FOREWORD
WELCOME TO INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID
It is a great honour for the Spanish Acoustical Society (SEA) to welcome you all to the INTER-NOISE 2019 MADRID.
This 48th International Congress and Exhibition on Noise Control Engineering is organized by the Spanish Acoustical Society (SEA) on behalf of the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE).
The great number of participants, as well as the quality of their contributions, distributed in 100 technical sessions and grouped in 17 topics, and over sixty exhibitor booths, reveal the growing interest for innovative technologies to control noise.
Participants from more than 60 countries will be able to meet together and exchange on latest scientific developments in acoustics, further evolving the field of Noise Control through their discussions and sharing of information.
Moreover, participants will be able to enjoy the city of Madrid, with its rich artistic and cultural patrimony, its gastronomy, and overall, it’s joyful ambiance and warmness of people.
This year, the congress comes at the same time as we are celebrating the 50th Anniversary of the Spanish Acoustical Society, a project promoted by our President of Honor, “in memoriam”, Professor Andrés Lara Saenz, together with a group of persons who believed Acoustics should have a great place in the future society.
This year the congress motto is “Noise Control for a better Environment. It is indeed our hope that implementing better technologies to Control of Noise, together we can improve the quality of life.
On behalf of the Spanish Acoustical Society we wish you all a good congress and a happy stay in Madrid.
The IN19 Organizing Committee
WELCOME FROM THE PRESIDENT OF I-INCE Dear Delegates and Accompanying Persons,
It is with great honor and pleasure that I welcome you on behalf of the International Institute of Noise Control Engineering, I-INCE, to the 48th International Congress and Exposition on Noise Control Engineering. This Congress is organized by the Spanish Acoustical Society on behalf of I-INCE.
The annual Inter-Noise Congress aims to disseminate information on the field of noise control engineering and to promote progress in all aspects of this field. The first INTER-NOISE Congress was held in Washington, DC in 1972 and has met in cities around the world since then, demonstrating that the need for noise control is truly international.
I-INCE was formally established in 1974 as a non-profit association according to Swiss civil law and formally announced at the 3rd Inter-Noise Congress in Washington, DC. Today, I-INCE comprises 48 member societies, plus sustaining and institutional members. Both the Institute and the Congress series have become indispensable elements of international noise control activities. The encouragement of young professionals is vitally important and I-INCE funds a number of Young Scientists Grants to assist with participation at each Congress. I-INCE has also initiated a number of new technical activities and one is the Young Professionals Workshop. The second of these workshops is being offered in conjunction with this congress. In addition NoiseNews International, jointly published with INCE-USA, is a web based magasine produced 4 times per year with both news and articles specifically relevant to noise control engineering. You can find more information about the I-INCE activities on our website www.i- ince.org .
2019 is a very appropriate time to have the INTER-NOISE Congress in Spain as it is also the opportunity to celebrate the 50th anniversary of the Spanish Acoustical Society. Some special events have been included in the program to recognise this celebration.
Madrid, the capital of Spain, has an extensive history and is also a modern city with all the benefits that come with that. But it is also appropriate that the theme of this Congress is Noise Control for a Better Environment. Over the next few days you have the opportunity to hear presentations from local and international participants who are developing methods to manage and control noise while retaining sound in its most desirable form.
However the technical sessions are only a part of what is available throughout this Congress and we hope that you gain much from the opportunities provided by the informal discussions with colleagues during the coffee/lunch breaks and the social activities. As well, there are opportunities to see the latest products from the range of exhibitors at the technical exhibition.
In addition to participating in the congress we hope you spend some time enjoying the city of Madrid and exploring all that it has to offer.
On behalf of I-INCE and all those participating in the Congress, I would like to thank the Spanish Acoustical Society, the Organizing and Scientific Committees and the many supporting people and institutions, especially the Madrid Congress Bureau, for their enormous efforts to bring INTER- NOISE 2019 to this stage. A Congress would be nothing without the delegates who have come from near and far so it is also important, on behalf of all those involved with the organization, to thank all the delegates for your contribution to the INTER-NOISE 2019. This is truly a joint effort and we all hope that you have a most successful Congress.
Marion Burgess President, I-INCE ORGANIZER BY:
SOCIEDAD ESPAÑOLA DE ACÚSTICA (SEA) www.sea-acustica.es
The SPANISH ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY (SEA) was founded in 1969 with the purpose of promoting the progress in all fields of Acoustics by means of the study, information, diffusion and assessment. To accomplish with these purposes SEA organizes regularly a yearly congress, TECNIACUSTICA, in collaboration with the Portuguese Acoustical Society (SPA), and also participates actively with other acoustical associations at European and International level. SEA, among other international congresses, has organized in 1977 and 2007 the International Congress on Acoustics (ICA) in Madrid; also in 2002 the European Congress FORUM ACUSTICUM in Sevilla.
SEA publishes the Journal “REVISTA DE ACÚSTICA”.
This year will be the 50th Anniversary of the SPANISH ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY (SEA).
SEA Board
HONOUR PRESIDENT: Andrés Lara Sáenz (In memoriam) PRESIDENT: Antonio Pérez-López
VICEPRESIDENTS: Amando García Rodríguez; José Salvador Santiago Páez GENERAL SECRETARY: Antonio Calvo-Manzano Ruiz
MEMBERS:
Harald Aagesen Muñoz Juan Luis Aguilera Jesús Alba Fernández Miguel Arana Burgui Higini Arau Puchades Itziar Aspuru
Joan Casamajó Monclus Francésc Daumal Doménech Ana Delgado Portela César Díaz Sanchidrian Ana Espinel Valdivieso Ricardo Hernández Molina María Machimbarrena Juan José Martínez Requena Plácido Perera Melero Enrique Riera F. de Sarabia Jordi Romeu Garbi José María Ruiz Pérez Luis Vega Catalán Teofilo Zamarreño García ON BEHALF OF:
INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE OF NOISE CONTROL ENGINEERING (I-INCE) http://i-ince.org/
The International Institute of Noise Control Engineering (I-INCE) was founded in 1974. It is a worldwide consortium of organizations concerned with noise control, acoustics and vibration. The primary focus of the Institute is on unwanted sounds and on vibrations producing such sounds when transduced.
I-INCE is the organizer of the INTER-NOISE Series of International Congresses on Noise Control Engineering held annually in leading cities of the world. The first INTER-NOISE was hold in 1972 Washington and the next congress will be in 2020 in Seul, South Korea.
I-INCE Board President: M. Burgess President-elect: R. Bernhard Past President: J. Scheuren Secretary General: P. Donavan Treasurer: D. Manvell Vice Presidents:
C. Lavandier,Europe-Africa Y. J. Kang, Asia-Pacific D. Akkerman,Pan America L. Maffei,Dev. & Outreach P. Davies,Technical Activities S. Hambric,Rules & Governance J. Cuschieri,Comm. & Webmaster Directors:
O. von Estorff,INTER-NOISE 2016 L. Cheng,INTER-NOISE 2017 C. Moritz,INTER-NOISE 2018 K. Yamamoto,Director-at-large A. Fiebig,Director-at-large J. S. Bolton,Director-at-large Distinguished Board Members:
David Holger
PROCEEDINGS INTERNOISE 2019 ISSN:0105-175x
ISBN: 978-84-87985-31-7
DESIGN AND COMPOSITION Antonio Calvo-Manzano (SEA) E-mail: [email protected]
HOME AUTHORS INDEX PLENARY LECTURES TECHNICAL SESSIONS
Soundwalk of visually impaired people on Surabaya’s sidewalks
Mediastika, Christina1
Petra Christian University
Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131 Surabaya Indonesia 60236
Sudarsono, Anugrah2 Institut Teknologi Bandung
Jalan Ganesha 10 Bandung Indonesia 40132
Kristanto, Luciana3
Petra Christian University
Jalan Siwalankerto 121-131 Surabaya Indonesia 60236
ABSTRACT
A series of surveys to obtain data about the sonic perception of sidewalks in Surabaya Indonesia was conducted. The surveys involved visually impaired people considering that the soundscape of these people is specific since they use sound to identify the surrounding. The surveys were conducted in-situ using a soundwalk method consisted of nine segments, i.e., Siola (3 segments), Bambu Runcing (2 segments), and Raya Darmo (4 segments). The data were collected using an online questionnaire consists of semantic scale close-ended questions, where a visually impaired participant was accompanied by a sighted person to fill in the form. With ten visually impaired participants for each segment, 90 data were collected and analysed using varimax rotated principal component analysis. It shows there are four soundscape dimensions, i.e., dimension associated to relaxation (25%), dynamic (11%), communication (10%), and contour (9%). These are consistent with the soundscape dimensions from earlier studies, except the dimension of contour which is considered as the unique dimension perceived by the visually impaired people.
Keywords: Soundwalk, Sidewalk, Visually Impaired People I-INCE Classification of Subject Number: 13
_______________________________
1. INTRODUCTION
Sidewalks are important integral parts of streets and urban life, but yet an underestimated element of the urban form, particularly in developing countries, where the existence of public spaces is less appreciated. It is not only functioned as a walking space between roadways and buildings or built environments, but also accommodates vendors and merchants, a place of panhandlers, a quarter for homeless residents, also a place for demonstration by political activists [1].
In 1961, Jane Jacobs [2] even called sidewalks as “the main public places of the city.” It is agreeable. Therefore, sidewalks should carefully be planned and designed to provide comfort and safety for city dwellers. Sidewalks differ from one another based on their location in the city, surrounding demographics, and association with particular uses and buildings [1]. Simply by comparing sidewalks around the world, we see that the demographic factor clearly becomes the main factor in differentiating sidewalks one another.
The not carefully designed sidewalk may reduce comfort and safety of users within a short time, such as the onset of fast-growing tree roots to the sidewalks [3], or a large obstruction that significantly reduces the walkability [4]. In Indonesia, city dwellers prefer to use vehicles, even to reach the destination as shorts as 300 m caused by the low quality of sideways [5,6]. The low quality and the less walkability of sidewalks in most Indonesia cities are easily spotted. Hitherto, further evaluation of city dwellers’
perception of Indonesia sidewalks was carried out to obtain more detail data about how users perceived the sideways and later to improve the condition.
2. THE SIDEWALKS OF SURABAYA
Surabaya is the second largest city in Indonesia after Jakarta as the capital city.
Many urban elements of Surabaya are within better quality compared to those of other cities, including Jakarta. Limited studies are found about sidewalks of Surabaya, and most of them are in Bahasa Indonesia. Among those limited is a study by Randy [7] who indicated that the main sidewalk of Surabaya located on Jalan Urip Sumohardjo and Panglima Sudirman classified B in the pedestrian level of service. B classification is a condition where the pedestrian space 40-60 ft²/person and flow rate 5-7 person/min/ft. At this level, a sufficient area for pedestrians to select walking speeds freely to bypass other pedestrians is available [8]. Sidewalk segments whose functions are violated due to improper use are easily captured [9]. The city government has made efforts to accommodate the need of people with different ability to have equal access to sidewalks.
Even so, there are conditions where the sidewalks hardly accommodate the needs of the difable community [10]. In other cases, Utomo and Wahjudjanto suggested the addition of bus stop bays along selected sideways [11], which without careful planning and design will only reduce the sidewalk width to cause even less passable sidewalks for the difable community.
In accordance with the Government Regulation of Republic of Indonesia number 43 dated 1993 [12], sidewalks are the facilities provided to support traffic activities and road transportation both on the roadside and adjacent to the road, in the context of safety, security, good order, and smooth traffic, and provide convenience for the users. Thus, the keyword of this regulation is a convenience, which includes safety and security. When the conclusions of previous studies and the regulation seem to disagree, further investigation to map the real condition of sidewalks, particularly by using the perception of all users inclusively is of importance.
3. SOUNDS PERCEIVED BY VISUALLY IMPAIRED PEOPLE
A specific method to evaluate the level of convenience of sidewalks’ users using the sonic perception of visually impaired was entangled. The method is soundscape, a concept introduced by Schafer [13], which then defined in ISO as an acoustic environment as perceived or experienced and or understood by people; in context [14].
On one side, studies have shown that there was a correlation between the aural and the visual aspect of the soundscape assessment, means that the perception of the soundscape is not purely aural but also visual [15,16,17]. Spatial impression such as openness and density also influenced soundscape perception [18]. These all are acceptable since the soundscape surveys were carried out by sighted participants. On the other side, if no bias between the aural and visual factors of a soundscape study is required, it is hypothetically better to carry soundscape research engaged by visually handicapped people. Blind people are more sensitive to sound than the normal-sighted people [19], and they are also typically able to process acoustic information better [20]. Plasticity of the brain helps people with a visual handicap for developing extra abilities in processing auditory cues [20,21,22,23]. These have positioned the blind people to be more attentive to acoustic information and dispose of more brain volume to process the sonic information [24]. The blinds show a greater skill than blindfolded sighted subjects in using auditory cues for guidance [25]. In the outdoor spaces, the sound of nature and the weather (such as wind, rain, and thunder) plays a crucial role for the visually impaired people in perception the surrounding [24]. Blind people localise sounds and assimilate them with the sound from the environment more accurately than sighted people [26]. The visually impaired people are also better echolocators than the sighted ones [27]. However, people with a visual disability has been reported to be delayed in mobility [28].
4. METHODS
4.1 Participants
The series of study involves 10 visually impaired participants. The visually impaired participants were a group of junior and senior high school students from Yayasan Pendidikan Anak Buta (the Foundation of Education for Blind Children) or YPAB of Surabaya in their 16 to 20 years of age. As this is a school with special needs, the students’ age was not as the age of junior and senior high school students which commonly at 13 to 18 years old. The 10 participants consisted of 6 male and 4 female.
YPAB was selected as the project partner since YPAB is a long-known partner of several inclusive design projects with the first author’s institution of Petra Christian University (PCU). Besides, it is not easy ethical permission to get when the visually impaired persons are laypeople without attachment to institutions. The official ethics permission to partnering with YPAB was granted by the Body of National Unity, Politics, and Community Protection (Bakesbangpol), a body under Surabaya City Government licensed number 070/6619/436.85/2017 dated 19 July 2017 and approval letter by the Headmaster of YPAB dated August 1, 2017. The approval includes publishing images taken during the project. There were also another 10 participants who are sighted. The second type of participants was tasked to accompany the visually impaireds during the soundwalk survey. The sighted participants were all PCU undergraduate students of the fifth semester who took the Inclusive Design coursework. Here, we did not collect the soundwalk data of sighted participants to be compared with the visually impaireds as the earlier study has shown that the soundscape dimension of the sighted participants in urban parks of Surabaya [29] was generally similar to the soundscape dimension found by Kang and Zang [30], Axelsson et al. [31], and Sudarsono and Davies [32].
4.2 Location, questionnaire, and process
The study was conducted empirical with the data collected in-situ at 9 sidewalks segments of Surabaya. The sidewalk segments were selected according to the following consideration: (1) location in the area of the Surabaya city centre, (2) the most optimum and improved sidewalk compared to other sidewalk segments in Surabaya, (3) serving major arterial roads with variations of the sidewalk condition, i.e., different width (2.5 m – 5 m), different materials (smooth tiles and slightly coarse tiles), with and without guiding blocks, with or without canopy, and different street crossing types (pelican crossing and pedestrian bridge). The selected sidewalks are Siola (3 segments), Bambu Runcing (2 segments), Raya Darmo (4 segments) (Figure 1). Each segment is approximately 250 m length.
Figure 1. Map of the surveyed sidewalk segments. It consists of 9 segments, each of approximately 250 m length. Each segment represents different sidewalks condition and or different types of street-crossing methods. The area inside the box is the city center of Surabaya
(after Google maps).
The questionnaire of perception rating was constructed in a very simple bipolar semantic scale of -1 0 1 using the Google form. The -1 scale is the attributes emerged from the earlier study [29], 0 is for a neutral response, and 1 is for the antonym of the attributes. The three only scales might not provide a sufficient in-depth analysis but were deliberately used considering the barrier of communication between the participants and the accompanying persons. The simplification of the scale, from commonly 5 or 7 to 3 only, was considered so as the interviewee would shortly grasp the question and be able to answer the question instantly. The scale commonly used would only lengthen the question’s reading by the interviewer, lengthen the time of interviewee to grasp the question, and lengthen the time to choose the valid answer, which might lead to a miscommunication to generate non-valid answers.
Table 1. The attributes developed for questionnaire emerged from the earlier study [29].
No. Attributes Context
1 crowded soundscape
2 comfort soundscape
3 noisy soundscape
4 fun soundscape
5 rough soundscape
6 natural soundscape
7 safe soundscape
8 unclear direction soundscape
9 far soundscape
10 slow soundscape
11 know the position soundscape
12 full soundscape
13 scary soundscape
14 spacious soundscape
15 easy access
16 slippery access
17 clear route access
18 near traffic access
19 flat access
The soundwalk was conducted in silence on each segment to allow the participants to listen fully to the soundscape. The participants were using walking sticks to guide them tactically (Figure 2). The accompanying persons took care of the visually impaired participants only when they were about to encounter a dangerous situation, such as toward a quite deep hole, large obstruction ahead, or about to cross the streets. After each segment, both the participant and the accompanying person stop for a break to conduct the questionnaire session. The soundwalk took about 10 minutes, and the questionnaire filling took about 5 minutes. It was conducted in 3 groups consist of 3-3-4 participants.
Ten minutes gap was allocated between groups to allow participants to walk the route freely. The surveys were conducted in two Saturdays within a normal traffic flow (no traffic jam, but also not too quiet, the traffic flow has been just fine).
Figure 2. Snapshot of soundwalks at Siola (a), Darmo (b), and pelican crossing at Darmo (c) (Permission to use these images was given by YPAB’s head master).
(a) (b) (c)
5. FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
All data obtained from 9 sidewalk segments with 19 attributes were analysed at a time using principal component analysis (PCA) with a change of coordinates known as varimax rotation [33] so that each variable can be associated at most one factor. It will simplify the interpretation of the results of the PCA. Four factors were declared, as shown in Table 2. The dominant soundscape dimension of factor 1 is related to the perception of relaxation which includes “comfort“, “fun“, “safe“, “clear direction“, “know the position”, “soothing“, “easy access”, and “clear route”. This factor explains 25% of the variance. Factor 2 is associated with the perception of dynamic, which includes “soft“,
“far“, “slow“, and “far traffic“. This factor explains 11% of the variance. Factor 3 is associated with communication (10%) which includes “crowded“, “noisy“, and “full“.
Whereas, the soundscape dimension related to the perception of contour explains 9% of the variance, which is related to the semantic scale of “flat“. The soundscape dimension found in this study is inconsistent with the previous study with the same visually impaired respondents at parks, where the dominant soundscape dimension is dynamic [29]. When the visually impaired respondents were tasked to walk on an area with a certain function such as parks [29], they perceived the dynamic soundscape dimension as the most important dimension. The dynamic dimension assists them in location and direction.
However, when they were tasked to walk on an area with a clear direction, such as sidewalks, they perceived the dynamic soundscape dimension only as the second important dimension after the dimension of relaxation. With a clear route, the factor of comfort and other factors related to personal perception are more important.
Table 2. Factor analysis of the soundscape evaluation on Surabaya’s sidewalks (Kaiser–
Meyer–Olkin measure of sampling adequacy=0.739 and Bartlett’s Test of Sphericity Sig.=0.000)
Attributes
Factors
1 2 3 4
(25%) (11%) (10%) (9%)
crowded - uncrowded 0,392 0,127 0,667
comfort - uncomfort 0,642 -0,205 0,401
noisy - quiet -0,200 0,832
fun - boring 0,621 0,130 0,405
rough - soft -0,217 -0,587 0,303 -0,126
natural - artificial 0,317 0,101 0,111 0,426
safe - dangerous 0,676
unclear direction - clear direction -0,777 -0,107
far - near 0,722 -0,249
slow - fast 0,633 0,123
know - don't know the position 0,753 0,112
full - empty -0,189 -0,271 0,713
scary - soothing -0,714 0,249 0,137
spacious - cramped 0,145 -0,222 -0,138 0,461
easy - uneasy access 0,733 -0,122 0,143
slippery -coarse 0,462 0,218 0,327
clear - unclear route 0,765
near - far traffic -0,706 0,174
flat - up and down -0,18 0,131 0,847
The first three dimensions appear in this study, i.e., relaxation, dynamic, and communication was identical to the study conducted in urban areas by Kang et al. [30]
and Sudarsono and Davies [32]. This result also consistent to a study conducted by Axelsson et al. [31], which the first dimension found in this study is identical with the dimension of pleasantness and the second and third dimension is identical to the
dimension of eventfulness. The fourth dimension of contour, which is uniquely found in the study, appears because the participants were requested to walk and rate the sidewalks.
This dimension might be related to the way visually impaired people characterise the environment.
6. CONCLUSION
The study of sidewalks using soundwalk method of visually impaired people has shown there is four soundscape dimension of sidewalks in Surabaya, i.e., relaxation (25%), dynamic (11%), communication (10%), and contour (9%). The dimension of relaxation is affected by the easiness of the access and how clear is the sidewalk. The dimension of contour is not related to the first three dimensions and become one independent dimension. The fourth dimension of contour uniquely emerges in the study.
This result indicates that it is possible to design a contoured sidewalk as long as the sidewalks are clear and easy to access.
7. ACNOWLWDGMENT
The study was fully funded by the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia under the scheme of Penelitian Kompetensi with contract number 002/SP2H/LT/K7/2017 dated Feb 26, 2018 (made through Kopertis Wilayah VII). The research team sends deep gratitude to the funding institution and to YPAB community in Surabaya for supporting and participating in the survey. Deep gratitude is also sent to a program of “Bantuan Seminar Luar Negeri” of Directorate General of Research and Development Strengthening (Ditjen Penguatan Riset dan Pengembangan), the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education of the Republic of Indonesia for providing a travel grant to present the paper in INTER-NOISE 2019.
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