18. They eke out a scanty. to slntr tor themselves.. subsisteiioc 1)y makinj;. good use of their time at low tide, Coitus scorpiaa constituting the greater part of their food at this season.. There are at present so many whalcltoats owned hy these Eskimo, that they experience. little difficulty in. They. three or four families constituting a boat's crew.. boat towitliin an. extensive cniises,. inalcin;;' cjuite. will load a whale-. or two of the gunwale, and then set out for a few. iiK-h. weeks of enjoyment and abundance.. Tlie s(|uaw.s. do the rowing and the. "captain" stands majestically in the stern with the steering oar, while the rest of the. men. The. arc either asleep or on the lookout for game.. cargo consists of their tent-]>oles, the skin-tents,. and. ])ots,. lam])s, witli. sundry skin-bags containing the women's sewing and skinning. utensils.. Their hunting-gear, of course, forms a quite conspicuous portion of the A^ery few there are at present wlio have not be-. contents of the boat.. come the. uous place in the boat, and. is. animal matter in some shape covered. never emptied of. of material forbids is. well. ii]>. ;. this vessel occupies a conspic-. almost constantly receiving additions of a few young eiders or gulls. with the intestines of a seal and. n[). tacle all obtain a i)iece of sel is. and. iiossessors of a half-barrel,. in. its. meat whenever they contents, except. repletion. its. feel. soon be. Avill. l""rom this rece]>-. its flesh.. hungry.. This ves-. by accident or when scarcity. and, as the temperature at this season. ;. the "sixties" during the day, this garbage heap becomes. 80 oU'ensive as to be unbearable to any one but an Eskimo.. They proceed. at a very leisurely rate, rowing for a few minutes. then stopping for a time, chatting, smoking, or eating.. up on. tired they haul. journey. in. creature that they think there. is. any. guns and. sport.. Hours are often consumed. sjx'ars are in readiness,. which when procured. is. charge of the. s(. a. the ret n in. Imnk of. I. >r. I. children li\. eager. lor ilie. Thus they journey. hugely.. llie. and. boat. all is. is. till. nnloadeil, the too[»iks. ready. :. lor a. these busy themselves. ing creatnre that they. he limit CIS. w. \t'ni>oii,. is. grand hnnt.. alter o\er the Tiiountains. leaving the eam]* in. women and. and destro.\ing cNciy. On. plied with redoubled. and every one. but the fun of the chase seems to. ;. it. they reach some suitable locality, when. The men dixide and. comes. chasing half-grown duck or young. in. but a bite. raised, the ]am])s pnt in tlieir ]»laces,. and. while thus cruising, any live. possibility they can capture. be the princii)al object, and they enjoy. for. If,. hands become animated, the oars are. energ;^',. loon,. and. they feel. rocks and have a sleep, and then resume the. tlie. the same vagabond manner.. in sight, all. When. lio. perchance lia\c. there are joyous times in. l»y. hunting. <-an lind.. In. ought some skins. camp; the meat. is dis-.

19. ETHNOLOGY. l)ose(l. of. and then the younger people engage in various games,. first,. while the ohler ones gather around some aged crone, recounts. who. excitedly. hunts of her girlhood days, plentifully intermixing stray. tl;e. and legends with which her memory is replete. Thus they live from day to day, the men hunting and the women stretching the skins, till the season comes around when they must return to. portions of the old sagas. Happy, contented, vagabond race no thoughts of the mor-. the coast.. !. row disturb the. When. a deer. tranquillity of their minds. is killed. any distance from camp, the meat. with the intention of returning after. it. cached,. is. in winter; but with what the. wolves and foxes devour and what the Eskimo never can find again,. very. little is. brought back.. Many have now will. firearms of. some pattern or other. hunt for a ball that has missed. hesitate to fire at. its. mark. ;. made from. do not. Those. in their way.. any useless creature that comes. that have no guns use bows and arrows. and thongh they. for half a day, they. reindeer antlers.. Sometimes the deer are driven into ponds, and even into the. salt water,. and captured in kyacks with harpoons. They have an interesting custom or superstition, namely, the killing of the evil spirit of the deer; some time during the winter or early in any rate before they can go deer-hunting, they congregpte. spring, at. together and dispose of this imaginary or medicine-man, gyi^ations. and. is. is. He. among them.. is. Now. chief ancoof,. aiujel^ol:,. goes through a number of. and. calling,. till. suddenly. Every. begins a lively time.. screaming, running, jumping, spearing, and stabbing at the inmg-. inary deer,. till. one would think a whole mad-house was. this deer proves. them. the main performer.. contortions, constantly hallooing. the imaginary deer. one. The. evil.. to. keep this. let loose.. Often. and must be hard to kill, for I have known performance up for days in fact, till they were com-. very. agile,. ;. pletely exhausted.. During one of these performances an old man speared the deer, another knocked out an eye, a third stabbed him, and so on till he was dead. Those who are able or fortunate enough. bad. deer, especially. he who. inflicts. to inflict. some injury on. the death-blow,. is. considered ex-. tremely lucky, as ho will have no difficulty in procuring as as he wants, for there. is. no longer an. arrows from their course.. They seldom this. kill. this. many. deer. evil spirit to turn his bullets or ,. a deer after the regular hunting season. is. over,. till. performance has been gone through with, even though a very good. opportunity presents. itself..

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 20. mlur, and oue other species of /Salmo that 1 could not prociu'e. >^'(/////o. enougli of to identify, are caught to some extent in June and September in. some of the larger. fjords; they are mostly. When. caught. Avitli. a sj)ear, but. (For description vide under hunting-gear,. sometimes with a hook.. «S:c.). these tish are caught, they are put into a seal-skin bag, and. remains tied up. till. it. the whole becomes a mass of putrid and fermenting. about as repulsive to taste, sight, and smell as can be imagined.. fish,. Coitus scorplus,. which contributes so largely towards the Greeidander's. larder, is not utilized. by the Cumberland Eskimo, except abundant. scarcity of other food supplies; the fish is h()\ve\ er,. and. fully as. in cases of a. in their waters,. good eating as they are on the Greenland. coast.. Birds and their eggs also contribute towards their sustenance in season; they are extremely fond of eggs, and devour. them. in astonishing. (plant ities.. The "black skin" of the whale,. When. the greatest delicacy.. by them. called. they. esteemed. mulctuJc, is. procure a supply of this food,. first. they almost invariably eat themselves sick, especially the children.. AYe. found this black skin not unpleasant tasthig when boiled and then pickled in strong vinegar and eaten cold; will. but the. first. remind one of chewing India rubber.. cially. when raw,. it. attempts at masticatmg. When. acts as a powerfid laxative.. it. eaten to excess, espeIt is generally eaten. with about half an inch of blubber adhering.. The greater portion of A\]i('u. their food is eaten raw, especially in w inter.. they cook at aU, they. onlj^. "simmer". it. over their lamjis in a pot. These pots are from eight to twenty inches. of soapstone.. in length,. usually about sixteen inches, and though of variable patterns, the length is. generally three times the width or depth.. Among. such Eskimo as. are able to procure old cast-away meat-cans from around the ships, tiu. has superseded the soapstone both for lamps and boiling-pots. In summer, especially when on hunting excursions, they very often '•fry". meat by making a. The opening. of stone on the top.. ward.. l'(»r. fuel at. pdlitstrc; these. hreplace of stones, and laying a Hat. little. to receive the fuel sui)ply. is. i)iece. to wind-. such times they use Cassiope tctragona nud Jjcdiim. shrubs make a (juick and very hot. fire.. It. would be. comparatively an easy task for these people to gather enough Cussiope tcfrogona during the. summer. not rely wholly upon. bltd)b<n'.. When. the. Eskimo have. boiling-pots, they. pour. to. burn during the coldest Aveather, and. l»een sinunering meat, especially seal, in their. olf the. li(]U(tf'. and mix. it. with about an equal.

ETHNOLOGY.. 21. quantity of blood; this makes a thick :nul rather greasy soup that. be quite nourishing; the chiklrcn are very fond of it.. imi>;t. seems possible. It. that from this dish has origiuated the popidar error that these people. a notion that. drinlc oil,. simi)ly preposterous.. is. among some of these people a little spoon, or rather scoop, made of ivory, which they used to drinlc the soup. I found. ture. a minia-. with. appears to be an old utensil, noAV fast going out of use, for they can procure tin mugs.. A reindeer's rib, pointed at one. up the meat. and sometimes. with,. to convey. end,. instruments are found in the graves, but seem to be but. little. it. now. used to. mouth.. to the. it. is. ;. fish. These used at. the present day.. When been. a seal. is. i^lenty for. brought to the encampment, especially. some days,. lucky hunter, and the seal. men. all is. if. they have not. the villagers are invited to the hut of the. A couple of the younger. soon dispatched.. skin the animal and distribute the pieces to the assembled. The. as fast as needed.. are usually. handed over. testicles,. company. being considered as the choicest. to the hostess; the spinal cord. one of the choicest portions of the annual.. is. titbit,. also rated as. During these. feasts they. gorge themselv^es to their utmost capacity, and aie in good humor and. Though there may be ever. hilarious.. so poor prospects to ])rocure. more. food for the morrow, this does not deter them from gluttonously devour-. ing the last morsel, and then go on allowance supply.. I. till. they can get a fresh. have seen them thus gorge themselves, and then. sleep with a piece of seal. meat by. their side,. lie. down. to. which they attacked every. time they awoke.. The. intestines of birds, notably. upon as choice rally " drawn". parts,. by the hunters.. It. was. to the. encampment are gene-. The fatty excrescence at the base of the. upper mandible of the male Som. for them.. Lagojms and Somateria, are looked. and birds brought. S2)CctahiUs is too great. with great difficulty that. a temptation. we could induce them. to. bring these birds to camp without having them thus mutilated. Since Avhalers began to cruise in the Cumberland waters, they have. found that. it is. decidedly to their advantage to hire boats' crews of. natives to assist in the capture of whales.. When. They nndce good whalemen.. such crews are secured, they wisely count in. all. of their fiimily in the. bargain, so that to secure the services of a crew of seven feed thirty or more.. While working. almost wholly on the. shij) for their. are fast. for wjialers, these. food supply. becoming poor hunters, and prefer. ;. men one. nnist. Eskimo depend. as a consequence, they. to lounge. around. a \-essel.

— NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 22 and. picli.. up. .such scraps as ofi'er. themselves rather. themselves and live independently and. As. to meals, or regular meal-times, they eat. They always. anything.. but ^\. principal meal. tlie. by the. ith rations. eat in the. is in. out for. tliau to strike. in coinjiiiiatiNc. i)l( iil.\.. when hungry, if they have. morning before going out. to hunt;. AVhen. sui)plied. the evening, on their return.. ships, they often. have. their regular meals aboard;. but this does in no wise hinder them fiom taking their usual evening allowance of raw meat when they return to their huts.. That the Eskimo be disputed. ;. but. i)ossess considerable. it is. powers of abstinence cannot. not so remarkable after. had ample experience. in tliis direction.. l)orary or sustained exertion better. for they certainly. all,. That they are able. than the whites. is. have. to bear tem-. doul)tful.. They. are acclimated and have clothing suited to the climate, and readily adapt. themselves to the rude shelter of a snow-bank, healthy white. man. as good clothes, and he. necessary; but give a. if. stand as. Avill. much. fatigue,. and perhaps more.. While hunting with the Eskimo, we often had our nose and face frozen,. when to a. when it came day long, few of them woukl stand it. did not seem to atiect the Eskimo in the least; but. it. tramp through the snow. all. any better than we could.. Some have judged which they. their i)owers of endurance from the. will follow their. game. ;. but. wonderful patience, for we have known a whole day,. when we. of a track, except at. of animals on the ^^'lM•n. it. seems to us. tlieni to. it is. manner. rather their. follow animal tracks ibr. we could not discover the faintest trace long distances apart. They will discover any traces confess. snow that a white man would pass by and not. tiaveling either on the ice or water, they. make. if. they were required to walk. notice.. the journey by. short, easy stages, stopping as soon as they feel the least tired,. cruiting;. in. and. re-. a given distance, as on a regular. march, they would give out.. The Cumberland Eskimo tiful. known. to. make. clothing than the tribes of Northern. During the sumnu'r, and, is. are. Hudson's P.ay and. —. oi",. more. J'affonii/s'ftffiiliis.. i)ro|>erly s])eaking,. is. the weather. made from. the skins of. y<'arlings, as. In xi-ry cold weather. tlie\. Straits.. when. in fact, at all seasons, excei>t. very severe, the outer garment of the nu'U. adult. better and more beau-. they are the best. betake themselves to deer-. skin clothing; but as these clotlies are less strong than the seal-skin,. The wonum wear the season than the men; their dress. they make the change as soon as the weather permits. the deer-skin clothes nnich later in.

ETHNOLOGY. is also. made. of the. same kind of. seal,. to procure CaUoccjjhalus vituUmiSj. 23. unless they are lortunate enough. which skins are so highly prized that. they use them even though there is oidy sufficient for a part. (if. the fronts. of their jackets.. Both the. nu'ii. and woiiicd wear a. under the outer one. garment. this. ;. gariiicnt the exact diiplicate in is. shape. made either from the young seal. in the white coat or of reindeer.. The head. coat of the. like. a. shii-t,. woman's hood. men. and has a hood that. large. is. does not open in front, but. and. as to receive the child, which. is. drawn on over the. the head siuigly,. fits. and the jacket. loose,. is. always carried. it. The woman's front, and end-. reaches quite to the ground in. the form of a lance-shaped train.. This api)endage. same manner as the fashionable. train of the present. ized nations,. There. is. when. After. trailing.. the condition of the ground. all,. is. the. in the hood.. jacket further differs from the men's in being shorter in ing in a rounded point, wliile behind. Avliile. quite loose-litting, so. is. is. caught up in the. day among. civil-. is unfavorable for its. not this fashion borrowed from the Eskimo?. often an approach towards this prolongation in the men's jack-. ets, especially. woman's.. when made. Neither do. of deer skin, but never so long as on the. little girls. have a long train to the jacket; but as. soon as they arrive at the age when they are no longer looked upon as children, they learn to imitate their mothers.. There are never any pock-. ets in the jackets of either sex, the hood serving for this jjurpose.. The pants of the men are made from the same material with the exception that the young seal in the white coat tlie. onter as well as the inner garment.. up])er part of the pelvis, juid are kept. the body.. They. the boots.. When made. reach a. little. is. as the coat,. often used for. Tlie pants reacli only to the. up by means of a string aronnd. below the knee, where they are met by. of deer skin, they are usually ornamented. by. fringes of cut skin around the lower edges.. The women's pants. dilfer^from the men's in being. separate pieces, the lower reaching from a. little. middle of the thigh, and are kept in place the ujtper edge of the other. ]»(>iti<)n.. composed of two. below the knee to the. by a. string. which runs to. The lower portion of these panta-. removed while they are at work in their igloos, and the bare thigh used, as a board would be, to lay the seal skin on while cleaning the blubber from it. The women liave the habit of thrusting their hands between (he upi>er and h»\vei- pantaloons the same as we do in a ]>ocket;. loons. is. in fact, they use this space as a sort of i)ocket. Little girls. wear. their breeches like the. men. till. they get to be ten or.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 24. Yeiy small. twelve years of age.. cliildren are dressed in. :i. l';n\. ii-skin. jacket witliout attached hood; but their heads are, nevertheless, well. ImndU'd up. hood. is. grows. The. in. a double fawn-skin hood. tluit fits. the scalp closely.. never removed, except perchance by accident,. it.. The lower. extremities are usually not clad at. This. the child out-. till. all.. The. children are carried on the mother's back inside her jacket.. cut of the jacket. such that the child goes down as far as the mother's. is. when the closeness of the jacket prevents it going any farther. The hood allows the child freedom for its arms and head, but the legs are cramped underneath its body, and this is i)robably one cause of bow-leggt'dness and i>ossibly the shortness of the lower extremities. I waist,. have seen the Eskinu) mother, with a child. This work often necessitated her stooping over so. ing a too]1ik.. as to seemingly endanger the. the as. gnmnd;. it. fast asleep in her hood, build-. still, it. slept soundly. dumping. much. of the infant over her head on. did not seem to inconvenience the child in. tlie least,. through the whole proceeding.. The Mmilc, or, as generally pronounced, iKniming, or boots, are principally made from the skins of adult Pagoinys fceiidus, with the hair off, the soles being made from the skin of Phnca harhatn. For winter wear a very beautiful and serviceable l>oot is made from the skin of reindeer legs sewed together lengthwise. quite useless. when the snow. they are used only in dry snow, being. ;. is. Another. wet.. style of boot. to. is. have. the leg of netsick skin, but with the hair on. These boots reach nearly to the knee,. and. and are kept. by a. also secured. the heel.. in place. by means of a. string around the top,. and around. seal-skin cord passing over the instej). They are generally sewed with sinews. but for. tVoni reindeer;. boots the sinews from the dorsal vert<Ouie of Bchnja cniodon ;ne. when they can be procured. The stocking worn next to the foot. j. (re-. ferred. is. of heavy reindeer skin, the hair. Over the stocking is worn a sort of slipper niade from the eider-duck. The bird is skinned by making an incision on the back near oiu' wing through this opening the body is removed. The skin is cleaned of the fat by the Eskimo's side next the foot; they. re.u-li. above the knee.. ;. teeth,. and. t. lie. skin farther ])rei)ared by chewing. are removed, and side being. worn. skin to give. with cloth. it. 111 is. inside.. Its u]t]»er. ilie. will last a. long time.. used. tail-l'eatliers. toe of the slipper, the feather. if. the entire slipitcr. They are very warm ami. for this ])nri»ose.. lilssa triihicfi/lKs skins.. The. edges are bound with some kind of. additional strength, and. irtr?<s ///^MCJ/.v is often. gnjUc and. end becnmes. it.. Over. I'or children. all this is. is. covered. coml'ortalile.. they use Uria. worn another. slipi)er.

ETHNOLOGY.. made from. the iietsick. outward and. skiii, Avitli. the. 25 and. liair on,. worn. hair side. tlie. hair pointing- from the toe backwards. This very nnich. tlie. drawing on of the boot. For summer wear the young of the netsick. facilitates the. stockings, but not so. woolly coat. in tlic. Dog skin. tuted for reindeer for the stockings.. is. is substi-. also sometimes used for. commonly among the Cumberland Eskimo as among. who use dog. those of Hudson's Straits,. skins for ])ants as well as stock-. ings.. All the clothing. is. The. sevred witli sinews, reindeer or wliite whah'.. reindeer sinews are dried in bulk as they come from the animal, and arc split. off'. as needed.. The. then drawn quickly between. women. tlie. teeth to secure a more uniform size.. sew towards themselves, using the thimble on the. all. they seldom use but one kind of seam fully. and. fibres are separated as fine as necessary,. ;. first. The. finger;. the edges of the skin are care-. matched together, and joined by sewing over and over the overcast Their thimbles. seam.. ({'ailed fikilc,. from the skin of Flioea havhata. ;. shape they arc merely an oblong. in. A rim. piece sufficiently large to cover the j^oint of the finger.. around the ontside edge. about one half. for. of loop under which the finger in place.. We found. made. also signifies first finger) are. is. ])assed,. this style of. thimble. its. and. length. 5. in this. this. is. cut. forms a sort. manner. it is. kejit. much monM'onvenient than. the metal one of the usual form.. Very few but. of the. Cumberland Eskimo. steel needles, or. at the ])resent. bone ones made after the same. day use anything. we ever saw. ably different from anything to us,. it. and wanted a hatchet. would return and. eifc. and. tiie. The. tool. stitch.. is. An Eskimo. AVe thought. it. have. consider-. bjonght. certain. he. our terms, but he did not, and we. was almost exactly. They. nuist. The ncedh'. i)art. near the point.. strument for each. exchange.. otter to trade at. never saw him again. This but had an. in. before.. We. i)attern.. seen an instrument said to have been used as a needle that. like. have had. an awl. in. shape,. to thread this in-. was apparently of deer honi. handle of walrus ivory.. favorite. and principal. tool of the. women. is. a knife shaped like an. ordinaiy mincing-knife. Nearly all the Cninberland lOslviinu lia\<'n(»w procured iron enough from some source or other so that they can have. an. iron knife of this i)attern.. IJefore they could prcuaire. they made the knife of ivory, and merely sank fiakes or into the edge, in. the same manner as. at the present time.. tlie iiat i\'es. enough. iron,. j)ieces of iron. of Xoith (Ireeiiland do. This same jtractice of sinking iron Hakes into the.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 26. edge was also used on a wah"us. aud much. tiislc,. Some. knifo.. ice. made from. large skimiiug-tnives, which were. alter the patteru of. an ordinary. steel butcher-. of these ivory knives have no iron in them. l)resent time they are. and removing. tlicir. used principally,. if. ;. but at. tlie. not entirely, for cutting snow. from their kyacks.. The women seldom use any other kind of knife than such as jnst de With them they remove the blubber from the skins, sjilit skins, cut up meat, and Avhen sewing this instrujuent is used instead of scissors. They begin a garment by sewing together two pieces of skin and shapscribed.. ing them as they go along by means of the knife, cutting for an inch or. two aud then sewing. working. They always. j;».s7i. the knife from. when. tlicni. it.. Tattooing does not seem to be as prevalent. mostly on the aged. women. that one finds. it. now. as formerly, for. at present.. resemble India ink in appearance, and are done with gunpowder at eut.. it is. The markings i)res-. some use the old method, by taking the juice of Fucm resicii-. Still,. losus L. (or. a closely. allied species),. aud some small. algie that appar-. ently contain a good deal of iodine, and mixing with lampblack.. Instances came under our observation of people of apparently great age,. —say seventy years and over, to judge from appearances;. gray hair the. (a rare. women had. thing. the teeth. It is impossible to arrive at. any. age, as they keep no record of time. by any means of. they had. among the Eskimo), and were nearly blind; worn close to the gums by chewing slvins.. notation.. definite conclusion regarding their. and cannot. refer to. any. i)ast. event. AVe could not learn of the rudest attempt at. picture-writing or hieroglyphics; and, as they possess no records whatever, their traditions are. handed down from generation. to generation. without being fixed by any means whicli allow ev<'n an approximate estimate of their growth and prosperity.. Most of them are unable. to count. beyond. theii-. ten lin-crs, and. many. are unable to go over six; some, again, are said to have. names. bers to twenty, but they are few.. dillereutly pro-. The numerals are. lor luim-. nounced, and we found difficulty in getting one sufficiently conversant witli. them. ()\\v. to give us the numerals to ten.. = At(ii(sn^. or. atau.sttt.. ThTCi}=riii(ja.suit, or piiujasat.. Vo\\T=)ScscmiHv, or scsoiKit. yi\('=T('>(llimcn<\ or t6(Uimdt..

ETHNOLOGY.. 27. ^ix=Ati1chimgan.. Seven =P/«</as/t«iwY/. (').. 'Ei<fi;\it=Ai(lhinig(in-inachonl (G. l^me=ScJiischimani. and. 2).. (? f).. Ten=:Koivolin.. Above ten and two, &c.. They. connt their toes and take ten and one, ten. tliey are said to ;. will tell. but we were unable to find one wlio knew. you they have caught. they generally put. it. seals or birds. up. amashiiadhj (a good many), which. names.. tlieir. to six,. but. if. more. may be any niuu-. ber from seven upwards. In the treatment of the sick they are very superstitious, and in fact. they resort almost entirely to their ancoof, angelvls, or medicine-men.. The following. why to. a Greenlander's legend that proposes to give a reason. is. "The cause. people die:. have discoursed thus. will not. have room. Others relate. One. said. :. '. Let. it it. other said: 'Let. :. '. is. hi this. woman,. said. Let the people die gradually, otherwise they. manner: "Two of the let it. be night, and. first. let. people quarreled.. the peojde. die.'. only be night and not day, and let the i)eople. After a long wrangle. it. came. It is interesting that this. to pass as the first. same curious legend. arranged matters and had both. different seasons, so tbat both parties. entire. had. live.. said.". among the Eskimo "those who quarreled. day and. might be. The. exists. of Cumberland Sound; they say though that finally. laid to a. in the world.'". be day and it. of people's dying. entire night at the. suited.". Tbe lungs of Lcpus (jlacial'm are considered as a sure cure for boils and. aU manner of sores; they draw, they say, and their manner api)lying them is the same as we would a poultice. They must be applied as <>1'. soon after. tlie. animal's death as possible, and while they are yet warm.. In cases of scurvy they never use CochUaria, but the stomach of a freshly killed reindeer, with the vegetable contents, instead.. scmny. patient be very bad, the limbs are. stomach, whale or. seal's blubber, or. If the. bound with pieces of the deer's. any kind of fresh meat.. If. a whale. can be caught at such a time, the patient is sometimes bodily shoved into the carcass, or the lower extremities only are sunken into the. is. flesh.. The most prevalent disease among them seems to be lung disease; it alarmingly common, and consumption probably kills more tlian all. other diseases combined.. The whalemen have introduced venereal diseases among tlicm, which have spread at a terrible rate, and devastate the natives almost like a pest..

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 28 I. could. have any knoAvledge of the medical prop-. iu»t Icarii tlint tlioy. Some. any plant or shrub.. erties of. of the coarser kinds of alyiv are. l)rocured at low tide from the cracks in the ice,. because t\wy are. fit. and eaten raw. but only. to eat, they say; the roots of I'edicidaris are also. sometimes eaten.. Wluu. the. snow-luit,. women. if it. are about to be confined they are placed in a small. be winter, and. Their only attendant. selves.. a. is. the hut with her, and she. The reason she. she can.. is. little girl,. who is appointed by. the head. A little raw meat—deer, if they have. ancoot of the encampment. ]iut into. summer, by them-. in a little skin tent, if. is left to. it. —. is. give birth to the child as best. removed from her tent. is,. that should mother. or child die in the tent nothing iiertaining to the equipment of the estab-. lishment could ever be iTsed again, not even the tent-covering or. In some instances they are obliged to. the husband's hunting-gear.. We. modify this custom somewhat.. have known them to cut the. cover about two feet from the ground. tent-. around and use the upper por-. all. A man's wife accidentally shot herself in her igloo, but the gun was. tion.. too great a sacrifice; he used. were. but the rest of his household. it,. waste away where they. left to. We knew of. lay.. effects. another instance. Avhere the tent-poles were brought into use again in the course of a year after a death. As. had occurred beneath. theui.. soon as the mother with her new-born babe. is .able. to get uj). and. go out, usually but a few hours, they are taken in charge by an aged. who seems. female ancoot^. sea,. to. have some. She conducts them. such cases.. and begins a sort of march. ing with. tlir. to. i)articular mission to jx'rfonn in. some. level spot. in circles. child on licrl)ack; this. on the. manceuvre. on the. ice, is. ice, if. near. tlie. the mother follow-. kept. uj). some time,. woman going through a nuiid)er of performances the nature of which we could not learn, and continually muttering something eipially. the ohl. unintelligible to us.. The next the way. to. act. wade thus. ture of. l)erformance. ablc,. wade through. snow-drifts, the aged (dicoof leading. informed that. it is. customary' for the mother. is. F.. wo cannot. say). on some occasions. this part of the. dispense<l with.. gone that they deem recovery imi)robremoved from the hut, and eitlnn- dragged out u]ion the rocks or a little snow shelter may be constructed for him, and some. he. to die,. to. bare-legged, but (whether from modesty or the tem])era-. — 50°. AVhen a. is. We have been. sick person gets so far. is. scraps of raw meat tlirown. in to. him.. I'sually such proceedings are apt.

ETHNOLOGY. to end fatally. o the iiatient, even tbougli. 29 liis. ailment miglit not luive. We. been so dangerous had proper care been taken.. man was. instance where a. tluis. he recovered and crawled back. good. for a. number. know. of one. put out to die seven different limes; but to his igloo,. of years yet.. and looks now as. Stories are. infirm people are put out of the. common. he was. il". of liow aged and. way by the younger ones, to rid themwe know nothing from personal. selves of a useless burden; but of this. observations, or from reliable sources.. Occasional instances of suicide happen, generally when the person afflicted. with some incurable disease.. Hanging seems. is. to be the favorite. mode of killing themselves. The ancoofs manner of oi)erating is various, and almost every one has some method peculiar to himself. We could get but a glimi)se of some of them, as they are averse to having a white. and we had the greatest. ances,. The following legend. to us their meaning. directions for. man witness their perform-. difficulty in getting. becoming an ancoot;. it is. any one to. exi)lain. supposed to give the. is. interesting that this legend does. not differ essentially from the Greenlander's.. {Vide Groenlauds nye. Perlustration, Eller Xaturel-IIistorie, Ilans Egede, 1741.). We would here add that. those. who become. ancoots are only such as. are naturally possessed of a more penetrating mind than their fellows, generally the biggest rascals in the encampment, attention to. what. is. who seldom. i)ay. any. right or just, but ply their vocation so as to win for. themselves renown among their fellows, and possess themselves of any coveted article as remuneration for their services.. The manner in. Any. ichich one. may Iccome an. ancootj or (oif/rlol:. one wishing to become an ancoot must go away a long distance. any other person. Tlien he mnst lind a large stone, and seat himself by it, and call on Tornr/arsuk* This spirit will then make himself present to him. The would-be ancoot will at liist be very. from where there. much. is. frightened at the arrival and appearance of this. so that he. is. seized with severe pains, and falls. mains dead for three days.. Then he comes. to. s])irit,. down and life. so nuich. dies,. again,. and. re-. and ictnrns. home a very wise man. * is. TonKjarHuk of the natives of South Greenland, and Tornarsuk of North tireenlaud,. the highest oracle, the master spirit of these people.. power, called Torncet; these can be seen only by Torngarauk.. of Evil.. It appears that this. They now. to speak, the same.. word. There arc many. spirits of less. the angvkoks, after their meeting with. signifies the greatest spirit of. Good, as well as. call the Devil Tornyursuk, and in their ancient belief their God.flo.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 30. An. aucoofs duty. is, first,. to rantter over the sick, tliat they. from him as tlu'ir. to. how he must manage. so that they will have success in. undertakings; thirdly, of him he learns. and what the cause. is,. or. any one. if. some unusual death. if. may become. and get information. well ii^aiu; si^comlly, he will talk with Torngamul;. is. about to. die,. or misfortune is about. to occur to the people.. Their devotion and belief in the avcoofs are unlimited; they can never. be induced to. tres})ass. on the commands or disbelieve the prophecies. When. of these important i^ersonages. ancoot for a long time he. may become. one has been a very successful. a great ancoot; this necessitates. a i)eriod of fasting, and then, as the story goes, an animal they amarooJc (the same word. probably mythical, unless. to the sea,. among. it. who immediately. the man,. where he. his peoide, a. If the prophecy of. used for wolf, and. is. bones are then conveyed. some time as a walrus; he. God. in appearance, but a. finally returns. in power.. an ancoot does not come to pass as he had said. wonhl, any phenomenon of nature, as a halo, corona, aurora, &c., ficient to. tation it. have broken the. by the. is. can be a Gido) comes into his hut and bites. falls to pieces; his. lives for. man. call. an animal which. for. spell,. failure, for it is. it. is suf-. and the ancoot loses nothing of his repu-. then believed that the measure, whatever. might have been, was not pleasing to Torngarsul:. The people come to these soothsayers after all manner of information. one case where a young woman asked an ancoot if her yet. We knew of. unborn child would be a boy or. girl.. He. retired outside the hut for. few moments, and when he returned he said. he adds, "If. it is. not a boy,. it. wUl be a. it. For. girl''!. mation he charged three seal-skins and a. knife.. this valuable infor-. As. (he ancoots are paid according to their re]>utation. dom. a. would "be a boy"; but. ;. a general thing,. still, it is. very. sel-. they refuse to give tliem what they ask for in return for their valu-. able services.. They seem as the region. to. have an idea of a future. down below they. state,. but what we denominate. consider as the best. Gnenlands nye Perlustratiim, year. 1741,. almost exactly the same as one that. is. is. i)lace.. In Kgede's. given a legend which. found anvmg. tiie. is. Cund)erland. Egede says, in the Danish translation, "llimmel," heaven, as though this was the equivalent for the Greenlander's word; the Eskimo of Gumberland say "topani," which means Eskimo. at the jjresent day.. simply "up,''. Ihit. They do not distinguish any. dition after death, or rather of the. difi'erence in the soul's con-. two places where they expect. to live.

ETflNOLOGY.. 31. hereafter 5 one differs from the other only in this wise, that. caused by certain means they go to the one, and. if. death. if. is. they die a natural. death they go to the other.. The following is their idea of the future: "In the spirit-hind all will have it as good as or better than they had it on earth." Yet tliey designate two idaces where the soul goes after death, viz: "Some go up; others far erable.. down. This. where the. seal. But the lower. into the earth.". considered pref-. ])lace is. described as a beautiful land, with everlasting .sunshine,. is. and reindeer abound. To. consequently abundant.. and food. in fabulous quantities,. this latter place. is. go only such as are killed. by other Eskimo, w^omen who die in childbirth, such as drown water, and tchalers; they think, this being the bettev place, it is a recompense for the suffering they underwent on earth. ;. all. in salt. sort of. the rest go up.. In this connection we will mention that the Cumberland Eskimo think the aurora borealis. is. good time generally.. the spirits of dead Eskimo dancing and having a It. has even considerable influence over them, and. The Greenlanders, on the. they are well pleased to see a bright aurora. other hand, say. it is. the spirits of dead Eskimo Jighting.. "We have been told by some that those who hunt lost or driven. upon the. ice or. living. game. capture, so they will not starve.. This. food from these regions; that. them to. in. thekyack and. some uninhabited island are is,. g(>t. sui)plied with. is. thrown. is. firmly believed. way for by them.. in their. Unlike the Greenlanders, the Cumberland Eskimo of the present day. have no permanent habitations.. They may. The Greenlander has a. x)eri;Kineut. same. live at the. several winters in succession, but each year construct a. new. locality for. snow-house.. sod or stone hut, and lives in tents. away hunting. The Cumberland natives live in snow-houses from the time the snow gets firm enough to be fit to build with till it melts, in June. They generally begin the construction of the snow-house, oidy while. or igloo, in the latter part of October.. A place is chosen which is shel-. if possible, and where there They begin by treading a circular diameter; on this they keep piling snow and. tered from the north, under the lee of a rock, is. a considerable depth of snow.. si)ace. about sixteen feet in. stamping. it. down. as hard as possible. till. the whole mass. is. a raised. They then cut out a square block from the midAfter this block is removed they have dle, about eighteen inches deep. around the sides, and this space is enlarged from a chance to cut others. platform as hard as. tiU it. ice.. becomes of the desired dimensions.. as they finished treading. it,. The. sleeping jilatform. no blocks being cut from. is left. this portion; it.

NATURAL HISTORY OF ARCTIC AMERICA.. 32. also serves to stand on while constructing the wall, inside, tlic builder. lioiii tlic. when. outside. tlie. so that, if. ^. a\. hich. is. always done. being furnished with fresh snow-blocks from. The wall. his suijjily gives out.. iewed from above,. is. built in a si)iral form,. would haAC the appearance of a conical. it. coil.. only tools used in building are a saw,. 'Jlie. ing out the blocks, and a long knife,. if. they can get. made from a walrus. it,. for saw-. tusk, for trim-. ming them into shape. In cutting and fitting the blocks of snow, they show skill and ingenuity, so that they make as perfect an arch as the best. When. mason.. tlie. hut. is. done, or rather enclosed, there. nor Mindow, and the builder. made, but. at the opposite. this aperture the. is. a prisoner.. A. end from where the entrance. women and. is. neither door. door, however, is. to be;. is. soon. through. children begin dragging in the "furniture,". men "chink'' up the i>laces where the blocks join each other. The structure is so strong that it readily bears a man's weight on the AVhen ever;\-thing is ready inside and out, the lamps are lit; sometop. times more than the usual number are procured, and trimmed to burn as while the. brightly as possible; the heat begins to melt the inner surface of the structure, but. it. soon freezes and forms quite a coating of. course, adds considerably to the strength of the buihling.. now. lined with the seal-skin tent of their. summer. ice; this, of. The. inside is. toopiks, fastened. up. all. around the sides and top by means of small pegs of wood or bone.. A. window. south;. it. is. cut through the wall over the entrance-way, facing the. bow. consists of a half-moon-shai)ed. of whalebone, over which. are stretched the intestines of Phocaharhata., sewed together lengthwise.. This window admits the light quite well.. The entrances are or even t)ne. long, low structures, sometimes oidy two, often four. They gradually diminish. li\'e.. has a door, which. is. so low. in size from the igloo, but each. and narrow that. a large person is. to get. through them, even on hands and knees.. pro])er. is. Ice. is. dow.. The. unable. <loor to the. hut. barricaded at night with a slab of iceor the scajiula of a wliale.. also sometimes substituted instead of seals' intestines for the win-. On. either side of the entrance-ways, the dogs are allowed to. lie,. but never inside the dwelling apartment. Alionl one-liiiir. from one all (. )n. to. two. their skins,. the. to)). the lioor at. th<'. end opposite the entrance-way. On. tliis. jilatloiin. is. they keep. and. of the. thing of this. ot". feet hi.uher tlian the rest.. ;;ort,. it is used for a general lounging and slee]ting ]>lace. snow ihey lay a coating of Cassiopc tctraf/ona, or some-. and neatly spread the skins over. it.. One can. see at.