Tabel Data Entalpimmmjj

TABLE C.5

Specific Heats of Organic Liquids

Compound Formula Temperature (^!C) Cp(cal g^21!C²¹)

Acetic acid C2H4O2 26"95 0.522

Acetone C3H6O 3"22.6 0.514

0 0.506

24.2"49.4 0.538

Acetonitrile C2H3N 21"76 0.541

Benzaldehyde C7H6O 22"172 0.428

Butyl alcohol (n-) C4H10O 2.3 0.526

19.2 0.563

21"115 0.687

30 0.582

Butyric acid (n-) C4H8O2 0 0.444

40 0.501

20"100 0.515

Carbon tetrachloride CCl4 0 0.198

20 0.201

30 0.200

Chloroform CHCl3 0 0.232

15 0.226

30 0.234

TABLE C.4

Mean Heat Capacities of Gases

Cpm(J gmol^21!C²¹)

T(^!C) Air O2 N2 H2 CO2 H2O

0 29.06 29.24 29.12 28.61 35.96 33.48

18 29.07 29.28 29.12 28.69 36.43 33.51

25 29.07 29.30 29.12 28.72 36.47 33.52

100 29.14 29.53 29.14 28.98 38.17 33.73

200 29.29 29.93 29.23 29.10 40.12 34.10

300 29.51 30.44 29.38 29.15 41.85 34.54

Reference state:Tref50^!C;Pref51 atm.

Adapted from D.M. Himmelblau, 1974,Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical Engineering, 3rd ed., Prentice Hall.

Cresol C7H8O

(o-) 0"20 0.497

(m-) 21"197 0.551

0"20 0.477

Dichloroacetic acid C2H2Cl2O2 21"106 0.349

21"196 0.348

Diethylamine C4H11N 22.5 0.516

Diethyl malonate C7H12O4 20 0.431

Diethyl oxalate C6H10O4 20 0.431

Diethyl succinate C8H14O4 20 0.450

Dipropyl malonate C9H16O4 20 0.431

Dipropyl oxalate (n-) C8H14O4 20 0.431

Dipropyl succinate C10H18O4 20 0.450

Ethanol C2H6O 0"98 0.680

Ether C4H10O 25 0.525

0 0.521

30 0.545

80 0.687

120 0.800

140 0.819

180 1.037

Ethyl acetate C4H8O2 20 0.457

20 0.476

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 211.1 0.535

0 0.542

2.5 0.550

5.1 0.554

14.9 0.569

19.9 0.573

Formic acid CH2O2 0 0.436

15.5 0.509

20"100 0.524

Furfural C5H4O2 0 0.367

20"100 0.416

Glycerol C3H8O3 15"50 0.576

Hexadecane (n-) C16H34 0"50 0.496

(Continued)

TABLE C.5

Specific Heats of Organic Liquids (Continued)

Compound Formula Temperature (^!C) Cp(cal g^21!C²¹)

Isobutyl acetate C6H12O2 20 0.459

Isobutyl alcohol C4H10O 21"109 0.716

30 0.603

Isobutyl succinate C12H22O4 0 0.442

Isobutyric acid C4H8O2 20 0.450

Lauric acid C12H24O2 40"100 0.572

57 0.515

Methanol CH4O 5"10 0.590

15"20 0.601

Methyl butyl ketone C6H12O 21"127 0.553

Methyl ethyl ketone C4H8O 20"78 0.549

Methyl formate C2H4O2 13"29 0.516

Methyl propionate C4H8O2 20 0.459

Palmitic acid C16H32O2 65"104 0.653

Propionic acid C3H6O2 0 0.444

20"137 0.560

Propyl acetate (n-) C5H10O2 20 0.459

Propyl butyrate C7H14O2 20 0.459

Propyl formate (n-) C4H8O2 20 0.459

Pyridine C5H5N 20 0.405

21"108 0.431

0"20 0.395

Quinoline C9H7N 0"20 0.352

Salicylaldehyde C7H6O2 18 0.382

Stearic acid C18H36O2 75"137 0.550

Adapted from R.H. Perry, D.W. Green, and J.O. Maloney (Eds.), 1984,Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 6th ed., McGraw-Hill.

TABLE C.6

Specific Heats of Organic Solids

Compound Formula TemperatureT(^!C) Cp(cal g^21!C²¹)

Acetic acid C2H4O2 2200 to 25 0.33010.00080T

Acetone C3H6O 2210 to280 0.54010.0156T

Aniline C6H7N 0.741

Anthraquinone C14H8O2 0 to 270 0.25810.00069T

Capric acid C10H20O2 8 0.695

Chloroacetic acid C2H3ClO2 60 0.363

Crotonic acid C4H6O2 38 to 70 0.52010.00020T

Dextrin (C6H10O5)x 0 to 90 0.29110.00096T

Diphenylamine C12H11N 26 0.337

Erythritol C4H10O4 60 0.351

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 2190 to240 0.36610.00110T

Formic acid CH2O2 222 0.387

0 0.430

D-Glucose C6H12O6 0 0.277

20 0.300

Glutaric acid C5H8O4 20 0.299

Glycerol C3H8O3 0 0.330

Hexadecane C16H34 0.495

Lactose C12H22O11 20 0.287

C12H22O11

#

^{H2O 20 0.299}

Lauric acid C12H24O2 230 to 40 0.43010.000027T

Levoglucosane C6H10O5 40 0.607

Levulose C6H12O6 20 0.275

Malonic acid C3H4O4 20 0.275

Maltose C12H22O11 20 0.320

Mannitol C6H14O6 0 to 100 0.31310.00025T

Oxalic acid C2H2O4 2200 to 50 0.25910.00076T

C2H2O4

#

^{2H2O 0 0.338}

50 0.385

100 0.416

Palmitic acid C16H32O2 0 0.382

20 0.430

(Continued)

TABLE C.6

Specific Heats of Organic Solids (Continued)

Compound Formula TemperatureT(^!C) Cp(cal g^21!C²¹)

Phenol C6H6O 14 to 26 0.561

Phthalic acid C8H6O4 20 0.232

Picric acid C6H3N3O7 0 0.240

50 0.263

100 0.297

Stearic acid C18H36O2 15 0.399

Succinic acid C4H6O4 0 to 160 0.24810.00153T

Sucrose C12H22O11 20 0.299

Sugar (cane) C12H22O11 22 to 51 0.301

Tartaric acid C4H6O6 36 0.287

C4H6O6

#

^{H2O 0 0.308}

50 0.366

Urea CH4N2O 20 0.320

Adapted from D.W. Green and R.H. Perry (Eds.), 2008,Perry’s Chemical Engineers’ Handbook, 8th ed., McGraw-Hill, New York.

TABLE C.7

Normal Melting Points and Boiling Points, and Standard Heats of Phase Change

Compound

Molecular weight

Melting temperature (^!C)

∆hfat melting point

(kJ gmol²¹)

Normal boiling point

(^!C)

∆hvat boiling point (kJ gmol²¹)

Acetaldehyde 44.05 2123.7 20.2 25.1

Acetic acid 60.05 16.6 12.09 118.2 24.39

Acetone 58.08 295.0 5.69 56.0 30.2

Ammonia 17.03 277.8 5.653 233.43 23.351

Benzaldehyde 106.12 226.0 179.0 38.40

Carbon dioxide 44.01 256.6

(at 5.2 atm)

8.33 sublimates

at278^!C

Chloroform 119.39 263.7 61.0

Ethanol 46.07 2114.6 5.021 78.5 38.58

Formaldehyde 30.03 292 219.3 24.48

Formic acid 46.03 8.30 12.68 100.5 22.25

Glycerol 92.09 18.20 18.30 290.0

Hydrogen 2.016 2259.19 0.12 2252.76 0.904

Hydrogen chloride 36.47 2114.2 1.99 285.0 16.1

Hydrogen sulphide 34.08 285.5 2.38 260.3 18.67

Methane 16.04 2182.5 0.94 2161.5 8.179

Methanol 32.04 297.9 3.167 64.7 35.27

Nitric acid 63.02 241.6 10.47 86 30.30

Nitrogen 28.02 2210.0 0.720 2195.8 5.577

Oxalic acid 90.04 decomposes

at 186^!C

Oxygen 32.00 2218.75 0.444 2182.97 6.82

Phenol 94.11 42.5 11.43 181.4

Phosphoric acid 98.00 42.3 10.54

Sodium chloride 58.45 808 28.5 1465 170.7

Sodium hydroxide 40.00 319 8.34 1390

Sulphur

S8rhombic 256.53 113 10.04 444.6 83.7

S8monoclinic 256.53 119 14.17 444.6 83.7

Sulphur dioxide 64.07 275.48 7.402 210.02 24.91

Sulphuric acid 98.08 10.35 9.87 decomposes

at 340^!C

Water 18.016 0.00 6.0095 100.00 40.656

Note:All thermodynamic data are at 1 atm unless otherwise indicated.

Adapted from R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 2005,Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd ed., John Wiley.

TABLE C.8

Heats of Combustion

Compound Formula

Molecular

weight State

Heat of combustion

∆h^!_c(kJ gmol²¹)

Acetaldehyde C2H4O 44.053 l 21166.9

g 21192.5

Acetic acid C2H4O2 60.053 l 2874.2

g 2925.9

Acetone C3H6O 58.080 l 21789.9

g 21820.7

Acetylene C2H2 26.038 g 21301.1

Adenine C5H5N5 135.128 c 22778.1

g 22886.9

Alanine (^D-) C3H7O2N 89.094 c 21619.7

(Continued)

TABLE C.8

Heats of Combustion (Continued)

Compound Formula

Molecular

weight State

Heat of combustion

∆h^!_c(kJ gmol²¹)

Alanine (^L-) C3H7O2N 89.094 c 21576.9

g 21715.0

Ammonia NH3 17.03 g 2382.6

Ammonium ion NH41

2383

Arginine (D-) C6H14O2N4 174.203 c 23738.4

Asparagine (^L-) C4H8O3N2 132.119 c 21928.0

Aspartic acid (^L-) C4H7O4N 133.104 c 21601.1

Benzaldehyde C7H6O 106.124 l 23525.1

g 23575.4

Butanoic acid C4H8O2 88.106 l 22183.6

g 22241.6

1-Butanol C4H10O 74.123 l 22675.9

g 22728.2

2-Butanol C4H10O 74.123 l 22660.6

g 22710.3

Butyric acid C4H8O2 88.106 l 22183.6

g 22241.6

Caffeine C8H10O2N4 s 24246.5*

Carbon C 12.011 c 2393.5

Carbon monoxide CO 28.010 g 2283.0

Citric acid C6H8O7 s 21962.0

Codeine C18H21O3N

#

^{H2O s 29745.7*}

Cytosine C4H5ON3 111.103 c 22067.3

Ethane C2H6 30.070 g 21560.7

Ethanol C2H6O 46.069 l 21366.8

g 21409.4

Ethylene C2H4 28.054 g 21411.2

Ethylene glycol C2H6O2 62.068 l 21189.2

g 21257.0

Formaldehyde CH2O 30.026 g 2570.7

Formic acid CH2O2 46.026 l 2254.6

g 2300.7

Fructose (^D-) C6H12O6 s 22813.7

Fumaric acid C4H4O4 116.073 c 21334.0

Galactose (^D-) C6H12O6 s 22805.7

Glucose (^D-) C6H12O6 s 22805.0

Glutamic acid (^L-) C5H9O4N 147.131 c 22244.1

Glutamine (^L-) C5H10O3N2 146.146 c 22570.3

Glutaric acid C5H8O4 132.116 c 22150.9

Glycerol C3H8O3 92.095 l 21655.4

g 21741.2

Glycine C2H5O2N 75.067 c 2973.1

Glycogen (C6H10O5)xper kg s 217,530.1*

Guanine C5H5ON5 151.128 c 22498.2

Hexadecane C16H34 226.446 l 210,699.2

g 210,780.5

Hexadecanoic acid C16H32O2 256.429 c 29977.9

l 210,031.3 g 210,132.3

Histidine (^L-) C6H9O2N3 155.157 c 23180.6

Hydrogen H2 2.016 g 2285.8

Hydrogen sulphide H2S 34.08 2562.6

Inositol C6H12O6 s 22772.2*

Isoleucine (L-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.1

Isoquinoline C9H7N 129.161 l 24686.5

Lactic acid (D,L-) C3H6O3 l 21368.3

Lactose C12H22O11 s 25652.5

Leucine (^D-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.7

Leucine (^L-) C6H13O2N 131.175 c 23581.6

Lysine C6H14O2N2 146.189 c 23683.2

Malic acid (^L-) C4H6O5 s 21328.8

Malonic acid C3H4O4 s 2861.8

Maltose C12H22O11 s 25649.5

Mannitol (D-) C6H14O6 s 23046.5*

Methane CH4 16.043 g 2890.8

Methanol CH4O 32.042 l 2726.1

g 2763.7

(Continued)

TABLE C.8

Heats of Combustion (Continued)

Compound Formula

Molecular

weight State

Heat of combustion

∆h^!_c(kJ gmol²¹)

Morphine C17H19O3N

#

^{H2O s 28986.6*}

Nicotine C10H14N2 l 25977.8*

Oleic acid C18H34O2 l 211,126.5

Oxalic acid C2H2O4 90.036 c 2251.1

Papaverine C20H21O4N s 210,375.8*

Pentane C5H12 72.150 l 23509.0

g 23535.6 Phenylalanine (^L-) C9H11O2N 165.192 c 24646.8

Phthalic acid C8H6O4 166.133 c 23223.6

Proline (^L-) C5H9O2N 115.132 c 22741.6

Propane C3H8 44.097 g 22219.2

1-Propanol C3H8O 60.096 l 22021.3

g 22068.8

2-Propanol C3H8O 60.096 l 22005.8

g 22051.1

Propionic acid C3H6O2 74.079 l 21527.3

g 21584.5

1,2-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 76.095 l 21838.2

g 21902.6

1,3-Propylene glycol C3H8O2 76.095 l 21859.0

g 21931.8

Pyridine C5H5N 79.101 l 22782.3

g 22822.5

Pyrimidine C4H4N2 80.089 l 22291.6

g 22341.6

Salicylic acid C7H6O3 138.123 c 23022.2

g 23117.3

Serine (L-) C3H7O3N 105.094 c 21448.2

Starch (C6H10O5)xper kg s 217,496.6*

Succinic acid C4H6O4 118.089 c 21491.0

Sucrose C12H22O11 s 25644.9

Thebaine C19H21O3N s 210,221.7*

Threonine (^L-) C4H9O3N 119.120 c 22053.1

Thymine C5H6O2N2 126.115 c 22362.2 Tryptophan (^L-) C11H12O2N2 204.229 c 25628.3

Tyrosine (^L-) C9H11O3N 181.191 c 24428.6

Uracil C4H4O2N2 112.088 c 21716.3

g 21842.8

Urea CH4ON2 60.056 c 2631.6

g 2719.4

Valine (L-) C5H11O2N 117.148 c 22921.7

g 23084.5

Xanthine C5H4O2N4 152.113 c 22159.6

Xylose C5H10O5 s 22340.5

Biomass CH1.8O0.5N0.2 24.6 s 2552

Reference conditions:1 atm and 25^!C or 20^!C; values marked with an asterisk refer to 20^!C.

Products of combustion are taken to be CO2(gas), H2O (liquid), and N2(gas); therefore,∆h³_c50 for CO2(g), H2O (l), and N2(g).

State:g5gas; l5liquid; c5crystal; s5solid.

Adapted fromHandbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1992, 73rd ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton;Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 1976, 57th ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton; and R.M. Felder and R.W. Rousseau, 2005,Elementary Principles of Chemical Processes, 3rd ed., John Wiley, New York.

Pressure (kPa) 10 50 100 500 1000 2000 4000 6000 8000 10,000 15,000 20,000 22,120* 30,000 50,000 Saturation

temperature (^!C) 45.8 81.3 99.6 151.8 179.9 212.4 250.3 275.6 295.0 311.0 342.1 365.7 374.15 " "

State Specific enthalpy at saturation (kJ kg²¹)

Water 191.8 340.6 417.5 640.1 762.6 908.6 1087.4 1213.7 1317.1 1408.0 1611.0 1826.5 2108 " "

Steam 2584.8 2646.0 2675.4 2747.5 2776.2 2797.2 2800.3 2785.0 2759.9 2727.7 2615.0 2418.4 2108 " "

Temperature (^!C) Specific enthalpy (kJ kg²¹)

0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.5 1.0 2.0 4.0 6.1 8.1 10.1 15.1 20.1 22.2 30.0 49.3

25 104.8 104.8 104.9 105.2 105.7 106.6 108.5 110.3 112.1 114.0 118.6 123.1 125.1 132.2 150.2 50 2593 209.3 209.3 209.7 210.1 211.0 212.7 214.4 216.1 217.8 222.1 226.4 228.2 235.0 251.9 75 2640 313.9 314.0 314.3 314.7 315.5 317.1 318.7 320.3 322.0 326.0 330.0 331.7 338.1 354.2

100 2688 2683 2676 419.4 419.7 420.5 422.0 423.5 425.0 426.5 430.3 434.0 435.7 441.6 456.8

125 2735 2731 2726 525.2 525.5 526.2 527.6 529.0 530.4 531.8 535.3 538.8 540.2 545.8 560.1

150 2783 2780 2776 632.2 632.5 633.1 634.3 635.6 636.8 638.1 641.3 644.5 645.8 650.9 664.1

175 2831 2829 2826 2800 741.1 741.7 742.7 743.8 744.9 746.0 748.7 751.5 752.7 757.2 769.1

200 2880 2878 2875 2855 2827 852.6 853.4 854.2 855.1 855.9 858.1 860.4 861.4 865.2 875.4

225 2928 2927 2925 2909 2886 2834 967.2 967.7 968.2 968.8 970.3 971.8 972.5 975.3 983.4

250 2977 2976 2975 2961 2943 2902 1085.8 1085.8 1085.8 1085.8 1086.2 1086.7 1087.0 1088.4 1093.6 275 3027 3026 3024 3013 2998 2965 2886 1210.8 1210.0 1209.2 1207.7 1206.6 1206.3 1205.6 1206.7

300 3077 3076 3074 3065 3052 3025 2962 2885 2787 1343.4 1338.3 1334.3 1332.8 1328.7 1323.7

325 3127 3126 3125 3116 3106 3083 3031 2970 2899 2811 1486.0 1475.5 1471.8 1461.1 1446.0

350 3177 3177 3176 3168 3159 3139 3095 3046 2990 2926 2695 1647.1 1636.5 1609.9 1576.3

375 3228 3228 3227 3220 3211 3194 3156 3115 3069 3019 2862 2604 2319 1791 1716

400 3280 3279 3278 3272 3264 3249 3216 3180 3142 3100 2979 2820 2733 2162 1878

425 3331 3331 3330 3325 3317 3303 3274 3243 3209 3174 3075 2957 2899 2619 2068

450 3384 3383 3382 3377 3371 3358 3331 3303 3274 3244 3160 3064 3020 2826 2293

475 3436 3436 3435 3430 3424 3412 3388 3363 3337 3310 3237 3157 3120 2969 2522

500 3489 3489 3488 3484 3478 3467 3445 3422 3399 3375 3311 3241 3210 3085 2723

600 3706 3705 3705 3702 3697 3689 3673 3656 3640 3623 3580 3536 3516 3443 3248