Little is currently known about the relationship between social and physical maturation in this species. Where possible, I have compared the results with equivalent data available for other members of the Callitrichidae (Appendix III). Eisenberg of the National Zoological Park generously provided advice, encouragement, and the opportunity to study lion tamarins.
Lynn Dorsey Rathbun, formerly of the National Zoological Park, for drawings of the food separation sequence taken from my Super-8mm film. For non-human primates, the appearance of the first permanent teeth has been used as a marker for the end of infancy (Napier) while the appearance of the last permanent teeth has been considered a marker for the end of the juvenile stage (Simonds, 1974:93). , the four 12-week stages described above roughly correspond to the first and last of the general callitrichid dental stages.
Infants were recorded as independent or “off” if most of the body was in contact with the substrate and not supported by another animal. Except when nursing or attempting to nurse, infants clung to the carrier's back. The request may simply be a movement of the food holder towards a second animal, thereby attracting attention.
Frequently sniffed parts of the body were associated with strong odors: food, urine, feces and scent glands.
Puppies give more than they gain in weeks 29-52, making them net feeders rather than receivers. Initiations and adoptions of agonistic behavior involving young people peak in the 41st–52nd. the week they reach the status of a young subadult. Obviously, in the first year, life in the family group is the most tense for young people in the 41-52 age group. a week.
The sudden increase may be related to one or more developments in the family group: Category A individuals were mounted at least in weeks 29-40 and 41-52, while category B pups were mounted most in the same two 12-week phases. There are few differences in the scores between categories for agonistic behavior across the four 12-week phases (Figure 18).
Only in weeks 29–52 did subjects with older and younger siblings initiate more scent marking and mounting than juveniles living with neither sibling class. It appears that at least during the last two 12-week phases (weeks 29–52) without the presence of older and younger siblings, four types of behavior are inhibited in maturing tamarins (grooming, scent marking, genital examination, and mounting). In weeks 5–16, focal tamarins were more initiators than recipients of significant same-sex preferences (Table 11).
Significant same-sex bias in social sniffing first appeared in weeks 29–40 and increased in weeks 41–52. Mothers also initiated more genital examinations on daughters than fathers in the same twelve-week period. During weeks 41–52, maternal emergence in several groups by subadult male offspring (Table 11) indicates growing attraction of young males to their mothers, even though no actual mating was observed (Appendix WI).
Same-sex preferences predominate and are most important in weeks 41-52 when focal tamarins are subadults. Second, although opposite-sex interactions are rare in the first 40 weeks of life, they become more frequent in weeks 41-52. Great sensory interest (taste, touch, perceive and smell) in the environment; lean or reach from carriers.
Males initiate allogrooming more at this stage and in weeks 29-40 than at any other time. New babies show most of the activities listed in the Dependent Baby and Independent Baby stages.
Weights and Body Measurements
Other measurements were derived from data from four additional NZP lion tamarins plus information from Hill (1957) for three fully adult animals (2 = 65 weeks old). Although twins or triplets may be smaller than singletons, the burden on the mother (or other carrier) is significantly less when carrying a singleton than when carrying twins or triplets. The limited data indicate that hatchlings begin to reach the lower levels of adult variation at 9 months and reach adult body size by 18 months (Figure 22).
Young female lion tamarins slightly lag behind males in weight gain until 15 months of age (Figures 23, 24). It may happen that immature males outcompete females for access to food; however, more data is needed to verify. These weights indicate that mature pups reach adult size somewhere between 15 and 20 months of age.
Saguinus Juscicollis Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi Saguinus oedipus oedipus Callimico goeldii Leontopithecus rosalia Babas word selde gedra. Pygmaea ui Callithrix jacchus Saguinus midas niger Saguinus oedipus geoffroyi Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia Callimico goeldii.
Earliest Known Matings and Conceptions of Captive Callitrichid Monkeys
Older brothers and twins are more likely than older twins to start dating young women Younger brothers and sisters.
Statistical Tests and Results
The Physical, Hormonal and Behavioral Development of the Common Marmoset, Callithrix jacchus jacchus. A field study in Siam of the behavior and social relations of the Gibbon {Hylobates lor). Comment on minimum requirements in the stocking of the Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia).
On the breeding of the common marmoset (Ha-pale jacchus Linn.) in captivity when irradiated with ultraviolet rays, II: a ten-year family history. Aspects of the biology of free-ranging cotton tamarins (Saguinus o. oedipus) and the conservation status of the species. A comparison between the reproduction and parental behavior of the Goeldi monkey (Callimico goeldii) and the true marmosets (Callitrichidae).
Description and analysis of bow display in the Golden Lion Tamarin, Leontopithecus rosalia rosalia. Some remarks on the spontaneous use of the hand in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Manuscripts intended for serial publication receive substantive review within their originating Smithsonian museums or offices and are submitted to the Smithsonian Institution Press with the approval of the appropriate museum authority on Form SI-36.
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