View of SUBTITLE ERROR TYPOLOGIES IN UNOFFICIAL MOVIE STREAMING WEBSITE BY USING FAR MODEL

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SUBTITLE ERROR TYPOLOGIES IN UNOFFICIAL MOVIE STREAMING WEBSITE BY USING FAR MODEL

Ika Kartika Amilia[1], Rizka Alvina Hasni[2]

̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴

ȏͳȐ‹ƒǤƒ”–‹ƒ̷•–„ƒŽ‹ƒǤƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐȏʹȐƒƒ”–ƒ

ƒƒ”–ƒǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴

Abstract: Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘ ƒ ‘˜‹‡ ‘Ž‹‡ •–”‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳ ȋʹͳȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

‡–Š‘†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹•ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡…ƒ•‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†„›…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡

English version of the subtitles, the LK21’s version, and the Indonesian subtitles on

‡–ˆŽ‹šǤŠ‡‘˜‹‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡™ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‰‡”‡ǡ‡–‹–Ž‡†How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden WorldǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘—† ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘

Pederson’s typology of subtitle errors, FAR Model standing for Functional

“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡””‘”• ™‡”‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ †‹•–‹…– …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‡””‘”•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† •–›Ž‹•–‹…

†‹•…”‡’ƒ…‹‡•Ǣƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡””‘”•‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽǡ•’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡƒ†‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…

‹ƒ……—”ƒ…‹‡•Ǣ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡””‘”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ •‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •’‘––‹‰ǡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰

•’‡‡† ƒ† Ž‹‡ Ž‡‰–Šǡ ƒ† ’—…–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ͹ͳ͸

‡””‘”•™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ…‘’”‹•‹‰͵ͳ͸ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡͳͲͷƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†

ʹͻͷ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘—–…‘‡•—˜‡‹Ž‡†–Šƒ–‘•–‡””‘”•™‹–Š‹

ʹͳ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ˆ‡ŽŽ —†‡” –Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ —…Š ‡””‘”•

‹Š‡”‡–Ž›’‘••‡••–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Š‹†‡”˜‹‡™‡”•̵…‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

…‘˜‡›‡†‡••ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡•‘”•‡”‹‡•–Š‡›‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–ŠǤ‹˜‡–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ

•—„–‹–Ž‡•‹ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ—†‹‡…‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡

‡””‘”•™‹–Š‹ʹͳ̵••—„–‹–Ž‡•”ƒ‹•‡•…‘…‡”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ

–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”̵••—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ

‡›™‘”†•ǣ•—„–‹–Ž‡ǡˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

INTRODUCTION

ƒ••‹˜‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†ƒŽŽˆƒ…‡–•‘ˆŠ—ƒ

Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‘–ƒ„Ž› …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹˜‡”•‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‘†ƒ›̵•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ†”‹˜‡ǡ—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ˜‹†‡‘

™‹–Š˜‘‹…‡ƒ†–‡š–‹•…”—…‹ƒŽǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘’ƒ’‡”–‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽŠƒ•Šƒ†ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘

–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•‹••‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ—•‡”•

ƒ† …‘•—‡”•Ǥ ‡™ǡ †›ƒ‹… ‡†‹ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡– Šƒ• ‹’ƒ…–‡† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹• „—‹Ž– ‘

…”‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•‹––‹‰ǡƒ†”‡…‡‹˜‹‰‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ‘‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–•‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‡••ƒ‰‡•„‡…‘˜‡›‡†‘˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›

˜‹ƒƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ‡†‹—ƒ†ƒ—†‹„Ž›Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ™Š‡–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ‘˜‹‡•ǡ…‘’—–‡”•ǡƒ†‘„‹Ž‡

’Š‘‡• „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ ’”‘‹‡– …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡

“

SUBTITLE ERROR TYPOLOGIES IN UNOFFICIAL MOVIE STREAMING WEBSITE BY USING FAR MODEL

Ika Kartika Amilia[1], Rizka Alvina Hasni[2]

̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴

ȏͳȐ‹ƒǤƒ”–‹ƒ̷•–„ƒŽ‹ƒǤƒ…Ǥ‹†

ȏͳȐȏʹȐƒƒ”–ƒ

ƒƒ”–ƒǡ†‘‡•‹ƒ

̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴̴

Abstract: Š‹• •–—†› ™ƒ• ‹–‡†‡† –‘ ‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‡ –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• ‹ –Š‡ ‘˜‹‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡• ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡ ‘ ƒ ‘˜‹‡ ‘Ž‹‡ •–”‡ƒ‹‰ǡ ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳ ȋʹͳȌǤ Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š

‡–Š‘†ƒ’’Ž‹‡†‹•ƒ†‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡…ƒ•‡•–—†›ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡…‘ŽŽ‡…–‡†„›…‘’ƒ”‹‰–Š‡

English version of the subtitles, the LK21’s version, and the Indonesian subtitles on

‡–ˆŽ‹šǤŠ‡‘˜‹‡–ƒ‡ƒ•ƒ†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡™ƒ•‘ˆ–Š‡ƒ‹ƒ–‹‘‰‡”‡ǡ‡–‹–Ž‡†How to Train Your Dragon: The Hidden WorldǤ Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ˆ‘—† ™‡”‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† „ƒ•‡† ‘

Pederson’s typology of subtitle errors, FAR Model standing for Functional

“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ Š‡ ‡””‘”• ™‡”‡ …Žƒ••‹ˆ‹‡† ‹–‘ †‹•–‹…– …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ‡””‘”•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ •‡ƒ–‹… ƒ† •–›Ž‹•–‹…

†‹•…”‡’ƒ…‹‡•Ǣƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡””‘”•‡…‘’ƒ••‹‰‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽǡ•’‡ŽŽ‹‰ǡƒ†‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…

‹ƒ……—”ƒ…‹‡•Ǣ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ‡””‘”• ‹˜‘Ž˜‹‰ •‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •’‘––‹‰ǡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰

•’‡‡† ƒ† Ž‹‡ Ž‡‰–Šǡ ƒ† ’—…–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•Ǥ Š”‘—‰Š‘—– –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹•ǡ ͹ͳ͸

‡””‘”•™‡”‡‹†‡–‹ˆ‹‡†ǡ…‘’”‹•‹‰͵ͳ͸ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡͳͲͷƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ†

ʹͻͷ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘‘—–…‘‡•—˜‡‹Ž‡†–Šƒ–‘•–‡””‘”•™‹–Š‹

ʹͳ ’”‡†‘‹ƒ–Ž› ˆ‡ŽŽ —†‡” –Š‡ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”›Ǥ —…Š ‡””‘”•

‹Š‡”‡–Ž›’‘••‡••–Š‡’‘–‡–‹ƒŽ–‘•‹‰‹ˆ‹…ƒ–Ž›Š‹†‡”˜‹‡™‡”•̵…‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

…‘˜‡›‡†‡••ƒ‰‡•‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡•‘”•‡”‹‡•–Š‡›‡‰ƒ‰‡™‹–ŠǤ‹˜‡–Š‡…‡–”ƒŽ”‘Ž‡‘ˆ

•—„–‹–Ž‡•‹ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‹‰ƒ—†‹‡…‡—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ǡ–Š‡’”‡•‡…‡‘ˆˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡

‡””‘”•™‹–Š‹ʹͳ̵••—„–‹–Ž‡•”ƒ‹•‡•…‘…‡”•ƒ„‘—––Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ†‡ˆˆ‡…–‹˜‡‡••‘ˆ

–Š‡’Žƒ–ˆ‘”̵••—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ

‡›™‘”†•ǣ•—„–‹–Ž‡ǡˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

INTRODUCTION

ƒ••‹˜‡–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–•ƒ†‹‘˜ƒ–‹‘•Šƒ˜‡’”‘ˆ‘—†Ž›ƒˆˆ‡…–‡†ƒŽŽˆƒ…‡–•‘ˆŠ—ƒ

Ž‹ˆ‡ǡ ‘–ƒ„Ž› …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ‹˜‡”•‡ ˆ‘”• ‘ˆ …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ Šƒ˜‡ ‡˜‘Ž˜‡† –‘ ’”‘‘–‡ ‰Ž‘„ƒŽ

…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘Ǥ–‘†ƒ›̵•–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰›Ǧ†”‹˜‡ǡ—Ž–‹‡†‹ƒ•‘…‹‡–›ǡ–Š‡…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘˜ƒŽ—‡‘ˆ˜‹†‡‘

™‹–Š˜‘‹…‡ƒ†–‡š–‹•…”—…‹ƒŽǤŠ‡–”ƒ•ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ˆ”‘’ƒ’‡”–‘†‹‰‹–ƒŽŠƒ•Šƒ†ƒ’”‘ˆ‘—†‡ˆˆ‡…–‘

–Š‡‰‡‡”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†–”ƒ•‹••‹‘‘ˆ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ƒ†…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘‘–Š‡”‘Ž‡•‘ˆ—•‡”•

ƒ† …‘•—‡”•Ǥ ‡™ǡ †›ƒ‹… ‡†‹ƒ ‡˜‹”‘‡– Šƒ• ‹’ƒ…–‡† …‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‹• „—‹Ž– ‘

…”‡ƒ–‹‰ǡ–”ƒ•‹––‹‰ǡƒ†”‡…‡‹˜‹‰‡••ƒ‰‡•ƒ‘‰—Ž–‹’Ž‡’ƒ”–‹…‹’ƒ–•Ǥ

††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ–‡…Š‘Ž‘‰‹…ƒŽƒ†˜ƒ…‡‡–•‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‡–Šƒ–‡••ƒ‰‡•„‡…‘˜‡›‡†‘˜‡”„ƒŽŽ›

˜‹ƒƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ‡†‹—ƒ†ƒ—†‹„Ž›Ǥ‹…‡–Š‡ͳͻͻͲ•ǡ™Š‡–‡Ž‡˜‹•‹‘ǡ‘˜‹‡•ǡ…‘’—–‡”•ǡƒ†‘„‹Ž‡

’Š‘‡• „‡…ƒ‡ ƒ ’”‘‹‡– …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ Š—ƒ •‘…‹ƒŽ ‡˜‹”‘‡–ǡ ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ Šƒ˜‡

„‡‡‹…”‡ƒ•‹‰Ž›’‘’—Žƒ”Ǥ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ’”‘‰”ƒ•–Šƒ–‡Šƒ…‡‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†ˆƒ…‹Ž‹–ƒ–‡’‡‘’Ž‡̵•™‘”

ƒ”‡ ‹†‹•’‡•ƒ„Ž‡ ‹ ƒŽ‘•– ‡˜‡”› ‡Ž‡‡– ‘ˆ Ž‹ˆ‡Ǥ • ‡šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ —Ž–‹Ǧ‘†ƒŽ ™‘”•ǡ ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ

’”‘‰”ƒ•”‡Ž›‘–Š‡‹–‡”ƒ…–‹‘„‡–™‡‡–™‘…‘†‡•ǡ‹ƒ‰‡•ƒ†•‘—†ǡƒ†ƒŽ–Š‘—‰ŠŽ‹–‡”ƒ–—”‡ƒ†

’‘‡–”› ‡˜‘‡ǡ ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ’”‘†—…–‹‘• †‡’‹…– ƒ† ƒ…–—ƒŽ‹œ‡ ƒ …‡”–ƒ‹ ”‡ƒŽ‹–› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ †‹”‡…–‘”̵•

‡†‹–‹‰ ‘ˆ •’‡…‹ˆ‹… ‹ƒ‰‡•Ǥ  –Š‹• …‘—‹…ƒ–‹˜‡ •‡––‹‰ǡ ‡ƒ‹‰ ‹• ‰‹˜‡ ‘– ‘Ž› –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡

…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‡š…Šƒ‰‡•ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘–Š”‘—‰Š’‹…–—”‡•ǡ‰‡•–—”‡•ǡ…ƒ‡”ƒ‘˜‡‡–•ǡ—•‹…ǡ•’‡…‹ƒŽ‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ

‡–…Ǥ Š—•ǡ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ ‹• •‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž› †‡Ž‹˜‡”‡† ƒ…”‘•• ƒ—†‹‘ ƒ† ˜‹•—ƒŽ …Šƒ‡Ž• ƒ† …‘˜‡›‡†

–Š”‘—‰Š ƒ ˜ƒ•– ƒ””ƒ› ‘ˆ •‹‰‹ˆ›‹‰ …‘†‡•ǡ ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ–‡† ‹ ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š …‡”–ƒ‹ ˆ‹Ž‹… ‘”• ƒ†

…‘˜‡–‹‘•Ǥ

Š‡•‡ ƒ› ’”‘‰”ƒ• ƒ† ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• …‘–ƒ‹ Ž‹‰—‹•–‹… …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…•ǡ ƒ† –Š‡

‡–‹”‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‹• Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…ƒŽŽ› ‹•‡’ƒ”ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ”‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ’”‘…‡••ǡ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž› ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ȋȌȋ‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‹•‡••‡–‹ƒŽŽ›–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡

˜‹†‡‘̵• •’‘‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‹• –›’‡ ‘ˆ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‡…‡••‹–ƒ–‡• –Š‡ …‘‘”†‹ƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ ˜‡”„ƒŽ ƒ†

‘˜‡”„ƒŽ‡Ž‡‡–•ǤŠ‹•‹•†—‡–‘–Š‡ˆƒ…––Šƒ–ǡ™Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‰ǡƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”—•–…‘•‹†‡”‘–‘Ž›

–Š‡–‡š–ǡ„—–ƒŽ•‘†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ•‘—†‡ˆˆ‡…–•ǡ’‹…–—”‡•ǡƒ†–Š‡˜‹†‡‘̵•ƒ„‹ƒ…‡ȋƒ–‹˜•ƒǡʹͲͳͶȌǤ

‰‡‡”ƒŽǡ–Š‡”‡ƒ”‡–Š”‡‡–›’‡•‘ˆƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǣ†—„„‹‰ǡ˜‘‹…‡Ǧ‘˜‡”ǡƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‹‰Ǥ

—„–‹–Ž‡• ”‡ˆ‡” –‘ –‡š–• –Šƒ– †‹•’Žƒ› ‘Ǧ•…”‡‡ ‹ –Š‡ •ƒ‡ Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‘Ǧ˜‹•—ƒŽ ™‘”

ȋ‹–”ƒŽ‹‰—ƒŽ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰Ȍ ‘” ‹ ƒ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– –ƒ”‰‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ȋ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ ‹–‡”Ž‹‰—ƒŽ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ȌǤ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘

ȋ‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ”‡ƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘’”ƒ…–‹…‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡”‡•—Ž–•‘ˆ–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ƒ”‡

•Š‘™ƒ––Š‡„‘––‘‘ˆ–Š‡•…”‡‡Ǥ‡…Š‹…ƒŽŽ›–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‰ƒ‘˜‹‡‘”ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ‡†‹ƒ–‘ƒ

‘˜‹‡ ‘” ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒǡ •›…‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ ‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ •’‘‡ ‡••ƒ‰‡ǡ ‹• –Š‡ ’”‘…‡•• ‘ˆ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰

ȋ‘––Ž‹‡„ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤAccording to O’Connell, (2016)ǡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ ‹• ̶–Š‡ ƒ††‹–‹‘ ‘ˆ ™”‹––‡ –‡š– –‘ –Š‡

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽƒ—†‹‘•‘—†–”ƒ…‘•…”‡‡̶ȋ’Ǥͳ͸ͻȌǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘Šƒ‡‹Ƭ‡›ƒ‹ȋʹͲͳͲȌǡ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹•

Ž‡••‡š’‡•‹˜‡–Šƒ†—„„‹‰Ǥƒ’•ƒ•‹•ȋʹͲͲͺȌƒ††‡†–Šƒ–•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹•Ž‡••‡š’‡•‹˜‡ƒ†ƒ›…‘˜‡›

ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ’”‘†—…–••‹—Ž–ƒ‡‘—•Ž›Ǥƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰Šƒ•–”ƒ‹–•–Šƒ–†‹•–‹‰—‹•Š‹–ˆ”‘‘–Š‡”

‡–Š‘†•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ȋ‘‰—…‹ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ—‡–‘–Š‡”‡•–”‹…–‡†•’ƒ…‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘–Š‡•…”‡‡ǡ‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡•‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”‹•–‹…• ‹• –Š‡ •’ƒ”‹‰ —•‡ ‘ˆ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ǡ ™Š‹…Š •Š‘—Ž† ‘– ‹’‡†‡ ˜‹‡™‹‰ –Š‡ •…”‡‡

…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǤŠ‹•–›’‡‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•‡‡•–‘–”ƒ•‹––Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡƒ•™‡ŽŽƒ•ƒ›‘–Š‡”‹–‡•

–Šƒ– ƒ’’‡ƒ” ‹ –Š‡ ‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ—†‹‘ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘Ǥ ŽŽ •—„–‹–Ž‡† ’”‘‰”ƒ• …‘•‹•– ‘ˆ –Š”‡‡ ‡Ž‡‡–•ǣ

•‘—†ǡƒ‹ƒ‰‡ǡƒ†–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ ‹• ƒ…‘‰‹–‹˜‡Ž› –ƒš‹‰ ’”‘…‡†—”‡ ˆ”ƒ—‰Š– ™‹–Š ’”‘„Ž‡• ƒ† †‹ˆˆ‹…—Ž–‹‡•

ȋƒ”ƒ‹–”‘‰Ž‘—ǡ ʹͲͲͲȌ ƒ† ˆ‘”ƒŽ “—ƒ–‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ƒ† –‡š–—ƒŽ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡ ‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡• ȋ‘––Ž‹‡„ǡ ʹͲͲͶȌǤ ‘”ƒŽ”‡•–”‹…–‹‘•ƒ”‡”‡’”‡•‡–‡†„›ƒƒš‹—‘ˆ–™‘Ž‹‡•ƒ†–Š‹”–›Ǧˆ‹˜‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǡ™Š‹Ž‡–Š‡

˜‹•—ƒŽ…‘–‡š–‘ˆ–Š‡ˆ‹Ž”‡’”‡•‡–•–‡š–—ƒŽ…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ƒ†‘„•–ƒ…Ž‡•Ǥ—„–‹–Ž‹‰’”‡•‡–•—‡”‘—•

–‡…Š‹…ƒŽ …ŠƒŽŽ‡‰‡•ǡ •—…Š ƒ• –Š‡ ƒ˜‡”ƒ‰‡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ •’‡‡† ‘ˆ ˜‹‡™‡”•Ǥ ‘–Š‡” Ž‹‹–ƒ–‹‘ ‹• –Š‡

•›…Š”‘‹œƒ–‹‘’”‘…‡†—”‡ǡ™Š‹…Š—•–ƒ‹–ƒ‹ƒ…‘•–ƒ–‹‹—‰ƒ’„‡–™‡‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ‘‡

…Žƒ‹–Šƒ–ƒ˜‹‡™‡”̵•”‡ƒ†‹‰•’‡‡†‹•„‡–™‡‡ͳͷͲƒ†ͳͺͲ™‘”†•’‡”‹—–‡ǡŠ‘™‡˜‡”–Š‹•‹‰Š–

˜ƒ”›†‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ†‡•‹–›ƒ†Ž‹‰—‹•–‹……‘–‡–‘ˆˆ‡”‡†‹–‡š–ȋ†‡‹†‡Ƭƒ›ǡͳͻͻͻȌǤ ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹„•‘ȋʹͲͳʹȌǡƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”—•––ƒ‡‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡”‡•–”‹…–‹‘•‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‡•

‹…Ž—†‹‰ •‡‹‘–‹…ǡ ‰‡‘‰”ƒ’Š‹…ƒŽǡ ƒ† –‡’‘”ƒŽ „‘—†ƒ”‹‡• ȋ†—‡ –‘ –Š‡ –”ƒ•‹–‹‘ ˆ”‘ †‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ –‘

™”‹–‹‰ȌǤ‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–Š‡•’ƒ–‹ƒŽ†‹‡•‹‘ǡ•—„–‹–Ž‡•–›’‹…ƒŽŽ›…‘•‹•–‘ˆ‘Ž›–™‘Ž‹‡•Ǥˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡‹•

ƒ •‹‰Ž‡ Ž‹‡ǡ ‹– ‹• ‹•‡”–‡† ƒ– –Š‡ „‘––‘Ǥ ƒ…Š Ž‹‡ Šƒ• ƒ„‘—– ͵ͷ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ •’ƒ…‡• ƒ†

’—…–—ƒ–‹‘Ǥ‡’‡†‹‰‘–Š‡…Ž‹‡–̵•”‡“—‡•–ǡƒŽ‹‡…ƒ‹…Ž—†‡„‡–™‡‡͵ͻƒ†Ͷͳ…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•‹

…‡”–ƒ‹‹•–ƒ…‡•ǤŠ‡–‡š–‹•’‘•‹–‹‘‡†„‡Ž‘™–Š‡‹ƒ‰‡•‘–Šƒ–‹–†‘‡•‘–‘„•…—”‡‹–ǤŠ‡„‘––‘

”‘™‘……—’‹‡•ƒ–Ž‡ƒ•–‘‡Ǧ–™‡Žˆ–Š‘ˆ–Š‡•…”‡‡̵•Š‡‹‰Š–ȋ‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽǡʹͲʹͲȌǤ

‡‰ƒ”†‹‰–‡’‘”ƒŽ…‘•–”ƒ‹–•ǡƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‘”—•–„‡ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”™‹–Š–Š‡ƒ•’‡…–‘ˆ•’‘––‹‰‘”

–‹‹‰ǡ‹Ǥ‡Ǥ†‡–‡”‹‹‰™Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒ††‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽȋʹͲʹͲȌǡ

“

–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”•’‘––‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡—•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡ǡƒ†

–Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‘” —•– ’ƒ› ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ’ƒ—•‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’”‘•‘†‹… ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡

ƒš‹—–‹‡–Šƒ––™‘ǦŽ‹‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ”‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†‹••‹š•‡…‘†•Ǥ

ƒ’‹†–‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ

™Š‹…Š‘‰—…‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ•ƒƒ–‡—”•—„–‹–Ž‹‰ǡ‘”fansubƒ•—•‡†„›‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ ƒ•—„„‹‰‹•ƒ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”•‹…‡‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ‹‡ˆƒ•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰

…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‹–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡Šƒ…‹‰–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ‹‡‡’‹•‘†‡•–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‹‰Ǥ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ•—„„‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ‹‡ˆƒ•–‘•Šƒ”‡

–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•˜‹ƒƒˆ”‡‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡–™‘”Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–ƒ•Ƭž…Š‡œȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡˆƒ•—„

‹•–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‹‡•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‘˜‹‡•ǡ•‡”‹‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”

•‹’’‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ…‹‡ƒǤƒƒ––‡’––‘’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ƒ‰ƒƒ†ƒ‹‡ǡ ƒ•—„

‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ‹†ǦͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ˆƒ•—„„‹‰ Šƒ• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† –”‡‡†‘—•Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡…‘’—–‡”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‹‰–‘‘Ž•‘–Š‡–‡”‡–Ǥ

—””‡–Ž›ǡ ˆƒ•—„• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ

…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ˆ‹Ž•Ǥ ƒ•—„•ƒ”‡…—””‡–Ž›ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡‘‹…›„‡”•’ƒ…‡ǡƒ•’”‘˜‡„›

–Š‡ ”ƒ’‹† ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ …‘—‹–‹‡• ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™‡„•‹–‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”—•Ǥ Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•—„ ‹• –‘

…‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ’ƒ•–‹‡ ƒ† •’”‡ƒ† ‹– ‹ ‘–Š‡” ƒ–‹‘• •‘ –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ȁ˜‹‡™‡”• ˆ”‘

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ›‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ……‡••‹–ȋ‘‰—…‹ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

Š‡ˆ‘”—†‘‡•‹ƒƒ–ƒƒ† ‹Ž‡‹„”ƒ”›ȋ Ȍ‹•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡

‘ˆˆƒ•—„„‹‰‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›–Š‹‰•–‘†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Š‡•‡‘Ž‹‡ˆ‘”—•ǡ„—––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›

ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹•–Š‡‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘˜‹‡Ȁ•‡”‹‡•ˆ‹Ž‡Ž‹•ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘”—™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†

‘ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲǡʹͲͳʹǡƒ†‹–•ˆ‘—†‡”•™‡”‡‘…‡ƒ…–‹˜‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ†‘ˆ‹Ž‡•‘”†‘™‡„•–‡”Ǥ–‹Ž

–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ—Ž›ʹͲͳͺǡ ‡„‡”•”‡ƒ…Š‡†‘”‡–ŠƒͳͻͲ–Š‘—•ƒ†—•‡”•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ

‹…Ž—†‹‰—”ƒ„ƒ›ƒǡƒ†—‰ǡƒ†ƒƒ”–ƒȋ‹”ƒ•–ƒƒǡʹͲͳͺȌǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ…‘…—””‡–†ƒ‹Ž›˜‹•‹–•–‘

–Š‹• ™‡„•‹–‡ ”ƒ‰‡• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲ ƒ† ʹͲͲ –Š‘—•ƒ†Ǥ ‡„ƒŠ ƒ–‡‰ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡‘™‡†

ˆƒ•—„„‡”•ǡ …Žƒ‹• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‘˜‡” ͷͲͲ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆ‹Ž• ‹–‘ †‘‡•‹ƒ ȋƒ•—†‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ Š‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡• …”‡ƒ–‡† „› ˆƒ•—„„‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ˆ”‡‡Ž› ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ ‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡– •–”‡ƒ‹‰

’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‘ƒ†ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳǤ

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž —•‡† –‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•

•—„–‹–Ž‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ””‘” ƒƒŽ›•‹•

—†‡”’‹• Ǥ  –Š‹• ‘†‡Žǡ ‡ƒ…Š •—„–‹–Ž‡ ‹ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‹• ’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆˆ‡”• Š‘Ž‹•–‹…

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰•—„–‹–Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‘†‡Ž‡•—”‡•ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ”‘—†‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•–Šƒ–‰‘‡•„‡›‘†Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…ǡƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”…”‡ƒ–‹‰

Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–›•—„–‹–Ž‡•–Šƒ–‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡…‘–‡–Ǥ —…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…›‹•Š‘™™‡ŽŽ•—„–‹–Ž‡•”‡ˆŽ‡…––Š‡•‘—”…‡–‡š–̵•‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…ƒ†

•–›Ž‹•–‹…•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”•Ž‹‡—†‡”ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”‹•ͲǤͷǢͳ‹••–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡʹ‹•

•‡”‹‘—•Ǥ‹‘”‡””‘”•‹…Ž—†‡Ž‡š‹…ƒŽƒ†–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›‡””‘”•ǤŠ‹•‡””‘”†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡ˆ‹Ž̵•’Ž‘–Ǥ

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‹•ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…‹•–ƒ‡Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”‹Š‹„‹–•

–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”ˆ”‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹Ž̵•’Ž‘–‘”‹ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”•’‡†•–‹‡–”›‹‰–‘‰”ƒ•’–Š‡‡””‘”Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡†‡”•‡ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ–‹… ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ’‡ƒŽ–› ’‘‹–• ƒ”‡ ‹‘”ǣ ͲǤͷǡ

•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǣ ͳǡ ƒ† •‡˜‡”‡ǣ ʹǤ ‹‘” ‡””‘”• ƒ”‡ Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ ‡””‘”• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹Ž̵• ’Ž‘– ‘”

’”‹ƒ”›‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”•ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‡””‘”•„—–•–‹ŽŽ…‘˜‡›•–Š‡

‹–‡†‡†…‘–‡–ƒ††‘‡•‘–‹’‡†‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”̵•’”‘‰”‡••„‡›‘†–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†

•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‡•ˆ‘”’Ž‘–Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ

•‡˜‡”‡ ‡””‘” ‹• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ •—„–‹–Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹• •‘ ‡””‘‡‘—• –Šƒ– ‹– ’”‡˜‡–• ˜‹‡™‡”• ˆ”‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒ†‹’‡†‡•–Š‡‹”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„‡›‘†–Šƒ–•—„–‹–Ž‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”„›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

“

–Š‡’”‹ƒ”›‰—‹†‡Ž‹‡ˆ‘”•’‘––‹‰‹•–Šƒ––Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡—•–ƒ’’‡ƒ”‹‡†‹ƒ–‡Ž›™‹–Š–Š‡—––‡”ƒ…‡ǡƒ†

–Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‘” —•– ’ƒ› ƒ––‡–‹‘ –‘ ’ƒ—•‡• ƒ† ‘–Š‡” ’”‘•‘†‹… ‡Ž‡‡–• ‹ –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ Š‡

ƒš‹—–‹‡–Šƒ––™‘ǦŽ‹‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ”‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†‹••‹š•‡…‘†•Ǥ

ƒ’‹†–‡”‡–†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–Šƒ•Ž‡†–‘–Š‡‰”‘™–Š‘ˆ˜ƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ

™Š‹…Š‘‰—…‹ȋʹͲͲͻȌ”‡ˆ‡”•–‘ƒ•ƒƒ–‡—”•—„–‹–Ž‹‰ǡ‘”fansubƒ•—•‡†„›‹–ƒ•Ƭ‡ƒ‡ŽȋʹͲʹͲȌǤ ƒ•—„„‹‰‹•ƒ…‘ŽŽƒ„‘”ƒ–‹˜‡™‘”•‹…‡‹–ƒŽŽ‘™•ƒ‹‡ˆƒ•–‘‡š’Žƒ‹–Š‡‹…‘”’‘”ƒ–‹‘‘ˆˆ‘”‡‹‰

…—Ž–—”ƒŽ…‘’‘‡–•‹–‘Ž‘…ƒŽ…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡„›‡Šƒ…‹‰–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡

ƒ‹‡‡’‹•‘†‡•–Š‡›ƒ”‡˜‹‡™‹‰Ǥ•ƒ‡ƒ•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡˆƒ•—„„‹‰‡ƒ„Ž‡•ƒ‹‡ˆƒ•–‘•Šƒ”‡

–Š‡‹”‘™Ž‡†‰‡ƒ†‹–‡”‡•–•˜‹ƒƒˆ”‡‡†‹‰‹–ƒŽ‡–™‘”Ǥ……‘”†‹‰–‘‹–ƒ•Ƭž…Š‡œȋʹͲͲ͸Ȍǡˆƒ•—„

‹•–Š‡’”ƒ…–‹…‡‘ˆ‘Ǧ’”‘ˆ‡••‹‘ƒŽ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰ƒ†–Š‡‘Ž‹‡•Šƒ”‹‰‘ˆ‘˜‹‡•ǡ•‡”‹‡•ǡƒ†‘–Š‡”

•‹’’‡–•ˆ”‘–Š‡™‘”Ž†‘ˆ…‹‡ƒǤƒƒ––‡’––‘’‘’—Žƒ”‹œ‡ƒ’ƒ‡•‡ƒ‰ƒƒ†ƒ‹‡ǡ ƒ•—„

‘”‹‰‹ƒ–‡† ‹ –Š‡ ͳͻͺͲ•Ǥ ‹…‡ –Š‡ ‹†ǦͳͻͻͲ•ǡ ˆƒ•—„„‹‰ Šƒ• ‹…”‡ƒ•‡† –”‡‡†‘—•Ž› †—‡ –‘ –Š‡

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„‹Ž‹–›‘ˆˆ”‡‡…‘’—–‡”•‘ˆ–™ƒ”‡ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‹‰–‘‘Ž•‘–Š‡–‡”‡–Ǥ

—””‡–Ž›ǡ ˆƒ•—„• ƒ”‡ ƒŽ•‘ —†‡”–ƒ‡ ‹ ˜ƒ”‹‘—• Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ ƒ† ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ ‡†‹ƒ

…‘„‹ƒ–‹‘•ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ˆ‹Ž•Ǥ ƒ•—„•ƒ”‡…—””‡–Ž›ƒ•‘…‹ƒŽ’Š‡‘‡‘‹…›„‡”•’ƒ…‡ǡƒ•’”‘˜‡„›

–Š‡ ”ƒ’‹† ”‹•‡ ‘ˆ ˜‹”–—ƒŽ …‘—‹–‹‡• ‘ •‡˜‡”ƒŽ ™‡„•‹–‡• ƒ† ˆ‘”—•Ǥ Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ ˆƒ•—„ ‹• –‘

…‘–”‹„—–‡ –‘ ƒ ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ” ’ƒ•–‹‡ ƒ† •’”‡ƒ† ‹– ‹ ‘–Š‡” ƒ–‹‘• •‘ –Šƒ– ”‡ƒ†‡”•Ȁ˜‹‡™‡”• ˆ”‘

†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡…‘—‹–‹‡•ƒ›‘”‡‡ƒ•‹Ž›ƒ……‡••‹–ȋ‘‰—…‹ǡʹͲͲͻȌǤ

Š‡ˆ‘”—†‘‡•‹ƒƒ–ƒƒ† ‹Ž‡‹„”ƒ”›ȋ Ȍ‹•‘‡‡šƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‹†‡•’”‡ƒ†’”ƒ…–‹…‡

‘ˆˆƒ•—„„‹‰‹†‘‡•‹ƒǤŠ‡”‡ƒ”‡ƒ›–Š‹‰•–‘†‡„ƒ–‡‘–Š‡•‡‘Ž‹‡ˆ‘”—•ǡ„—––Š‡’”‹ƒ”›

ƒ…–‹˜‹–›‹•–Š‡‡š…Šƒ‰‡‘ˆ‘˜‹‡Ȁ•‡”‹‡•ˆ‹Ž‡Ž‹•ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‡•ǤŠ‹•ˆ‘”—™ƒ•‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽŽ›‡•–ƒ„Ž‹•Š‡†

‘ ‡„”—ƒ”›ʹͲǡʹͲͳʹǡƒ†‹–•ˆ‘—†‡”•™‡”‡‘…‡ƒ…–‹˜‡‡„‡”•‘ˆ†‘ˆ‹Ž‡•‘”†‘™‡„•–‡”Ǥ–‹Ž

–Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆ—Ž›ʹͲͳͺǡ ‡„‡”•”‡ƒ…Š‡†‘”‡–ŠƒͳͻͲ–Š‘—•ƒ†—•‡”•‹˜ƒ”‹‘—•Ž‘…ƒ–‹‘•ǡ

‹…Ž—†‹‰—”ƒ„ƒ›ƒǡƒ†—‰ǡƒ†ƒƒ”–ƒȋ‹”ƒ•–ƒƒǡʹͲͳͺȌǤŠ‡—„‡”‘ˆ…‘…—””‡–†ƒ‹Ž›˜‹•‹–•–‘

–Š‹• ™‡„•‹–‡ ”ƒ‰‡• „‡–™‡‡ ͳͷͲ ƒ† ʹͲͲ –Š‘—•ƒ†Ǥ ‡„ƒŠ ƒ–‡‰ǡ ‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ”‡‘™‡†

ˆƒ•—„„‡”•ǡ …Žƒ‹• –‘ Šƒ˜‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‘˜‡” ͷͲͲ ‰Ž‹•Š ˆ‹Ž• ‹–‘ †‘‡•‹ƒ ȋƒ•—†‹ǡ ʹͲͳ͸ȌǤ Š‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡• …”‡ƒ–‡† „› ˆƒ•—„„‡”• ƒ”‡ –Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ ˆ”‡‡Ž› ƒ……‡••‹„Ž‡ ‘ ƒ ˜ƒ”‹‡–› ‘ˆ ‹–‡”‡– •–”‡ƒ‹‰

’Žƒ–ˆ‘”•ǡ•—…Šƒ•†‘ƒ†ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳǤ

‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž —•‡† –‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‹• ‘†‡ŽǤ Š‹• ‘†‡Ž ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡•

•—„–‹–Ž‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› „ƒ•‡† ‘ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ƒ† ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›Ǥ ””‘” ƒƒŽ›•‹•

—†‡”’‹• Ǥ  –Š‹• ‘†‡Žǡ ‡ƒ…Š •—„–‹–Ž‡ ‹ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‹• ’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡†Ǥ ‘†‡Ž ‘ˆˆ‡”• Š‘Ž‹•–‹…

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š–‘‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰•—„–‹–Ž‡•ǤŠ‡‘†‡Ž‡•—”‡•ƒ™‡ŽŽǦ”‘—†‡†ƒƒŽ›•‹•–Šƒ–‰‘‡•„‡›‘†Ž‹–‡”ƒŽ

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ––ƒ‡•‹–‘ƒ……‘—––Š‡…—Ž–—”ƒŽǡŽ‹‰—‹•–‹…ǡƒ†–‡…Š‹…ƒŽƒ•’‡…–•‡…‡••ƒ”›ˆ‘”…”‡ƒ–‹‰

Š‹‰ŠǦ“—ƒŽ‹–›•—„–‹–Ž‡•–Šƒ–‡Šƒ…‡–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ƒ†‡‰ƒ‰‡‡–™‹–Š–Š‡…‘–‡–Ǥ —…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…›‹•Š‘™™‡ŽŽ•—„–‹–Ž‡•”‡ˆŽ‡…––Š‡•‘—”…‡–‡š–̵•‡••ƒ‰‡Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…ƒ†

•–›Ž‹•–‹…•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”•Ž‹‡—†‡”ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǤŠ‡•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”‹•ͲǤͷǢͳ‹••–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡʹ‹•

•‡”‹‘—•Ǥ‹‘”‡””‘”•‹…Ž—†‡Ž‡š‹…ƒŽƒ†–‡”‹‘Ž‘‰›‡””‘”•ǤŠ‹•‡””‘”†‘‡•‘–ƒˆˆ‡…––Š‡ˆ‹Ž̵•’Ž‘–Ǥ

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡††‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡‹•ƒ•–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…‹•–ƒ‡Šƒ’’‡•™Š‡ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”‹Š‹„‹–•

–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”ˆ”‘—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰–Š‡ˆ‹Ž̵•’Ž‘–‘”‹ˆ–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”•’‡†•–‹‡–”›‹‰–‘‰”ƒ•’–Š‡‡””‘”Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ‡†‡”•‡ ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍǡ –Š‡ •‡ƒ–‹… ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ’‡ƒŽ–› ’‘‹–• ƒ”‡ ‹‘”ǣ ͲǤͷǡ

•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǣ ͳǡ ƒ† •‡˜‡”‡ǣ ʹǤ ‹‘” ‡””‘”• ƒ”‡ Ž‡š‹…ƒŽ ‡””‘”• –Šƒ– Šƒ˜‡ ‘ ‡ˆˆ‡…– ‘ –Š‡ ˆ‹Ž̵• ’Ž‘– ‘”

’”‹ƒ”›‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†‡””‘”•ƒ”‡†‡•…”‹„‡†ƒ•ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡–Šƒ–…‘–ƒ‹•‡””‘”•„—–•–‹ŽŽ…‘˜‡›•–Š‡

‹–‡†‡†…‘–‡–ƒ††‘‡•‘–‹’‡†‡–Š‡˜‹‡™‡”̵•’”‘‰”‡••„‡›‘†–Šƒ–’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”•—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ–ƒ†ƒ”†

•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”•™‘—Ž†ƒŽ•‘‹…Ž—†‡–Š‡‘‹••‹‘‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‡•ˆ‘”’Ž‘–Ǧ”‡Ž‡˜ƒ–†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ

•‡˜‡”‡ ‡””‘” ‹• †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ• ƒ •—„–‹–Ž‡ –Šƒ– ‹• •‘ ‡””‘‡‘—• –Šƒ– ‹– ’”‡˜‡–• ˜‹‡™‡”• ˆ”‘

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‹–ƒ†‹’‡†‡•–Š‡‹”†‡˜‡Ž‘’‡–„‡›‘†–Šƒ–•—„–‹–Ž‡ǡ‡‹–Š‡”„›Ž‡ƒ†‹‰–‘ƒ””ƒ–‹˜‡

‹•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰•‘”„›„‡‹‰•‘•‡˜‡”‡–Šƒ–‹–†‹•”—’–•–Š‡…‘–”ƒ…–‘ˆ‹ŽŽ—•‹‘ˆ‘”‘”‡–Šƒ‘‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ

‡†‡”•‡ȋʹͲͳ͹Ȍ•–ƒ–‡†–Šƒ–•–›Ž‹•–‹…‡””‘”•ƒ”‡Ž‡••Šƒ”ˆ—Ž–Šƒ•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡›

†‘ ‘– Š‹†‡” –Š‡ …‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ‘ˆ ƒ ˆ‹ŽǤ šƒ’Ž‡• ‘ˆ •–›Ž‹•–‹… ˆƒ—Ž–• ‹…Ž—†‡ ‹…‘””‡…– –‡”• ‘ˆ

ƒ††”‡••ǡ‹…‘””‡…–”‡‰‹•–‡”ȋ–‘‘Š‹‰Š‘”–‘‘Ž‘™Ȍǡƒ†ƒ›‘–Š‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡–Šƒ–‹•‹…‘•‹•–‡–™‹–Š–Š‡

‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ̵••–›Ž‡ȋ‡Ǥ‰Ǥ—•‹‰‘†‡”Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡‹Š‹•–‘”‹…ˆ‹Ž•ȌǤ

Š‡ •‡…‘† …‘’‘‡– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž ‹• ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹• †‡–‡”‹‡† „› –Š‡

…‘’Ž‹ƒ…‡‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‡•–‘–Š‡Ž‹‰—‹•–‹…”—Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‹••—‡•ƒ›ƒ”‹•‡‹ˆ

–Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡ˆ‹†•–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•—ˆƒ‹Ž‹ƒ”ǤŠ‡›…ƒ„‡•’Ž‹–‹–‘–Š”‡‡…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹‡•ǣ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ‡””‘”•ǡ

•’‡ŽŽ‹‰ ‡””‘”•ǡ ƒ† ‹†‹‘ƒ–‹… ‡””‘”•Ǥ ”ƒƒ” ‡””‘”• …ƒ „‡ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† ƒ• ‹‘”ǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ ƒ†

ƒŒ‘”Ǥƒ•‡†‘–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ–Š‡‡””‘”ǡ‹••’‡ŽŽ‹‰•ƒ”‡ƒŽ•‘…Žƒ••‡†ƒ•ƒŒ‘”ǡ‹‘”ǡ‘”•–ƒ†ƒ”†Ǥˆ

‹–‹•‘Ž›ƒ•’‡ŽŽ‹‰‡””‘”ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡”‡‰ƒ”†‡†ƒ•ƒ‹‘”‡””‘”ǡ„—–‹ˆ‹–ƒŽ–‡”•–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ǡ‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡

…ƒŽŽ‡† ƒ •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‡””‘”——”‡ƒ†ƒ„Ž‡ –‡š– ”‡•—Ž–• ˆ”‘ •‡”‹‘—• ˆƒ—Ž–•Ǥ ‡†‡”•‡ ’‡ƒŽ‹œ‡• •‡˜‡”‡

‹•–ƒ‡• „› ‘‡ ’‘‹– ƒ† •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‡””‘”• „› ŠƒŽˆ ƒ ’‘‹–Ǥ ‹‘” ‹•–ƒ‡• ‹…—” ƒ ͲǤʹͷ ’‡ƒŽ–›Ǥ

‡”‹‘—• ‹•–ƒ‡• ”‡•—Ž– ‹ ‹ƒ……—”ƒ–‡ ‘” ‹•Ž‡ƒ†‹‰ ‹ˆ‘”ƒ–‹‘ǡ ™Š‡”‡ƒ• •–ƒ†ƒ”† ‡””‘”• Š‹†‡”

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ƒ† ƒ› —†‡”‹‡ –Š‡ –‡š–̵• …‘Š‡”‡…‡Ǥ ””‘”• ‹ …ƒ’‹–ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ ƒ’‘•–”‘’Š‡•ǡ ƒ†

ƒ††‹‰•ƒŽŽ™‘”†•ƒ”‡…‘•‹†‡”‡†‹‘”Ǥ

””‘”• ‹ ”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ”‡ …Ž‘•‡Ž› –‹‡† –‘ –‡…Š‹…ƒŽ ‹••—‡• ‘” ”—Ž‡•Ǥ Š‹• …‘’‘‡– ‹…Ž—†‡•

’”‘„Ž‡• ‹ •‡‰‡–ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† •’‘––‹‰ǡ ’—…–—ƒ–‹‘ ƒ† ‰”ƒ’Š‹…•ǡ ”‡ƒ†‹‰ •’‡‡† ƒ† Ž‹‡ Ž‡‰–ŠǤ

’‘––‹‰‡””‘”•‘……—”™Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ”‡‘—–‘ˆ•›…™‹–Š–Š‡†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡ǡ•—…Šƒ•™Š‡–Š‡›ƒ’’‡ƒ”‘”

†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”–‘‘ˆƒ•–Ǥ’‘––‹‰ˆƒ—Ž–•ƒ”‡†‡‡‡†ˆƒ–ƒŽ™Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ””‹˜‡–‘‘Žƒ–‡‘”–‘‘”ƒ’‹†Ž›‹•‹†‡

ƒ•‹‰Ž‡•‡–‡…‡Ǥ‹‘”•’‘––‹‰‘……—”•™Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•…‘‡–‘‘Žƒ–‡‘”†‹•ƒ’’‡ƒ”ƒˆ–‡”ƒˆ‡™•‡…‘†•

‘ˆ†‡Žƒ›Ǥ

Š‡”‡™‡”‡•‘‡’”‡˜‹‘—••–—†‹‡•”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ„†‡ŽƒƒŽȋʹͲͳͻȌ

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡† –Š‡ –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• ‹ ‘˜‹‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ ‡ ƒƒŽ›œ‡† –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ •–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ’’Ž‹‡† –‘

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡ …—Ž–—”‡Ǧbound terms based on Pederson’s typology of subtitling strategies which include

”‡–‡–‹‘ǡ•’‡…‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘ǡ†‹”‡…––”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‰‡‡”ƒŽ‹œƒ–‹‘ǡ•—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǡƒ†‘‹••‹‘ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒˆ‘—†

™‡”‡ •—„•‡“—‡–Ž› ƒƒŽ›œ‡† ”‡‰ƒ”†‹‰their subtitling quality assessment using Pederson’s FAR

‘†‡ŽǤŠ‡”‡™‡”‡͵ʹ†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘ƒ‘˜‹‡‡–‹–Ž‡†American Pie•‹…‡‹–Šƒ†ƒ›…—Ž–—”ƒŽ

”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡• •—…Š ƒ• ƒ‡• ƒ† •‡šǦ”‡Žƒ–‡† –ƒ„‘‘• ‹ ”ƒ„‹… …—Ž–—”‡Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‹†‹‰• •Š‘™‡† –Šƒ– ƒŽŽ

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ „—– •—„•–‹–—–‹‘ǡ ™‡”‡ ‡’Ž‘›‡† ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•Ǥ • ˆ‘” –Š‡

“—ƒŽ‹–›ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š•Š‘™‡†–Šƒ–‘•–‘ˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•‘ˆ…—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„‘—†–‡”•™‡”‡‘ˆ‰‘‘†“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ•

˜‡”›ˆ‡™…ƒ•‡•…‘•‹•–‡†‘ˆ•‡”‹‘—•‡””‘”•Ǥ

‘–Š‡” •–—†› ”‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ •—„–‹–Ž‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ƒ••‡••‡– ™ƒ• …ƒ””‹‡† ‘—– „› ‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ Ƭ

±”‡œȋʹͲͳͷȌǤŠ‡‹””‡•‡ƒ”…Š™ƒ•ˆ‘…—•‡†‘–Š‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›”ƒ–‡‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•—„–‹–Ž‹‰Ǥ‘”†‡”–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡

ƒ……—”ƒ…›ǡ ‘†‡Ž ™ƒ• ‡’Ž‘›‡† •‹…‡ –Š‹• ‘†‡Ž •—‹– –Š‡ ‡‡†• ‘ˆ •—…Š –›’‡• ‘ˆ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ ƒ•

”‡•’‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†ƒ—–‘ƒ–‹…•—„–‹–Ž‹‰ǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ™‡”‡‘„–ƒ‹‡†ˆ”‘ƒ…‘”’—•‘ˆ͵ͷǡͲͲͲ™‘”†•ƒ†‡—’

‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡• ˆ”‘ •‘‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‘•– ™ƒ–…Š‡† ‡™• ’”‘‰”ƒ‡• ‹ –Š‡ ǡ ’ƒ‹ǡ –ƒŽ› ƒ†

Switzerland: BBC Six O’Clock News and SKY News (English), 59 segundos and Telediario en TVE ȋ’ƒ‹•ŠȌǡ‡Ž‡‰‹‘”ƒŽ‡ȋ–ƒŽ‹ƒȌƒ†ͳͲ˜‘”ͳͲƒ†ƒ‰‡••…Šƒ—‘ ͳȋ‡”ƒȌǤŠ‡‡””‘”•ˆ‘—†

™‡”‡–Š‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡’‡ƒŽ–›’‘‹–…ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰–Š‡‹–‘•‡”‹‘—•ǡ•–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡƒ†‹‘”

‡””‘”•Ǥ

Š‡ˆ‹”•–•–—†›…‘†—…–‡†„›„†‡ŽƒƒŽ’”‹ƒ”‹Ž›ˆ‘…—•‡†‘ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹

‘˜‹‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ǡ’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ž›”‡Žƒ–‡†–‘–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆ…—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„‘—†–‡”•ǤŠ‡•–—†›‡’Ž‘›‡†

Pederson’s typology of subtitling strategies to understand how different strategies were used to

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡ –Š‡•‡ –‡”•Ǥ ††‹–‹‘ƒŽŽ›ǡ –Š‡ •–—†› —–‹Ž‹œ‡† –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ –Š‡

•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ…‘–”ƒ•–ǡ–Š‡•‡…‘†•–—†›„›‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ƒ†‡”‡œ™ƒ•…‡–‡”‡†‘ƒ••‡••‹‰–Š‡

“

ƒ……—”ƒ…› ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ ‹ ‡™• ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› —•‡† –Š‡ ȋ—„‡” †‹–‹‘

‡…‘‰‹–‹‘Ȍ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘…—• Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰

‡””‘”•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹”•‡˜‡”‹–›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†Ǥ

„†‡ŽƒƒŽ̵• •–—†› —•‡† –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ •—„–‹–Ž‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‘ …—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„‘—† –‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ™ƒ• ‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡””‘”• ƒ†

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• ™ƒ•̵– ƒ …‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‘…—•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ

‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ƒ†ƒ”–‹‡œ̵••–—†›—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹

‡™• ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡‹” ˆ‘…—• ™ƒ• ‘ “—ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡””‘”• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋ•‡”‹‘—•ǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ

‹‘”ȌǤ

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ’‡ƒŽ–› ’‘‹–• ȋ•‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡””‘”•Ȍ …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ

˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘—Ž†‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹

•—„–‹–Ž‡• —•‹‰ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ‘†‡Ž ‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ Š‡ •‡…‘† •–—†› †‹† ‘– †‡Ž˜‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†‘”–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ••‡••‡–„ƒ•‡†‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ˜‡—‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–•–—†›ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‘†‡Ž‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡–›’‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡

‡””‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ —•‡† ƒ• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡ ™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden Worldǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

ˆ”‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ—•‡†‹„†‡ŽƒƒŽƒ†‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ƒ†‡”‡œǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‡–‡”‡†‘

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹ˆƒ•—„„‡†˜‡”•‹‘•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳȋʹͳȌǡ‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡—‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‘˜‹‡•–”‡ƒ‹‰™‡„•‹–‡•ǤŠ‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‡””‘”ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‡”‡‘–

‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› †—‡ –‘ Ž‹‹–‡† –‹‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ† ‹ …‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ Š‡

ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒŽ–›’‘‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ METHOD

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š †‡•‹‰ —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ …ƒ•‡ •–—†› ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ ’”‘†—…–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒ

movie subtitles. According to Leavy (2017), the qualitative approach aims to “investigate and learn

ƒ„‘—– •‘…‹ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǢ –‘ —’ƒ… –Š‡‡ƒ‹‰• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ•…”‹„‡ –‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‘”

artifacts; or to build a depth of understanding about some dimension of social life.” Thus, this

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• —•‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ǡ †‡•…”‹„‡ǡ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ

’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ†

‹–‡”’”‡–‡†Ǥ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡•…”‹„‡†„ƒ•‡†‘•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”–›’‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡

‘†‡ŽǤ ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …—””‡– •–—†›ǡ ‡†‡”•‡̵• ‘†‡Ž ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘”‡

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ǥ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡‹–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden World™Š‘•‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•

™‡”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡„‘–Š‘‡–ˆŽ‹šƒ†ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡™ƒ•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›†ƒ–ƒ

”‡†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

ͳǤ ‡Ž‡…–‹‰”ƒ†‘Ž›‘‡‘˜‹‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘„‘–Šƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳƒ†‡–ˆŽ‹šǤŠ‡‘˜‹‡…Š‘•‡

™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden WorldǤ

ʹǤ The subtitles of Netflix and LK21’s versions were taken and downloaded from subscene.com.

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ†–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†•—„–‹–Ž‡•˜‡”•‹‘•™‡”‡–Š‡

‘‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šƒ†ʹͳǤ

͵Ǥ ƒ–…Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•†‘‘–ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡…––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘”…‘–‡š–‘ˆ

–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ

ͶǤ Comparing the English version of the movie, LK21’s version, and the Indonesian subtitles

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šǤ

5. †‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡†‘‡•‹ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡•‘ʹͳ–Šƒ–†‹†‘–…‘’Ž›

with Netlix’s were considered errors.

“

ƒ……—”ƒ…› ”ƒ–‡ ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰ ‹ ‡™• ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡ •–—†› —•‡† –Š‡ ȋ—„‡” †‹–‹‘

‡…‘‰‹–‹‘Ȍ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ –Š‡ ƒ……—”ƒ…› ‘ˆ Ž‹˜‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘…—• Š‡”‡ ™ƒ• ‘ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‹‰

‡””‘”•„ƒ•‡†‘–Š‡‹”•‡˜‡”‹–›”ƒ–Š‡”–Šƒ–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†Ǥ

„†‡ŽƒƒŽ̵• •–—†› —•‡† –Š‡ ‘†‡Ž –‘ ƒ••‡•• –Š‡ “—ƒŽ‹–› ‘ˆ •—„–‹–Ž‡• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡• ƒ† –Š‡‹” ƒ’’Ž‹…ƒ–‹‘ –‘ …—Ž–—”‡Ǧ„‘—† –‡”•Ǥ Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ™ƒ• ‘ ‹†‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡””‘”• ƒ†

‡˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‹‰ –Š‡‹” “—ƒŽ‹–›Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ –Š‡ •‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• ™ƒ•̵– ƒ …‡–”ƒŽ ˆ‘…—•Ǥ  –Š‡ ‘–Š‡” Šƒ†ǡ

‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ƒ†ƒ”–‹‡œ̵••–—†›—–‹Ž‹œ‡†–Š‡‘†‡Ž–‘ƒ••‡••–Š‡ƒ……—”ƒ…›‘ˆŽ‹˜‡•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹

‡™• ’”‘‰”ƒ•Ǥ Š‡‹” ˆ‘…—• ™ƒ• ‘ “—ƒ–‹ˆ›‹‰ ‡””‘”• „ƒ•‡† ‘ •‡˜‡”‹–› Ž‡˜‡Ž• ȋ•‡”‹‘—•ǡ •–ƒ†ƒ”†ǡ

‹‘”ȌǤ

Š‡ ˆ‹”•– •–—†› ‹†‹…ƒ–‡† –Šƒ– –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘ˆ ’‡ƒŽ–› ’‘‹–• ȋ•‡˜‡”‹–› ‘ˆ ‡””‘”•Ȍ …‘—Ž† „‡ ƒ

˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ƒ”‡ƒ‘ˆˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤŠ‹••—‰‰‡•–•–Šƒ–”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•…‘—Ž†‡š’Ž‘”‡–Š‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹

•—„–‹–Ž‡• —•‹‰ ƒ •‹‹Žƒ” ‘†‡Ž ‘” ƒ’’”‘ƒ…ŠǤ Š‡ •‡…‘† •–—†› †‹† ‘– †‡Ž˜‡ ‹–‘ –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‹‰

•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•—•‡†‘”–Š‡“—ƒŽ‹–›ƒ••‡••‡–„ƒ•‡†‘•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•ǡ™Š‹…Š…‘—Ž†„‡ƒƒ˜‡—‡ˆ‘”ˆ—”–Š‡”

‹˜‡•–‹‰ƒ–‹‘ǤŠ‹•…—””‡–•–—†›ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‘†‡Ž‹‘”†‡”–‘ƒƒŽ›œ‡–Š‡–›’‘Ž‘‰›‘ˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡

‡””‘”•Ǥ Š‡ ‘˜‹‡ —•‡† ƒ• –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡ ™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden Worldǡ †‹ˆˆ‡”‡–

ˆ”‘–Šƒ–‘ˆ—•‡†‹„†‡ŽƒƒŽƒ†‘‡”‘Ǧ ”‡•…‘ƒ†‡”‡œǤƒ††‹–‹‘ǡ–Š‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š…‡–‡”‡†‘

ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•‹ˆƒ•—„„‡†˜‡”•‹‘•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‹ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳȋʹͳȌǡ‘‡‘ˆ

–Š‡—‘ˆˆ‹…‹ƒŽ‘˜‹‡•–”‡ƒ‹‰™‡„•‹–‡•ǤŠ‡•‡˜‡”‹–›‘ˆ‡ƒ…Š‡””‘”ƒ†•—„–‹–Ž‹‰•–”ƒ–‡‰‹‡•™‡”‡‘–

‘ˆ –Š‡ ˆ‘…—• ‘ˆ –Š‹• •–—†› †—‡ –‘ Ž‹‹–‡† –‹‡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Šƒ† ‹ …‘’Ž‡–‹‰ –Š‹• ’ƒ’‡”Ǥ Š‡

ƒƒŽ›•‹•‘ˆ–Š‡’‡ƒŽ–›’‘‹–™‹ŽŽ„‡‘ˆ˜ƒŽ—ƒ„Ž‡ˆ—–—”‡”‡•‡ƒ”…ŠǤ METHOD

Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š †‡•‹‰ —•‡† ‹ –Š‹• •–—†› ‹• †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ …ƒ•‡ •–—†› ƒ† ‹– ‹• ‘ˆ “—ƒŽ‹–ƒ–‹˜‡

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š „‡…ƒ—•‡ ‹– ˆ‘…—•‡• ‘ ’”‘†—…–Ǧ‘”‹‡–‡† –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‹ –Š‹• …ƒ•‡ ‰Ž‹•Š ƒ† †‘‡•‹ƒ

movie subtitles. According to Leavy (2017), the qualitative approach aims to “investigate and learn

ƒ„‘—– •‘…‹ƒŽ ’Š‡‘‡ƒǢ –‘ —’ƒ… –Š‡‡ƒ‹‰• ’‡‘’Ž‡ ƒ•…”‹„‡ –‘ ƒ…–‹˜‹–‹‡•ǡ •‹–—ƒ–‹‘•ǡ ‡˜‡–•ǡ ‘”

artifacts; or to build a depth of understanding about some dimension of social life.” Thus, this

ƒ’’”‘ƒ…Š ‹• —•‡† ™Š‡ –Š‡ ƒ‹ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• –‘ ‡š’Ž‘”‡ǡ †‡•…”‹„‡ǡ ƒ† ‡š’Žƒ‹ ƒ

’Š‡‘‡‘Ǥ Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• ƒŽ•‘ †‡•…”‹’–‹˜‡ „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ‘„–ƒ‹‡† ƒ”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡† ƒ†

‹–‡”’”‡–‡†Ǥ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ‘„–ƒ‹‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡†‡•…”‹„‡†„ƒ•‡†‘•—„–‹–Ž‡‡””‘”–›’‘Ž‘‰›‹–Š‡

‘†‡ŽǤ ‘” –Š‡ ’—”’‘•‡ ‘ˆ –Š‡ …—””‡– •–—†›ǡ ‡†‡”•‡̵• ‘†‡Ž ‹• …‘•‹†‡”‡† ‘”‡

ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡„‡…ƒ—•‡‹–‹•–ƒ‹Ž‘”‡†ˆ‘”–Š‡ƒ••‡••‡–‘ˆ•—„–‹–Ž‹‰‹’ƒ”–‹…—Žƒ”Ǥ

Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡‹–Š‹••–—†›™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden World™Š‘•‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•

™‡”‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡„‘–Š‘‡–ˆŽ‹šƒ†ƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳǤŠ‡†ƒ–ƒ…‘ŽŽ‡…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡™ƒ•…ƒ””‹‡†‘—–„›†ƒ–ƒ

”‡†—…–‹‘–‡…Š‹“—‡•ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

ͳǤ ‡Ž‡…–‹‰”ƒ†‘Ž›‘‡‘˜‹‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘„‘–Šƒ›ƒ”ƒ…ƒʹͳƒ†‡–ˆŽ‹šǤŠ‡‘˜‹‡…Š‘•‡

™ƒ•How to Train Your Dragon: Hidden WorldǤ

ʹǤ The subtitles of Netflix and LK21’s versions were taken and downloaded from subscene.com.

‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•Šƒ†–‘ƒ‡•—”‡–Šƒ––Š‡†‘™Ž‘ƒ†‡†•—„–‹–Ž‡•˜‡”•‹‘•™‡”‡–Š‡

‘‡•—•‡†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šƒ†ʹͳǤ

͵Ǥ ƒ–…Š–Š‡‘˜‹‡ƒ†‹†‡–‹ˆ›–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•†‘‘–ƒ……—”ƒ–‡Ž›”‡ˆŽ‡…––Š‡‡ƒ‹‰‘”…‘–‡š–‘ˆ

–Š‡‘”‹‰‹ƒŽ†‹ƒŽ‘‰—‡Ǥ

ͶǤ Comparing the English version of the movie, LK21’s version, and the Indonesian subtitles

ƒ˜ƒ‹Žƒ„Ž‡‘‡–ˆŽ‹šǤ

5. †‡–‹ˆ›‹‰ƒ†Š‹‰ŠŽ‹‰Š–‹‰–Š‡‡””‘”•ǤŠ‡†‘‡•‹ƒ•—„–‹–Ž‡•‘ʹͳ–Šƒ–†‹†‘–…‘’Ž›

with Netlix’s were considered errors.

Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒƒŽ›•‹• –‡…Š‹“—‡ ƒ’’Ž‹‡† ‹ –Š‹• ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ‹• …‘–‡– ƒƒŽ›•‹•Ǥ ‘–‡– ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‘”

†‘…—‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•ƒ‡–Š‘†ˆ‘”•›•–‡ƒ–‹…ƒŽŽ›ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰†ƒ–ƒ‹–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ–‡š–Ǥ‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•‹•

ƒŽ•‘ƒ™ƒ›–‘‡šƒ‹‡†‘…—‡–‡†Š—ƒ…‘—‹…ƒ–‹‘ȋ‡ƒ˜›ǡʹͲͳ͹ȌǤƒ”‹‘—•–›’‡•‘ˆ–‡š–•ƒ†

ƒ–‡”‹ƒŽ• …ƒ „‡ •–—†‹‡† —•‹‰ …‘–‡– ƒƒŽ›•‹• ‡–Š‘†•ǡ ‹…Ž—†‹‰ Š‹•–‘”‹…ƒŽ †‘…—‡–•ǡ •’‡‡…Š

–”ƒ•…”‹’–•ǡ ‡™•’ƒ’‡”•ǡ ƒ‰ƒœ‹‡•ǡ „‘‘•ǡ „Ž‘‰•ǡ ƒ† †‹ƒ”‹‡•Ǥ ‡š– …ƒ ƒŽ•‘ ‹…Ž—†‡ ƒ ƒ—†‹‘˜‹•—ƒŽ

…‘’‘‡–ǡ‹…Ž—†‹‰ˆ‹Ž‘”˜‹†‡‘ǤŠ‹•”‡•‡ƒ”…Š—•‡†…‘–‡–ƒƒŽ›•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ—•‡†‹•‹–Š‡

ˆ‘”‘ˆˆ‹Ž•—„–‹–Ž‡•Ǥ

Š‡•–‡’•ˆ‘”ƒƒŽ›œ‹‰–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒ”‡ƒ•ˆ‘ŽŽ‘™•ǣ

1. ‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ‡””‘”• ‘ ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• Ž‘‘‡† ˆ‘” †‹•…”‡’ƒ…‹‡• ‹

‡ƒ‹‰ǡ —ƒ…‡•ǡ ‹†‹‘•ǡ ƒ† …—Ž–—”ƒŽ ”‡ˆ‡”‡…‡•ǡ †‡–‡”‹‡† ‹ˆ ‡””‘”• ”‡•—Ž– ˆ”‘

‹ƒ……—”ƒ…‹‡•‹–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ǡ‹’”‘’‡”…‘–‡š–”‡’”‡•‡–ƒ–‹‘ǡ‘”•‹’Ž‹ˆ‹…ƒ–‹‘–Šƒ–‹‰Š–Ž‡ƒ†

–‘Ž‘••‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ

2. ‡Žƒ–‡† –‘ ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ•’‡…–ǡ –Š‡ ”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒ••‡••‡† ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡• —•‡ ’”‘’‡”

‰”ƒƒ”ǡ ˜‘…ƒ„—Žƒ”›ǡ ƒ† •‡–‡…‡ •–”—…–—”‡ ƒ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ –Š‡ –ƒ”‰‡– Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡Ǥ Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”• ƒŽ•‘ …Š‡…‡† ‹ˆ –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡• —•‡† Žƒ‰—ƒ‰‡ –Šƒ– …‘—Ž† „‡ ‘ˆˆ‡•‹˜‡ ‘” …—Ž–—”ƒŽŽ›

‹ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡‹–Š‡–ƒ”‰‡–ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•…‘–‡š–Ǥ

3. ‡Žƒ–‡†–‘”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•’‡…–ǡ–Š‡”‡•‡ƒ”…Š‡”•†‡–‡”‹‡†‹ˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ”‡†‹•’Žƒ›‡†…Ž‡ƒ”Ž›ǡ

™‹–Šƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ˆ‘–•‹œ‡ǡ…‘Ž‘”ǡƒ†…‘–”ƒ•–ƒ‰ƒ‹•––Š‡„ƒ…‰”‘—†Ǥ•—”‡–Šƒ–•—„–‹–Ž‡•

”‡ƒ‹ ‘Ǧ•…”‡‡ ˆ‘” ƒ ƒ’’”‘’”‹ƒ–‡ ƒ‘—– ‘ˆ –‹‡ǡ ƒŽŽ‘™‹‰ ˜‹‡™‡”• –‘ ”‡ƒ† –Š‡

…‘ˆ‘”–ƒ„Ž›Ǥ ˜ƒŽ—ƒ–‡ ™Š‡–Š‡” –Š‡ •—„–‹–Ž‡• ƒ”‡ •›…Š”‘‹œ‡† ™‹–Š –Š‡ …Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”•̵ •’‡‡…Šǡ

ƒ˜‘‹†‹‰‘˜‡”…”‘™†‡†•…”‡‡•‘”‡š…‡••‹˜‡Ž›ˆƒ•–Ǧ’ƒ…‡†–‡š–Ǥ

Š‡ ”‡•—Ž–• ‘ˆ –Š‡ ƒƒŽ›•‹• ™‡”‡ —•‡† –‘ †”ƒ™ …‘…Ž—•‹‘•Ǥ – –Š‹• •–ƒ‰‡ǡ –Š‡ ƒ•™‡”• –‘ –Š‡

”‡•‡ƒ”…Š ’”‘„Ž‡• ™‡”‡ †‡•…”‹„‡†Ǥ Š‡ …‘…Ž—•‹‘ ™ƒ• ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ™Šƒ– –›’‡• ‘ˆ ‡””‘”• –ƒ‹‰

’Žƒ…‡‹–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•‘ˆ–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†‘˜‹‡Ǥ FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

–Š‹••‡…–‹‘ǡ–Š‡–›’‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‘˜‹‡̵••—„–‹–Ž‡•‘ʹͳ™‡”‡ƒƒŽ›œ‡†„ƒ•‡†

on Pederson’s FAR Model. The total data found were 716 falling into such categories as functional

‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ȋ͵ͳ͸‡””‘”•Ȍǡƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋͳͲͷ‡””‘”•Ȍǡƒ†”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ȋʹͻͷ‡””‘”•ȌǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ›’‡•ƒ†—„‡”•‘ˆ””‘”• ‘—†

›’‡•‘ˆ””‘”• —„‡”•‘ˆ””‘”•

—–‹‘ƒŽ“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ ͵ͳ͸

……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ͳͲͷ

‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ʹͻͷ

Š‡–›’‡•ƒ†ˆ”‡“—‡…‹‡•‘ˆ‡””‘”•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡•‡Ž‡…–‡†‘˜‹‡—•‡†ƒ•–Š‡†ƒ–ƒ•‘—”…‡™‡”‡

†‡–ƒ‹Ž‡†‹ƒ„Ž‡ͳǤ —…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡‡””‘”•™‡”‡–Š‡‘•–’”‡˜ƒŽ‡–ǡˆ‘ŽŽ‘™‡†„›”‡ƒ†ƒ„‹Ž‹–›

ƒ†ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›‡””‘”•Ǥ

Errors on Functional Equivalence

Š‡‡””‘”•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ˆ—…–‹‘ƒŽ‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡…‡ƒ•’‡…–ƒ”‡†‹˜‹†‡†‹–‘–™‘ǡƒ‡Ž›•‡ƒ–‹…

ƒ†•–›Ž‹•–‹…‡””‘”•Ǥ‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”•‘……—”‹•‘‡•—„–‹–Ž‡•ƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ

ƒ„Ž‡ʹǤšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

“

ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͲǡͻͺͲǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳ͵ǡʹ͵ʹ

ǤŠƒ–†‘‡••‘—†Ž‹‡a nuisanceǤ ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͳǡͷʹʹǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳ͵ǡ͸Ͳ͹

–—–‡”†‡‰ƒ”menggangguǤ

ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳʹǡͺ͸ͳǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͷǡ͸ʹ͸

–—–‡”†‡‰ƒ”masuk akalǤ

 –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‡ƒ–‹… ‡””‘” ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”†nuisanceǤ ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡnuisance‡ƒ•something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for youǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡™‘”†nuisance‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘masuk akalǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘

ƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘masuk akal‡ƒ•dapat diterima oleh akal; tidak aneh; tidak mustahil;

logisǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†nuisance •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ‹– ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–ˆŽ‹š ˜‡”•‹‘ǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤmenggangguǤ

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡™‘”†…Žƒ••‹–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡ǡ—‹•ƒ…‡‹•ƒ‘—ǡ„—–‹–Š‡‡–ˆŽ‹š

˜‡”•‹‘ǡ‹–‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘‡‰‰ƒ‰‰—™Š‹…Š‹•ƒƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡••ƒ‰‡

…ƒ„‡…‘˜‡›‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

ʹͳ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†nuisance‹–‘masuk akalǤŠ‹•ˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡™‘”†•

mengganggu ƒ† masuk akal Šƒ˜‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡ƒ‹‰•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡…‘˜‡›‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹•”—’–‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–ƒŽ

‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ† …‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ™‘”† nuisance ‹• –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ masuk akalǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ

menggangguǤ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͲǡ͹ͷ͹ǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͶǡʹͳͺ

Š‡•‡”˜‹…‡Š‡”‡•‘ƒ”•ǡ the cuisine is fiery,

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͲǡʹͻͺǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͶǡ͵ͺͷ

ƒ›ƒƒ†‹•‹‹•ƒ‰ƒ–„ƒ‰—•ǡ masakannya berapi-api,

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶʹǡͳ͹ͳǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶ͸ǡ͵Ͳʹ

ƒ›ƒƒ†‹•‹‹„ƒ‹Ǥ No translation

Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘the cuisine is fieryƒ’’‡ƒ”•™Š‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒ†Š‹•‰”‘—’–ƒŽ‡†ƒ„‘—–ƒ

’Žƒ…‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˜‡”› •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †”ƒ‰‘• –‘ Ž‹˜‡ ‹Ǥ Š‹• ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” …‘˜‡›‹‰ –Š‡

message because it is part of the description of the place. In the Netflix’s subtitle, the phrase is

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘masakannya berapi-apiǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹…–‹‘ƒ”› ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡcuisine ‹•a style of cookin‰ǡ™Š‹Ž‡fiery‡ƒ•brightred, like fireǤƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡmasakan‹•pangananatau lauk pauk yang dimasakǤ

””‘”‹–Š‹•†ƒ–ƒˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”…ƒ–‡‰‘”›ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•‹ƒ”‡

‘––”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘‹–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆʹͳǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶʹǡ͵ͳͻǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶͷǡʹ͵ͺ

›‘—̵ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ‡„”ƒ…‡ ›‘—”inner

‹‹‰.

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶʹǡʹ͵ͷǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶͷǡͳͷͷ

ƒ— ƒƒ „‡ŽƒŒƒ” ‡”ƒ‰—Ž jiwa

‹‹‰—Ǥ

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶ͵ǡ͸ͻͳǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶ͸ǡ͸ʹ͹

ƒ— ƒƒ „‡ŽƒŒƒ” ‡”ƒ‰—Ž ˜‹‹‰

batin—.

‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡™‘”†inner‹the inner Viking ’Š”ƒ•‡‹•

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ʹͳ˜‡”•‹‘‹–‘batinǤƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡinnerƒ”‡inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other peopleǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡbatin‹•

sesuatu yang terdapat di dalam hati; sesuatu yang menyangkut jiwa (perasaan hati dan sebagainya)Ǥ

 –Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡinner •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘jiwa ƒ• ‹ ‡–ˆŽ‹š̵• •—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ  †‘‡•‹ƒ

…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡™‘”†jiwa‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†‘”‡…‘‘Ž›™Š‡–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘–‡š–

ƒ•–Š‡‘‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆinner‹–‘batin…ƒ†‹•–‘”––Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ

“

ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͲǡͻͺͲǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳ͵ǡʹ͵ʹ

ǤŠƒ–†‘‡••‘—†Ž‹‡a nuisanceǤ ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͳǡͷʹʹǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳ͵ǡ͸Ͳ͹

–—–‡”†‡‰ƒ”menggangguǤ

ͲͲǣͳʹǣͳʹǡͺ͸ͳǦǦεͲͲǣͳʹǣͳͷǡ͸ʹ͸

–—–‡”†‡‰ƒ”masuk akalǤ

 –Š‡ ƒ„‘˜‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡ǡ –Š‡”‡ ‹• ƒ •‡ƒ–‹… ‡””‘” ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆ –Š‡ ™‘”†nuisanceǤ ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡnuisance‡ƒ•something or someone that annoys you or causes trouble for youǤ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡™‘”†nuisance‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘masuk akalǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘

ƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡ–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘masuk akal‡ƒ•dapat diterima oleh akal; tidak aneh; tidak mustahil;

logisǤ Š—•ǡ –Š‡ ™‘”†nuisance •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ƒ• ‹– ‹• ‹ –Š‡ ‡–ˆŽ‹š ˜‡”•‹‘ǡ ‹Ǥ‡ǤmenggangguǤ

Š‡”‡‹•ƒ…Šƒ‰‡‹–Š‡™‘”†…Žƒ••‹–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘Ǥ–Š‡ǡ—‹•ƒ…‡‹•ƒ‘—ǡ„—–‹–Š‡‡–ˆŽ‹š

˜‡”•‹‘ǡ‹–‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘‡‰‰ƒ‰‰—™Š‹…Š‹•ƒƒ†Œ‡…–‹˜‡Ǥ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ–Š‡‡ƒ‹‰ƒ†‡••ƒ‰‡

…ƒ„‡…‘˜‡›‡†™‡ŽŽǤ

ʹͳ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†nuisance‹–‘masuk akalǤŠ‹•ˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡™‘”†•

mengganggu ƒ† masuk akal Šƒ˜‡ –‘–ƒŽŽ› †‹ˆˆ‡”‡– ‡ƒ‹‰•Ǥ • ƒ ”‡•—Ž–ǡ –Š‡ ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ–Š‡‡••ƒ‰‡…‘˜‡›‡†™‹ŽŽ„‡†‹•”—’–‡†ǤŠ‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡™‹ŽŽŠƒ˜‡ƒ†‹ˆˆ‡”‡–‡–ƒŽ

‹ƒ‰‡ ƒ† …‘’”‡Š‡•‹‘ ™Š‡ –Š‡ ™‘”† nuisance ‹• –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘ masuk akalǡ ‹•–‡ƒ† ‘ˆ

menggangguǤ

ƒ„Ž‡͵Ǥšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͲǡ͹ͷ͹ǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͶǡʹͳͺ

Š‡•‡”˜‹…‡Š‡”‡•‘ƒ”•ǡ the cuisine is fiery,

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͲǡʹͻͺǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶͶǡ͵ͺͷ

ƒ›ƒƒ†‹•‹‹•ƒ‰ƒ–„ƒ‰—•ǡ masakannya berapi-api,

ͲͲǣͲͷǣͶʹǡͳ͹ͳǦǦεͲͲǣͲͷǣͶ͸ǡ͵Ͳʹ

ƒ›ƒƒ†‹•‹‹„ƒ‹Ǥ No translation

Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘the cuisine is fieryƒ’’‡ƒ”•™Š‡–Š‡…Šƒ”ƒ…–‡”ƒ†Š‹•‰”‘—’–ƒŽ‡†ƒ„‘—–ƒ

’Žƒ…‡ –Šƒ– ™ƒ• ˜‡”› •—‹–ƒ„Ž‡ ˆ‘” †”ƒ‰‘• –‘ Ž‹˜‡ ‹Ǥ Š‹• ‡š’”‡••‹‘ ‹• ‹’‘”–ƒ– ˆ‘” …‘˜‡›‹‰ –Š‡

message because it is part of the description of the place. In the Netflix’s subtitle, the phrase is

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘masakannya berapi-apiǤ ƒ•‡† ‘ ƒ„”‹†‰‡ ‹…–‹‘ƒ”› ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡcuisine ‹•a style of cookin‰ǡ™Š‹Ž‡fiery‡ƒ•brightred, like fireǤƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡmasakan‹•pangananatau lauk pauk yang dimasakǤ

””‘”‹–Š‹•†ƒ–ƒˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘•‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”…ƒ–‡‰‘”›ǤŠ‹•‹•„‡…ƒ—•‡–Š‡‡š’”‡••‹‘•‹ƒ”‡

‘––”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘‹–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆʹͳǤ

ƒ„Ž‡ͶǤšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ‡ƒ–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶʹǡ͵ͳͻǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶͷǡʹ͵ͺ

›‘—̵ŽŽ Ž‡ƒ” –‘ ‡„”ƒ…‡ ›‘—”inner

‹‹‰.

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶʹǡʹ͵ͷǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶͷǡͳͷͷ

ƒ— ƒƒ „‡ŽƒŒƒ” ‡”ƒ‰—Ž jiwa

‹‹‰—Ǥ

ͲͲǣʹʹǣͶ͵ǡ͸ͻͳǦǦεͲͲǣʹʹǣͶ͸ǡ͸ʹ͹

ƒ— ƒƒ „‡ŽƒŒƒ” ‡”ƒ‰—Ž ˜‹‹‰

batin—.

‡ƒ–‹…‡””‘”‹•ƒŽ•‘ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡‡šƒ’Ž‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡™‘”†inner‹the inner Viking ’Š”ƒ•‡‹•

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–Š‡ʹͳ˜‡”•‹‘‹–‘batinǤƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡinnerƒ”‡inner feelings or thoughts are ones that you do not show or tell other peopleǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡbatin‹•

sesuatu yang terdapat di dalam hati; sesuatu yang menyangkut jiwa (perasaan hati dan sebagainya)Ǥ

 –Š‹• …‘–‡š–ǡinner •Š‘—Ž† „‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘jiwa ƒ• ‹ ‡–ˆŽ‹š̵• •—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ  †‘‡•‹ƒ

…—Ž–—”‡ǡ–Š‡™‘”†jiwa‹•ƒŽ•‘—•‡†‘”‡…‘‘Ž›™Š‡–ƒŽ‹‰ƒ„‘—–•‘‡–Š‹‰‹–Š‡•ƒ‡…‘–‡š–

ƒ•–Š‡‘‡ƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ—•ǡ–Š‡–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆinner‹–‘batin…ƒ†‹•–‘”––Š‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡̵•—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰‘ˆ

™Šƒ– ‹• –‘ „‡ …‘˜‡›‡† –Š”‘—‰Š –Š‡ —––‡”ƒ…‡Ǥ ˜‡–Š‘—‰Š –Š‹• ‡””‘” †‘‡• ‘– ‹–‡”ˆ‡”‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡

—†‡”•–ƒ†‹‰ ‘ –Š‡ ’Ž‘– ƒ† •–‘”›Ž‹‡ǡ ‹– ‹• •–‹ŽŽ …ƒ–‡‰‘”‹œ‡† ƒ• •‡ƒ–‹… ‡””‘” „‡…ƒ—•‡ –Š‡

–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‘ˆʹͳ‹•‘–•—‹–ƒ„Ž‡™‹–Š–Š‡…‘–‡š–Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡ͷǤšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ–›Ž‹•–‹…””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹͳǡͳ͵ͲǦǦεͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹʹǡ͹ͷ͹

‡Ž…‘‡–‘paradiseǡƒ–‡Ǥ ͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹͲǡͻʹʹǦǦεͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹ͵ǡͲͶͻ

‡Žƒƒ–†ƒ–ƒ‰†‹surgaǡƒ™ƒǤ ͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹ͵ǡͳͳʹǦǦεͲͲǣͲ͸ǣʹͷǡͳͲͶ

‡Žƒƒ–†ƒ–ƒ‰†‹firdausǤ

–›Ž‹•–‹…‡””‘”‹•ˆ‘—†‹–Š‡ƒ„‘˜‡—––‡”ƒ…‡™Š‡”‡–Š‡™‘”†paradise‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†„›ʹͳ

‹–‘firdausǤƒ•‡†‘ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡparadise‹•a place or condition of great happiness where everything is exactly as you would like it to beǤ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ”‹‰ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡfirdaus‹•taman kesenangan (surga) tempat Adam dan Hawa berdiam sebelum diturunkan ke bumi; surge. Š‡ ™‘”†

paradise‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†ƒ••—”‰ƒ‹–Š‡‡–ˆŽ‹š˜‡”•‹‘‘ˆ–Š‡•—„–‹–Ž‡Ǥ

†‘‡•‹ƒǡfirdausƒ†surga†‘Šƒ˜‡–Š‡•ƒ‡‡ƒ‹‰Ǥ–‡”•‘ˆ‡ƒ‹‰ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•‘

•‡ƒ–‹… ‡””‘” ‹ –Š‡ –”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘ ‘ˆparadise ‹–‘firdausǤ ‘™‡˜‡”ǡ ‹ ƒ ƒ‹ƒ–‡† ‘˜‹‡ ™‹–Š ƒ

†‹˜‡”•‡ƒ—†‹‡…‡‹–‡”•‘ˆƒ‰‡ƒ††‹ˆˆ‡”‡–…—Ž–—”ƒŽ„ƒ…‰”‘—†•ǡ–Š‡—•‡‘ˆ–Š‡™‘”†firdaus‹•‘–

…‘‘ǤŠ‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ”‡‰‹•–‡”‡””‘”–Šƒ–ˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘•–›Ž‹•–‹…‡””‘”Ǥ Errors on Acceptability

 –Š‡ ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–› ƒ•’‡…–ǡ ‘•– ‘ˆ –Š‡ ‡””‘”• ‘……—””‡† ‹ –Š‡ ƒ•’‡…–• ‘ˆ ‰”ƒƒ” ƒ†

‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…‹–›ǡƒ•†‡•…”‹„‡†„‡Ž‘™ǣ

ƒ„Ž‡͸Ǥšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ†‹‘ƒ–‹…‹–›””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

ͲͲǣͳ͹ǣͳ͸ǡͷ͵ͷǦǦεͲͲǣͳ͹ǣͳͺǡ͸͸ʹ

ȏ…Š—…Ž‡•Ȑ‡‘Ž›has eyes for your mom. ͲͲǣͳ͹ǣͳ͸ǡͷ͵ͷǦǦεͲͲǣͳ͹ǣͳͺǡ͹ͲͶ

‹ƒhanya tertarik dengan ibumuǤ ͲͲǣͳ͹ǣͳͺǡ͸͵͵ǦǦεͲͲǣͳ͹ǣʹͲǡ͸ͻ͵

‹ƒhanya melihat ibumuǤ

Š‡ †ƒ–ƒ ƒ„‘˜‡•Š‘™• ƒ ‡””‘” ‹ –Š‡‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…‹–› ƒ•’‡…–Ǥ Š‡ ‡š’”‡••‹‘has eyes for your mom™ƒ•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†„›ʹͳ‹–‘hanya melihat ibumuǤ–Š‹•…ƒ•‡ǡ‘ˆ…‘—”•‡ǡ–Š‡”‡‹•ƒ–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘

‡””‘”„‡…ƒ—•‡ƒ……‘”†‹‰–‘ƒ„”‹†‰‡‹…–‹‘ƒ”›ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡhave eyes for someone‡ƒ•to be interested in or attracted to only one personǤ Š‹•‡ƒ‹‰‹• ‹ ƒ……‘”†ƒ…‡ ™‹–Š –Š‡‡“—‹˜ƒŽ‡– ‹ –Š‡‡–ˆŽ‹š

•—„–‹–Ž‡ǡ ™Š‹…Š ‹•hanya tertarik dengan ibumuǤ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘ ƒ”‹‰ ȋʹͲͳ͸Ȍǡtertarik ‡ƒ•

menaruh minat (perhatian) kepadaǤ Š‡”‡ˆ‘”‡ǡ –Š‡ ‡””‘” ‹ –Š‡ ‹†‹‘ƒ–‹…‹–› ƒ•’‡…– ‘……—”• †—‡ –‘

‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‘‹–”ƒ•Žƒ–‹‰–Š‡‹†‹‘Ǥ

ƒ„Ž‡͹Ǥšƒ’Ž‡‘ˆ”ƒƒ”””‘”

SL TL (Netflix Version) TL (LK21)

‡ƒŠǨŠƒ–̵•twoˆ‘”‡Ǥ

Dua angka—–——Ǥ

2—–——Ǥ

‘–Š‡”‡””‘”–Šƒ–ˆƒŽŽ•‹–‘–Š‡ƒ……‡’–ƒ„‹Ž‹–›ƒ•’‡…–‹••‡‡‹–Š‡†ƒ–ƒƒ„‘˜‡ǤŠ‡‡””‘”ƒ„‘˜‡

‹• ƒ ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ ‡””‘”Ǥ Š‡ ™‘”†two ‹ –Š‡ ‹• –”ƒ•Žƒ–‡† ‹–‘dua ȋ‹ ™‘”† ˆ‘”Ȍ ‹ ‡–ˆŽ‹šǤ

‡ƒ™Š‹Ž‡ǡ‹ʹͳǡ–Š‡™‘”†two‹•–”ƒ•Žƒ–‡†‹–‘2ȋ–Š‡ˆ‘”‘ˆ—„‡”•ȌǤ

†‘‡•‹ƒ‰”ƒƒ–‹…ƒŽ”—Ž‡•ǡ—„‡”•…ƒ‘–„‡—•‡†ƒ––Š‡„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆƒ•‡–‡…‡ǤŠ‡

…‘””‡…– ˆ‘”ƒ– —•– „‡ ‹ –Š‡ ˆ‘” ‘ˆ ™‘”†•Ǥ ……‘”†‹‰ –‘EYD ȋʹͲʹ͵Ȍǡ —„‡”• ™”‹––‡ ƒ– –Š‡

„‡‰‹‹‰‘ˆƒ•‡–‡…‡—•–„‡•’‡ŽŽ‡†‘—–Ǥ Errors on Readability