Supplementary Table 2. Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and incident hypertension: Multivariate-adjusted model Variables HR (95% CI) P value Age (years) 1.03 (1.02 – 1.05) <0.001 Male 0.84 (0.61 – 1.16) NS Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m

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Supplementary Table 1. Baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of study participants with or without target organ damage

LV hypertrophy LV diastolic dysfunction cIMT >75^th percentile baPWV ≥1,400 cm/s

Variables (−) (+) (−) (+) (−) (+) (−) (+)

Age (years) 52.8 ± 6.3 55.2 ± 6.9‡ 51.7 ± 5.3 56.2 ± 7.2‡ 52.1 ± 5.5 59.4 ± 7.2‡ 51.6 ± 5.0 56.7 ± 7.5‡

Male (%) 50.2 38.7‡ 50.5 43.3† 50.2 35.4‡ 49.1 55.8*

Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m², %) 29.5 64.6‡ 30.4 47.8‡ 34.4 47.9‡ 34.3 39.5

Prehypertension (%) 26.1 37.6‡ 24.1 36.1‡ 26.4 39.2‡ 20.2 48.8‡

Heart rate (bpm) 65.8 ± 6.8 64.1 ± 6.6‡ 65.6 ± 6.7 65.3 ± 7.0 65.5 ± 6.8 65.4 ± 7.1 64.9 ± 6.8 66.7 ± 6.9‡

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (%) 13.2 16.3 11.2 18.4‡ 12.5 20.8‡ 9.5 22.7‡

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 201 ± 34 206 ± 36* 201 ± 34 204 ± 34 200 ± 34 212 ± 34‡ 201 ± 34 206 ± 34*

TG/HDL ratio 3.24 ± 2.56 3.52 ± 3.04 3.18 ± 2.52 3.49 ± 2.90* 3.21 ± 2.51 3.71 ± 3.34* 3.14 ± 2.46 3.66 ± 2.93‡

Creatinine (mg/dL) 0.95 ± 0.14 0.93 ± 0.15† 0.95 ± 0.14 0.94 ± 0.15 0.95 ± 0.14 0.93 ± 0.16 0.94 ± 0.14 0.96 ± 0.16*

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hsCRP (mg/L) 1.35 ± 3.94 1.55 ± 4.84 1.29 ± 3.94 1.58 ± 4.47 1.30 ± 3.81 1.85 ± 5.55 1.41 ± 4.45 1.36 ± 2.21

*cIMT and baPWV were assessed in 1781 and 1474 participants, respectively. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BMI, body mass index; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; LV, left ventricle;

TG, triglyceride. *P <0.05, †P <0.01, ‡P <0.001.

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Supplementary Table 2. Relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and incident hypertension: Multivariate-adjusted model

Variables HR (95% CI) P value

Age (years) 1.03 (1.02 – 1.05) <0.001

Male 0.84 (0.61 – 1.16) NS

Obesity (BMI ≥25 kg/m²) 1.35 (1.08 – 1.68) 0.008

Prehypertension 5.34 (4.23 – 6.74) <0.001

Heart rate (bpm) 0.99 (0.97 – 1.00) NS

Current smoker 1.28 (0.95 – 1.72) NS

Current alcohol drinker 1.28 (1.01 – 1.62) 0.043

Type 2 diabetes mellitus 1.37 (1.05 – 1.78) 0.021

Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 1.00 (1.00 – 1.00) NS

TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio 1.00 (1.00 – 1.03) NS

Creatinine (mg/dL) 1.52 (0.58 – 3.97) NS

hsCRP (mg/L) 1.01 (0.98 – 1.03) NS

BMI, body mass index; CI, confidence interval; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HR, hazard ratio; hsCRP, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein; NS, non-significant; TG, triglyceride.

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Supplementary Table 3. Relationship between cardiovascular parameters and presence of target organ damages and incident hypertension stratified by BP categories: Multivariate-adjusted model

Normotension Prehypertension Variables HR (95% CI) P value HR (95% CI) P value

Cardiovascular parameters

LV mass index (per 1-SD increment) 1.31 (1.11 – 1.55) <0.001 1.18 (1.04 – 1.34) 0.011 TDI e’ velocity (per 1-SD increment) 0.78 (0.62 – 0.98) 0.031 0.89 (0.75 – 1.05) NS

E/e’ (per 1-SD increment) 1.31 (1.10 – 1.56) 0.003 1.04 (0.91 – 1.19) NS

cIMT (per 1-SD increment) 1.63 (1.30 – 2.03) <0.001 1.34 (1.17 – 1.54) <.0001 baPWV (per 1-SD increment) 1.47 (1.19 – 1.82) <0.001 1.32 (1.13 – 1.54) <0.001 Number of target organ damage*

0 (n = 692) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

1 – 2 (n = 657) 1.90 (1.16 – 3.11) 0.011 2.09 (1.40 – 3.11) <0.001

3 – 4 (n = 121) 3.45 (1.71 – 6.95) 0.001 4.06 (2.34 – 7.04) <0.001

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*A total of 1470 participants underwent echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, and baPWV examinations. Model was adjusted for age, sex, obesity, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglycerides/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; CI,

confidence interval; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HR, hazard ratio; NS, non-significant; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; SD, standard deviation; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.

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Supplementary Table 4. Relationship between cardiovascular parameters and presence of target organ damages and incident hypertension stratified by obesity status

Non-obese Obese Variables HR (95% CI) P value HR (95% CI) P value

Cardiovascular parameters

LV mass index (per 1-SD increment) 1.29 (1.10 – 1.52) 0.002 1.25 (1.10 – 1.43) 0.001 TDI e’ velocity (per 1-SD increment) 0.82 (0.68 – 0.98) 0.029 0.87 (0.71 – 1.07) NS

E/e’ (per 1-SD increment) 1.16 (1.00 – 1.34) 0.048 1.07 (0.92 – 1.25) NS

cIMT (per 1-SD increment) 1.23 (1.05 – 1.44) 0.012 1.62 (1.37 – 1.91) <0.001 baPWV (per 1-SD increment) 1.35 (1.13 – 1.63) 0.001 1.37 (1.15 – 1.63) <0.001 Number of target organ damage*

0 (n = 692) 1.00 (reference) 1.00 (reference)

1 – 2 (n = 657) 2.34 (1.52 – 3.62) <0.001 1.85 (1.19 – 2.86) 0.006

3 – 4 (n = 121) 2.98 (1.56 – 5.69) 0.001 4.92 (2.76 – 8.76) <0.001

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*A total of 1470 participants underwent echocardiography, carotid ultrasound, and baPWV examinations. Model was adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure category, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglycerides/high-density

lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein. baPWV, brachial-ankle pulse wave velocity; BP, blood pressure; CI, confidence interval; cIMT, carotid intima-media thickness; HR, hazard ratio; NS, non-significant; LA, left atrium; LV, left ventricle; SD, standard deviation; TDI, tissue Doppler imaging.

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Supplementary Figure Legend

Supplementary Figure 1A. In normotensive patients, adjusted 4-year hypertension-free

survival curve according to the initial number of target organ damage (TOD) types. These curves were adjusted for age, sex, obesity, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Supplementary Figure 1B. In prehypertensive patients, adjusted 4-year hypertension-free

survival curve according to the initial number of target organ damage (TOD) types. These curves were adjusted for age, sex, obesity, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Supplementary Figure 2A. In non-obese patients, adjusted 4-year hypertension-free survival

curve according to the initial number of target organ damage (TOD) types. These curves were adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure category, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

Supplementary Figure 2B. In obese patients, adjusted 4-year hypertension-free survival

curve according to the initial number of target organ damage (TOD) types. These curves were adjusted for age, sex, blood pressure category, heart rate, smoking status, alcohol intake, type 2 diabetes mellitus, total cholesterol, triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, plasma creatinine, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein.

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