STUDY OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF Eichhornia crassipes EXTRACT
By Jimmy 11304016
BACHELOR’S DEGREE in
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING concentration
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
August 2018
Revision after the Thesis Defense on 23rd July 2018
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Jimmy
____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri S.T, M.Sc
____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Ir. Paulus Gunawan, M.M
____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
____________________________________________
Dean Date
ABSTRACT
STUDY OF THE PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND HEAVY METAL CONTENT OF Eichhornia crassipes EXTRACT
By Jimmy
Dr.-Ing.Diah Indriani Widiputri S.T, M.Sc.
Ir. Paulus Gunawan, M.M.
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Eichhornia crassipes is well-known as water hyacinth and it grows rapidly in the nutrient-rich water and high light intensity places. Due to slow capacity of utilising water hyacinth, its growth becomes uncontrollable and has caused many negative impacts to the environment. This work was focused on the study of the total phenolic content, antioxidant activity and anti-microbial activity of water hyacinth in Lake Cipondoh, Tangerang, in order to find the most optimal extraction method for each part of the plant. Fresh water hyacinth was pre-treated through oven-drying and milling process. After that, each part of the plant was macerated by multiple stage extraction method with three different solvents (96% ethanol, water, and 96% ethanol/water) and three variations of sample-to-solvent ratios (1:30, 1:50, and 1:75 w/v). The result of the experiment showed that the leaves of this plant produced an extract with highest TPC (25.35 ± 0.71 mg GAE/g dw) and lowest IC50 (55.76 ± 6.73 ppm) compared to other parts. The most optimum solvent used to achieve this result was 96% ethanol/water (1:1 v/v). In order to obtain highest TPC, the sample to solvent ratio used was 1:75, while 1:50 was used to obtain the lowest IC50. Additionally, in all resulted extracts, flavonoid and saponin was found to be present, while heavy metals content was not detected, which can be assumed to be very low to none. With this result, it was concluded that there is a promising opportunity to apply the water hyacinth growing in
overall number of water hyacinth in Indonesia can be reduced or at the least be controlled, so that the environmental problem caused by this plant can be minimized.
Keywords : water hyacinth, phenolic content, heavy metals, antioxidant activity, anti- microbial activity
© Copyright 2018 by Jimmy All rights reserved
DEDICATION
“I don't know what your destiny will be, but one thing I know: the only ones among you who will be really happy are those who have sought and found how to serve.”
-Albert Schweitzer
This thesis and all of my academic achievements are dedicated to myself, to the world and to people who I love and care the most, my family.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
First and foremost, I would like thank God, for His blessing, grace, guide and strength throughout my university years. I would also like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisor, Miss Diah who was always guiding me, trusting and supporting me with patience and kindness. I would like to also thank my co-advisor, Mr. Paulus, for his help and for asking me to send this paper to conferences.
I would like to thank all of my friends and all the lab assistants: Roziq, Kak Rara, Kak Sisil, Ko Gerald and Tiwi, for the big help on my thesis work and the gossips.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to my Life Sciences and Technology colleagues, whom I cannot mention one by one, for all advices, companion, laugh, support and advices and to my friend who worked in the laboratory as well, Jevon Ardy Santoso. Claire and Jansen whom I always could share my stress about DPPH assay.
Gaby, Amanda and Deborah who helped me out until 1 a.m. when doing antimicrobial activity.
Last but not least, I would like to thank my parents who did not complain when I came home late. Maeva Marcourt and Hazel Maria Ortiz who always accompanied me while I was struggling and needed someone to talk to.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 6
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 10
LIST OF TABLES ... 12
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION ... 14
1.1 Background ... 14
1.2 Research Problem ... 15
1.3 Research Objective ... 15
1.4 Significance of Study ... 16
1.5 Research Question ... 16
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW ... 17
2.1. Eichhornia Crassipes ... 17
2.2. Environmental Effects ... 19
2.2.1. Ecological Deterioration ... 19
2.2.2. Blockage of Waterways ... 20
2.2.3. Effects to Electricity Power ... 20
2.3. Pharmacological Studies ... 20
2.3.1. Heavy Metals ... 21
2.3.1.1. Arsenic (As) ... 22
2.3.1.2. Cadmium (Cd) ... 22
2.3.1.3. Lead (Pb) ... 22
2.3.1.4. Mercury (Hg) ... 22
2.3.2. Antioxidant Activity ... 22
2.3.3. Total phenolic content... 25
2.3.4. Anti-microbial Activity ... 26
2.4. Extraction Method ... 26
CHAPTER 3 –RESEARCH METHOD ... 27
3.1. Venue and Time ... 27
3.2. Materials and Equipment ... 27
3.2.1. Materials ... 27
3.2.2. Equipment ... 28
3.3. Experimental Design ... 28
3.4. Analytical Procedure ... 34
3.4.1. Reagent Preparation ... 34
3.4.2. Determination of Total Phenolic Content ... 35
3.4.3. Determination of Total Antioxidant Activity ... 36
3.4.4. Determination of Activity Index ... 36
3.4.5. Determination of Heavy Metal Content ... 37
3.4.5.1. Arsenic (As) Concentration ... 37
3.4.5.2. Mercury (Hg) Concentration ... 37
3.4.5.3. Lead (Pb) and Cadmium (Cd) Concentration ... 38
3.4.6. Statistical Analysis ... 39
CHAPTER 4 –RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ... 40
4.1 Preliminary Treatment of Water Hyacinth ... 40
4.2 Multiple-Stage Extraction and Analysis ... 41
4.2.1. Total Phenolic Content ... 42
4.2.2. Antioxidant and IC50 Activity ... 58
4.2.3. Correlation of TPC Content and IC50 ... 62
4.2.4. Heavy Metal Content ... 64
4.2.5. Phytochemicals ... 66
4.2.6. Anti-microbial Activity ... 71
CHAPTER 5 – CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION ... 74
5.1. Conclusions ... 74
5.2. Recommendations ... 74
GLOSSARY ... 75
REFERENCES ... 76
APPENDICES ... 83
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 124
