Study of The Impact of The Incompatibility of Space Utilization In The Krukut River

(1)

Planning Intervention July 2023

Study of The Impact of The Incompatibility of Space Utilization In Study of The Impact of The Incompatibility of Space Utilization In The Krukut River

The Krukut River

Kevin Daniel Mangasi

Master Program of Urban Regional Planning, Faculty of Enginnering, Universitas Indonesia, [email protected]

Dwinanti Rika Marthanty

Departement of Civil, Faculty of Enginnering, Universitas Indonesia

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/smartcity

Part of the Urban, Community and Regional Planning Commons, and the Urban Studies and Planning Commons

Recommended Citation Recommended Citation

Mangasi, Kevin Daniel and Marthanty, Dwinanti Rika (2023) "Study of The Impact of The Incompatibility of Space Utilization In The Krukut River," Smart City: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 3.

DOI: 10.56940/sc.v3.i1.3

Available at: https://scholarhub.ui.ac.id/smartcity/vol3/iss1/3

This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Universitas Indonesia at UI Scholars Hub. It has been accepted for inclusion in Smart City by an authorized editor of UI Scholars Hub.

(2)

STUDY OF THE IMPACT OF THE INCOMPATIBILITY OF SPACE UTILIZATION IN THE KRUKUT RIVER

1Kevin Daniel Mangasi,²Dwinanti Rika Marthanty

1Master Program of Urban Regional Planning, Faculty of Enginnering, Universitas Indonesia

2Departement of Civil, Faculty of Enginnering, Universitas Indonesia E-mail: [email protected]

ABSTRACT

The emergence of development on riverbanks has raised environmental problems in Indonesia, such as flooding, one of which is in the Krukut River Basin which crosses the province of DKI Jakarta. The land use change around the Krukut River causes narrowing and disrupts the absorption of rainwater and triggers sedimentation. This study aims to identify risks in the Krukut riverbank area based on the variable area of land use mismatch, population density, frequency and depth of flooding, volume of waste production, availability of waste management for water bodies and waste banks. The method used in this research is to load the score. Based on this research, the priority location is Cipedak Village, Jagakarsa District. It can be seen that at this location there is a narrowing and narrowing of the Krukut watershed. To anticipate this, normalization and construction of plaster can be carried around the banks of the Krukut watershed in the area.

Keywords: Krukut River, Flood, Space Utilization, Natural Drainage

(3)

INTRODUCTION

Develop fast development in the area urban areas in Indonesia cause many residents who do migration to urban. Impact from phenomenon This is appearance concentration high population in urban areas so that trigger development on the land empty, one of them on the bank planned river as track green (Malau, 2013) Appearance development on the banks diverting river function land bring problem related environment in Indonesia sanitation environment nor balance ecosystem so that cause disaster natural like flood. one location bank experienced river above conditions is the Krukut watershed (Kali Krukut ) which crosses DKI Jakarta Province.

Issue diversion function land around the Krukut River cause happening constriction also interferes with the absorption of rainwater by plants and trees. Absorption This function keep water no flowing on the surface, so can scrape advance ground. scrape advance land the resulted precipitate sedimentation. Lack of cleaning in a manner periodically to Krukut River trigger happening siltation times consequences mud. Besides mud, heap Garbage in Krukut River is also included hinder flow and lower water quality. Despite such conditions, Kali Krukut is one raw water sources in Jakarta (Sustaination, 2021). Besides that, Kali Krukut is also a reason from flood repeated in Jakarta that occurred in the areas elite and cause great material loss for public general perpetrators effort (Antara, 2020).

Based on exposure issue related flooding in the area about times Krukut above, then study This own objectives : (1) Identify risks in the areas around the Krukut River within the administrative area of Jakarta; (2) Identify the variables that contribute to the phenomenon flooding in the area around the Krukut River.

METHODS

2.1. Research Methods and Data

According to BBWS Cilicis in Book Krukut River Profile Year 2021, Kali Krukut own flowing 40 km long from Situ Ratujaya Depok City to ends in Flood Central Jakarta West Canal. kindly administration, Kali Krukut through the regions:

• Depok City : Kec. Limo, Cinere District, Kec. Pancoran Mas

• South Jakarta : Kec. Cilandak, Pasar Minggu District, Jagakarsa District, Kebayoran Baru District, Mampang Prapatan District

• Central Jakarta : Tanah Abang District

Kindly spatial , boundary administration that is crossed by the Krukut River can seen on the location of the prioritized area handling is the Area Around the Krukut River in DKI Jakarta Province . In study Here , the unit of analysis is used administration the village through which Kali Krukut passes in the districts mentioned above. Villages the

explained as following : Figure 1. Administrative Map of WS

Ciliwung – Cisadane Source: Process personal data and

google earth

(4)

Tabel 1. The village through which Kali Krukut passes

CITY SUBDISTRICT WARD CITY SUBDISTRICT WARD

West Jakarta

Taman Sari

Glodok

South Jakarta

Cilandak

West Cilandak

majesty South

Cipete

Krukut Pumpkin

Hut Pinangsia

Jagakarsa

Ciganjur

Tambora

Roa

Malacca Cipedak

Tambora Jagakarsa

Cereal Land

Payon New

North Cipete

Central Jakarta

Gambir

Cideng Petogogan

Thorn island island

South Petjo West

Swamp

North Petjo Senayan

Tanah Abang

Dam

Downstream

Goodbye Prapatan

fart Balinese

Village

Western Brass Rubber

Tengsin

Pela Mampang garden

Peanut Sunday market East

Cilandak garden

Jasmine Faithful Budi Rubber

Clover Utilization room can done by society nor government. From the corner view government, utilization room is effort For realize structure space and patterns room in accordance with spatial plan through preparation and implementation of the program along with financing as well as implementation suitability activity utilization space and execution utilization program synchronization space (PP No. 21 of 2021 concerning Administration Spatial Planning). On utilization spaces, rivers and regions border is realm management government. PP No. 38 of 2011 states river as channel or natural water containers and/ or artificial form network water flow along with the water in it , start from upstream until estuary, with restricted right and left by the border line . The river consists from trough rivers and borders river.

Border river is area dynamic that has ecosystem land and water, experience contact physical and visual, as well abut with a body of water. Understanding the based on corner view understanding from (Breen, Ann & Dick Rigby, 1994) that defines river as area dynamic something city place

(5)

happening meeting between land and water , as well understanding of Government Regulation Number 38 of 2011 concerning Rivers border river covers space to the left and right trough river between the border line and the bank trough river For river No embankments, or between the boundary line and the edge outside the foot of the embankment For river embankment .

River / River Krukut moment This identical with issue floods and issues garbage consequence over function land area border from upstream until downstream . Characteristics border times that are experience function as area water absorption , shift become occupancy society . Condition This will increasingly bad on settlements that are still own system waste that is not ok . Election priority municipalities in need handling consequence over function land along the Krukut River is step beginning For identify problems for intervention suggestions can done appropriate target . For determine variable selected for non-conformity utilization space in the Krukut River area , as follows attached matrix linkage:

Table 2. Matrix Linkages Issues and Variables Selected Issue Variable Basic Theory / Basic

Law Load

Characteristics Land

incompatibility Use Land with Zoning (Ha)

Regulation Government Republic of Indonesia (PP) Number 16 of 2004 concerning Land Use

a. Area Low b. Medium Area c. Area Big

Density Resident Wijayanti (1998)

a. Density resident low b. Density resident

currently

c. Density resident tall

Characteristics Flood

Frequency Flood PSBA UGM (2007)

Frequency : a. Less Vulnerable b. Prone to

c. Very Vulnerable

Height Puddle /

Depth Flood PSBA UGM (2007)

Height puddle : a. Shallow (< 70 cm) b. Medium (70 – 100 cm) c. Deep (100cm <) d. 0.5 3 .0 cm

Characteristics Garbage

Production Volume Average Garbage

Kodoatie and Syarief (2006)

Average waste volume (m3waste / month ):Production Volume Low volume Medium Production High Production Volume Availability

Management Water Body Garbage

Kodoatie and Syarief

(2006) Available / No There is

Garbage Bank

Kodoatie and Syarief

(2006) Yes / No There is

(6)

For determine location priority use analysis suitability utilization space. Analysis suitability utilization room with spatial plan done with do map overlay use land exist with map plan pattern room along with provision utilization. Provision utilization can form provision activities and provisions existing space in plan detail, or provision general regulation zoning contained in the district/city Spatial Plan (RTRW).

Analysis suitability utilization room done with use approach assisted spatial with use System Information Geographic (GIS) and Interpretation of Sensing Imagery Far like image normal satellite used For analysis cover land. Approach This chosen Because can produce information more space objective and up to date based on capability and capacity space. For more he explained, the processing of spatial data in activity This drawn in the following process diagram this.

Kindly general, results analysis suitability utilization room form object easiest room verified moment survey field. object the assumed as the building where inside study technical This building is representation exists activity residents around the Krukut River. From existence building, other variables such as density. Population, production trash, location disposal garbage and so on and identified with more structured.

Density building in something area use land can become indication density population and aspects demographic other. Besides it can too made indicator beginning evaluate amount production trash in the area the. this is one of the event parameters flood especially around the Krukut River.

Besides it, analysis suitability utilization land is also used as review beginning For evaluate is land that is not in accordance designation give contribution for height incident flooding in Jakarta, especially around the Krukut River.

Furthermore For determine location priority done with method free score . Method This done with give score For every assessed factor to alternative location. From various type assessed factor given weight based on level importance of each factor. Considered factor important given the highest weight whereas factor other the weight more small. For get alternative the best location done with multiplication between score with weight every factor, and value burden score highest is alternative choice the best location. Determination area priority done with evaluate a number of variables, namely:

Figure 2. Flowchart of Spatial Data Processing Methods Sources of personal data processing

(7)

Table 3. Variable Determination of Priority Locations and Data Obtained

No Variable Obtained Data

1 Area of Incompatibility of Land Use with Zoning (Ha)

a) Land Use at the Krukut River Border That Is Not In Accordance with the DKI Jakarta RDTR Zoning Map

b) River Garbage Volume Data

c) Population Density Around the Krukut River in 2020

d) Number of Flood Events in 2010-2020 Around the Krukut River

e) Flood Depth Around Krukut River f) Supporting Data in the Area Around the

Krukut River regarding Waste and Its Management.

2 Population density (people/km²) 3 Flood Frequency

4 Flood Depth

5 Average waste production volume (m3 waste/month)

6 Availability of waste management Water bodies

7 Garbage Bank

Furthermore score used is mark index from every assessed factor. Index used For change price unit every variable become lost and have same scale For all assessed variable. Giving weight done based on score nor scale interest from every assessed variable. Then multiply scores and weights of each variable, then sum up results multiplication scores and weights for each location, and finally selected location based on mark free score highest. As for giving weight on each variable is as following:

Table 4. Weight Variable Determination of Priority Locations

No Variable Weight

1 Area of Incompatibility of Land Use with Zoning (Ha) 17%

2 Density level population ( people /km2) 15%

3 Flood Frequency 13%

4 Flood Depth 12%

5 Average waste production volume (m3 waste/month) 11%

6 Availability of waste management Water bodies 10%

7 Trash bank 9%

8 Existence of community/pokmas 7%

9 Waste management is a shared responsibility 6%

Amount 100%

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Based on scoring results are visible ward with level discrepancy land highest are in the village East Cilandak (6.78) then followed by Cipedak and Ciganjur. Third ward the based on mapping concentrated in sections south of Jakarta, with two area 2 of 3 regions are in the district Jagakarsa and borders direct with Depok City. More carry on again, for 12 sub-districts other own area discrepancy use land level medium, and 3 others level low, Ward with level discrepancy currently

(8)

more spread in parts north of the Krukut River. Table 2. Conditions slope at Somagede (results analysis, 2015).

Figure 3. Maps and Tables Evaluation incompatibility Land with Zoning in Krukut River Source: Results Processed by the Author

Density Level Resident

Based on data collection density residents of 18 sub-districts on the Krukut riverbank, the majority ward own density resident level low until medium and only there are 3 wards with level tall that is ward Pulo, North Cipete, and Pela Mampang. Viewed in a manner spatial, visible trend density increasing population to the northern area of the Krukut River increase. Whereas For villages in the south density resident are on a level medium. If associated with pattern spread level discrepancy land, part of the Krukut river in the south in the sub-districts that have density resident currently own level discrepancy land high. Whereas sub-districts in parts north has density more high, have level discrepancy use land in area medium.

Based on frequency data flooding, the villages passed by the Krukut river own varying frequencies from not enough vulnerable, vulnerable, to very vulnerable. Majority ward including in frequency vulnerable (7 out of 18 kelurahan), 6 kelurahan with category not enough vulnerable, and 5 sub-districts category vulnerable. Viewed based on distribution, kelurahan with category vulnerable and very vulnerable concentrated in segments middle (district Cilandak Kebayoran New) times Krukut and there enhancement vulnerability the more to part north of the Krukut

Source: Results Processed by the Author

Figure 4. Map and Table of Population Density in Krukut River

(9)

river. If associated with pattern discrepancy use land, concentration ward with category vulnerable highly included ward with area discrepancy medium. Whereas when associated with pattern spread density population, concentration ward vulnerable very vulnerable flood including in ward density resident low moderate, and only Pela Mampang village which has density resident tall and included very vulnerable category. This show correlation between density population and frequency flooding (vulnerability area) no too strong, meanwhile with variable discrepancy use land own the correlation more strong.

Figure 5. Map and Table of Flood Frequency in Krukut River

The depth of the floods that occurred in the sub-districts that curved directly with the Krukut River were relatively the same with a depth of more than 100 cm (deep category) except for Jagakaras, East Cilandak, South Cipete, West Kuningan, Senayan, and Karet Tengsin sub- districts. Any area that has a deep category flood depth is an area with medium-high population density and land use mismatch. This indicates that areas with high population density and high land use misuse are increasingly vulnerable to more detrimental floods.

Figure 6. Map and Table of Evaluation of Flood Depth Indicators in the Krukut River Basin

From the data on average waste production volume along the Krukut River Basin, it can be seen if the average volume of waste per month is concentrated from urban villages on the east side of Krukut River, such as Cipedak Village, Jagakarsa Village, Cilandak Timur Village, Bangka Village, Pela Mampang Village, Petogogan Village, Karet Semanggi Village, and Karet Tengsin

(10)

Village. Meanwhile, Cipete Utara Sub-District is the kelurahan that contributes the highest average volume of waste production among other kelurahans along the Krukut River Basin.

Figure 7. Map and Table of Assessment of Average Waste Production Volume Indicators in the Krukut River Basin

From availability data management waste from water bodies along the Krukut River Basin, can is known If whole ward Already own Availability Water Body Management. Implementing Unit Cleanliness of the Water Agency of the Environment Service Life DKI Jakarta Province has do various method For clean trash in the river, start from withhold rubbish use sealing, and handling down good rivers/times That with manual way or use tool heavy. No only it, deep every the handling also does sorting, start from organic, inorganic, and residue. It done in effort subtraction rubbish from source.

Gambar 8. Map of Availability of Garbage Banks in the Krukut River Basin and Table of Waste Bank

(11)

Selected Location Results of Regional Delineation with weighting

Ward Cipedak get mark highest scoring results with variable discrepancy use land is contributor biggest cause area it is the most vulnerable to flood . Based on rate data the embodiment of the RDTR Spatial Pattern in the District Jagakarsa Then done evaluation on the District RDTR Spatial Pattern Jagakarsa , known If land in the Village Cipedak an area of 154.60 Ha no in accordance

with pattern RDTR room , with details as following

In this study, which prioritized the function of the Krukut River riparian, the embodiment of the spatial pattern was then reduced in scope to around the river border in areas that indicated priority locations. The indication of the priority location is in Cipedak Village. At this locus, the smallest delineation unit is determined within the RW boundaries around the Krukut River. The manifestations that occurred at the Krukut River border are described in the table below.

Gambar 9.

Research Location Map Source: Results Processed by the

Author

Ward RTR embodiment AREA (HA) %

Cipedak

Not Yet Realized 129,62

360,32 6,4

Realized 76,10 3,7

No In accordance 154.60 7, 6

WARD RW EMBODIMENT AREA (m²)

Cipedak 001

Not Yet Realized 508.08

55,791.85

Realized 91.86

No In accordance 55,191.91

002 Realized 642,44

40,819.54 No In accordance 40177.10

(12)

Kindly general, table above show embodiment that occurred at the Krukut River Border dominated by no appropriate. In the Village Cipedak embodiment No Fits on the widest border of the Krukut River was in RW 001 with area 55,191 m². Overview by spatial location embodiment No in.

Cipedak Village, which is further south of Jagakarsa District, has a river border just to the east of the Krukut River. Based on the map above, almost all of the riverbanks in Cipedak Village are covered in shaded red which indicates the appearance of Incompatible. The spatial pattern that was identified as not suitable at the Krukut River border was more in the form of a protected area where the utilization of the existing space above it was not suitable. This is described in the form of a table below

Table 5. Comparison of Spatial Patterns and Utilization of Existing Space in Embodiments No Appropriate on the Krukut River Border in the Kelurahan Cipedak

RW SUB ZONE SPACE UTILIZATION AREA (m²)

CIPEDAK VILLAGE

001

Green Line Sub Zone

Other Green 14,734.82

21,739.62

Land Blank 184.71

Little House 277,11

Very Small House 2396.03

Medium House 4093.13

Moor / Field 53,82

Infrastructure Sub Zone

Service General Land Blank 1659.81 1659.81

Low KDB House Sub

Zone Other Green 63.04 63.04

Environmental Park Sub

Zone Very Small House 871.76 871.76

Blue Open Sub Zone

Other Green 20061.77

30,857.68

Land Blank 5,746.27

Swamp 1229.74

Little House 51,60

Very Small House 1002.92

Medium House 2,765.38

002 Green Line Sub Zone

31,861.63

Garden 2,604.42

Pool 240.33

Figure 10. Map of the RDTR spatial pattern embodiment in Cipedak Village

Source: author

(13)

RW SUB ZONE SPACE UTILIZATION AREA (m²) Golf Course and Golf

Practice Course 20,098.00 Secondary Education First 81.92 Education Infrastructure

Sub Zone Other Green 23,21 23,21

Low KDB House Sub

Zone Other Green 44.89 44.89

Additional Sub Zone Other Green 11.76 11.76

Blue Open Sub Zone

8235.61

Garden 368.58

Golf Course and Golf

Practice Course 6597.40

Land Blank 1116.62

House Big 400,14

Very Small House 134,18 Source : Authors

The figure on the side shows a land suitability map that is not suitable which is marked with a red polygon located on the Krukut River border in Cipedak Village, Jagakarsa District. The suitability map above is also superimposed with the land rights map which provides an overview of the distribution of land that already has rights around Cipedak Village. Details of the area of land that is not suitable and the status of land rights are described in the table below.

Table 6. Inappropriate Spatial Utilization in the Sub-Zone of Spatial Patterns at the Border of the Krukut River, Cipedak Village and the Status of Land Rights

RW SUB ZONE SPACE UTILIZATION LAND

RIGHTS AREA (m²)

001 Green Line Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 8,622.5 1

14,734.

Other Rights 4,934.4 82 3 Property Rights 466.92 Right Use 710.96

Land Blank No HATs yet 184.71 184.71

Figure 10. Land Use Suitability Map for DKI Jakarta Zoning Map in Cipedak Village

Source: Results Processed by the Authors

(14)

RIGHTS AREA (m²)

Little House No HATs yet 277,11 277,11

Very Small House

No HATs yet 1958,18

2396.03 Other Rights 313,25

Property Rights 124.60 Medium House

No HATs yet 2,982.9

7 4093.13

Other Rights 60,25 Property Rights 1049.91

Moor / Field Other Rights 19.04

53,82 Right Use 34.78

Infrastructure Sub Zone Service General

Land Blank

No HATs yet 1634.36

1659.81 Property Rights 25.45

Low KDB House Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 56,22

63.04 Right Use 6,82

Environment al Park Sub Zone

Very Small House

No HATs yet 425.62

871.76 Property Rights 446,14

Blue Open Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 14,952.

27

20061.7 Other Rights 2,791.9 7

4 Property Rights 1961.56 Right Use 356.00

Land Blank No HATs yet 4,809.9

3 5,746.2

Property Rights 936.34 7

Swamp Other Rights 1229.74 1229.74

Little House No HATs yet 51,60 51,60

Very Small House No HATs yet 1002.92 1002.92 Medium House

No HATs yet 1506.98

2,765.3 Other Rights 1.74 8

Property Rights 1256,66

002 Green Line Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 4,310.8 8

8,836.9 6 Building Use

Rights 0.74

Property Rights 3,817.7 4 Right Use 707,60

Garden No HATs yet 1,722.8

0 2,604.4

Property Rights 881.62 2

Pool No HATs yet 240.33 240.33

(15)

RIGHTS AREA (m²) Golf Course and Golf

Practice Course

No HATs yet 18,973.

06 20,098.

Property Rights 1124.94 00 Secondary Education First No HATs yet 49,68

81.92 Right Use 32,24

Education Infrastructure Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 3,25

23,21 Property Rights 5,22

Right Use 14.74 Low KDB

House Sub Zone

Other Green No HATs yet 44.89 44.89

Additional

Sub Zone Other Green No HATs yet 11.76 11.76

Blue Open Sub Zone

Other Green

No HATs yet 527,12

1,269.6 Property Rights 412,10 3

Right Use 330,41

Garden No HATs yet 368.58 368.58

Golf Course and Golf Practice Course

No HATs yet 6051.57

6597.40 Property Rights 545,83

Total 95369.01

Source: Authors

Utilization space that is not according to the Krukut River border in the Kelurahan Cipedak Subdistrict Jagakarsa found in RW 001 and RW 002 such as explained above table .In each sub- zone that is utilized space above it No in accordance there is a status of rights on diverse land . Utilization room No according to the most widespread and yet own Land rights are in RW 002 in the identified Green Line Sub Zone utilized as a Golf Course and Arena with an area of 18,973.06 m ². Utilization space above categorized as as No in accordance Because No in accordance with Provision utilization room has arranged in Regulation DKI Jakarta RDTR Zoning .

CONCLUSION

River or river in essence function For drain water from high areas to direction lower 4.

Incompatibility utilization space in times of krukut resulted decline function ecological times. The area of the narrow Krukut River track consequence height over function land occupancy so that eats the body of the river, intensity more rain increase consequence change climate, region increasing water absorption decreased by area the headwaters of the krukut river, the siltation of the river which continues happen, as well facility prasana means unfinished waste accommodate until rubbish participate flowing river krukut which resulted flood .

For understand dynamics problem utilization space in the area of Kali Krukut and Determination location priority the most vulnerable kelurahan, carried out evaluation burden scores and variables in the form of : ( i ) non-compliance use land with zoning, (ii) density population, (iii) frequency flood, (iv) altitude inundation/depth flooding, (v) production volume average litter, (vii) availability management waste from water bodies, and (viii) waste banks . Ward Cimpedak with level discrepancy utilization room as a Protected Area Where utilization room exist on No appropriate.

(16)

Acknowledgement: This study was held during the International Joint Workshop and Seminar (IJWS) 2022, hosted by The Department of Architecture FTUI and presented in the R-CES National Workshop, hosted by Urban and Regional Planning FTUI, IAP, IGES, APN-Network and Depok City Government in Conjunction with 1^st Integrated Urban-Rural Linkages International Conferences 2023 in Depok City. The Authors would like to thank all the organizers for the biggest support.

REFERENCES

Malau, W. (2013). Impact Urbanization To Settlement Slums (Slum Areas) in Urban Areas . JUPIIS: Journal of Science Education Social , 5(02), 39-47.

Sustainability. (2021). Jakarta Lacks Clean Water? Here it is Cause! Accessed from https://sustaination.id/jakarta-kekurangan-air-clean/ on 13 April 2021

Between. (2020). prevent Flood The Krukut River overflows , South Jakarta attaches a pontoon.

Accessed from https://metro.tempo.co/read/1398035/prevent-banjir-luapan-kali-krukut- jakarta-selatan- Pasang-ponton on 13 April 2022.

Breen, Ann & Dick Rigby. 1994. Waterfront, Cities Reclaim Their Edge. New York: Mc. Graw Hill Inc.

Wijayanti .1998. Influencing Factors Change Land Kota Yogyakarta .

PSBA. 2007. Socialization Final Report Mitigation Disaster Earthquake and Tsunami on the South Coast of the Island Java , Cooperation Between Departments Social RI with the Study Center Disaster (PSBA) Yogyakarta.

Kodoatie RJ and Syarief R. 2006. Management Disaster Integrated Andy, Yogyakarta.