EXTRACT AS NATURAL COLORANT AND ANTIOXIDANT AGENT FOR LIP STAIN
By
Michelle Kanya Wasistha 11504002
BACHELOR’S DEGREE In
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING - PHARMACEUTICAL ENGINEERING CONCENTRATION
LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY The Prominence Tower
Jalan Jalur Sutera Barat No. 15, Alam Sutera Tangerang, Banten 15143 - Indonesia
July 2019
Revised from thesis defense on 17th July 2019
Michelle Kanya Wasistha STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR
I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and to the best of my knowledge, it contains no material previously published or written by another person, nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma at any educational institution, except where due acknowledgement is made in the thesis.
Michelle Kanya Wasistha
_____________________________________________
Student Date
Approved by:
Dr. Hery Sutanto, S.Si., M.Si.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Advisor Date
Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc.
_____________________________________________
Thesis Co-Advisor Date
Dr. Dipl.-Ing. Samuel P. Kusumocahyo
_____________________________________________
Dean Date
Michelle Kanya Wasistha ABSTRACT
APPLICATION OF RED (Hylocereus polyrhizus) DRAGON FRUIT PEEL EXTRACT AS NATURAL COLORANT AND ANTIOXIDANT AGENT FOR LIP
STAIN
By
Michelle Kanya Wasistha
Dr. Hery Sutanto, S.Si., M.Si., Advisor
Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc, Co-Advisor
SWISS GERMAN UNIVERSITY
Cosmetics such as lip makeup products are becoming necessary products for not only women, many innovative products that loved by many people such as lip stain. The high demand of lip stain production leads to the development of formulation in order to get safer product to be applied on the lips including the change of sythetic solorant into natural colorand and adding more antioxidant. As the demand of natural colorant is rising,. dragon fruit peel, a by-product from dragon fruit that usually become waste is proven as the betacyanin and antioxidant source. This research aim to utilize red dragon fruit peel extract to be the colorant of lip stain formulation, which possess antioxidant activity. The extraction of dragon fruit peel was done using two type of extraction, conventional solid-liquid extraction and ultrasound-assisted extraction that was analysed to be the more effective method. The formulation of the proportional base and extract composition was obtained.
Keywords: Dragon Fruit Peel Extract, Natural Colorant, Antioxidant, Lip Stain, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction.
Michelle Kanya Wasistha
© Copyright 2019 by Michelle Kanya Wasistha
All rights reserved
Michelle Kanya Wasistha DEDICATION
I dedicate this thesis works for my family, friends, and my country, Indonesia.
Michelle Kanya Wasistha ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Foremost, I would like to thank God for His endless blessing during this thesis period, who gave me strength to finish my thesis, despite so many problems I faced.
Next, I want to send my biggest thanks to my whole family for their support when I am down during this journey.
To Dr. Hery Sutanto, S.Si., M.Si, for his guidance, patience, time, and efforts for me, as my Advisor during my thesis journey. Thank you for all those things you gave me.
Also for my Co-Advisor, Dr.-Ing. Diah Indriani Widiputri, S.T., M.Sc, who also helped me in finishing my thesis by guiding and gave me advised alongside with Mr. Hery.
To all lecturers who taught me many things and led me until the last journey in Swiss German University.
To all the lab assistants, Kak Rizal and Kak Sahid, for always taking care of me with the supervision and knowledge in the laboratory.
Also, for my fellow friends who worked in SGU laboratory, which has been a good partner, and took care of each other back. Exclusively for my PE-8 friends, Shella W., Syarifa K. A., Nandhita O. N., Ivana J., and Nadine N. who always has been in hard and good times. For Food Technology 8 student Nadia Krisanty. For SEE-8 students Felita, Regina, Ari, Devin, Bjorn, Joshua, Diah, Bella, and Felicia.
Last but not least, I want to thank my dearest friends, Sita S. S., Olivia , Syntia Y. M., M. Vionita W., Jesslyn, Rafael S., Stefan A., Kevin M., Andrew K., Lukas A., Stefan J, Stefan G. and Deniel Saputra for cheered me up in my free time and accompany me during this thesis period.
Michelle Kanya Wasistha TABLE OF CONTENTS
STATEMENT BY THE AUTHOR ... 2
ABSTRACT ... 3
DEDICATION ... 5
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ... 6
TABLE OF CONTENTS ... 7
LIST OF FIGURES ... 9
LIST OF TABLES ... 10
CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION ... 11
1.1 Background ... 11
1.2 Objectives ... 12
1.3 Research Questions ... 12
1.4 Hypothesis ... 13
1.5 Significant of Study ... 13
CHAPTER 2 - LITERATURE REVIEW ... 14
2.1 Lip Stain ... 14
2.1.1 Colorant in Lip Stain ... 15
2.2 Natural Colorant in Lip Stain ... 16
2.3 Antioxidant Activity ... 17
2.4 Dragon Fruit ... 18
2.4.1 Dragon Fruit Peel ... 18
2.4.2 Dragon Fruit Peel as Natural Colorant ... 20
2.5 Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE) ... 21
2.6 Ultrasound Assisted Extraction (UAE) ... 22
2.7 DPPH Scavenging Activity ... 24
CHAPTER 3 - RESEARCH METHODS ... 26
3.1 Venue and Time ... 26
3.2 Materials and Equipment ... 26
3.2.1 Materials ... 26
3.2.2 Equipment ... 26
3.3 Design of Experiment ... 26
3.4 Dragon Fruit Peel Extraction ... 27
3.4.1 Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE) ... 28
3.4.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) ... 29
3.5 Extracts Comparation Analysis ... 29
3.4.3 pH Value ... 29
3.4.4 Total Phenolic Content (TPC) ... 29
Michelle Kanya Wasistha
3.5.1 DPPH Scavenging Activity ... 30
3.1 Application Test ... 30
CHAPTER 4 - RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS ... 32
4.1 Dragon Fruit Peel Extraction ... 32
4.1.1 Extraction Solvent ... 32
4.1.2 Extraction ... 33
4.1.2.1 Solid-Liquid Extraction (SLE) ... 34
4.1.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) ... 34
4.2 Extract Comparation Analysis ... 38
4.2.1 pH Measurement ... 38
4.2.2 Total Phenolic Content (TPC) ... 38
4.2.2.1 Extracts Without Freeze Drying Analysis ... 40
4.2.2.2 Extracts With Freeze Drying Analysis ... 40
4.2.3 DPPH Scavenging Activity ... 41
4.2.3.1 Extracts Without Freeze Drying Analysis ... 42
4.2.3.2 Extracts With Freeze Drying Analysis ... 43
4.3 Lip Stain Formulation ... 44
4.3.1 Base Variation ... 45
4.3.2 Extract Variation ... 46
4.4 Application Test ... 47
CHAPTER 5 - CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ... 50
5.1 Conclusions ... 50
5.2 Recommendations ... 51
GLOSSARY ... 52
REFERENCES ... 53
CURRICULUM VITAE ... 59
