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Volume 755 2021
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Annual Conference on Health and Food Science Technology, 25 November 2020, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Accepted papers received: 16 April 2021 Published online: 05 May 2021
011001 OPEN ACCESS
Preface
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011002 OPEN ACCESS
Peer review declaration
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012001 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of Eggshell Organic Fertilizer on Vegetative Growth of Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L)
Robert Devi Anugrah, Rafvenia, Meitiyani and Luthpi Safahi View article PDF
Open abstract
012002 OPEN ACCESS
Spray Drying of Rosella (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) Powder: Effect of Shelf Life on Physicochemical Properties and Cyanidin 3-O—glucoside
UA Nur Fitriani, Muhammad Yusuf and Fika Soleha Ilyas View article PDF Open abstract
012003 OPEN ACCESS
Acanthocephaliasis And Sparganosis Occurrence in An Asian Vine Snake (Ahaetulla prasina): A Perspective of Neglected Zoonotic Disease
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Aditya Yudhana, Ratih Novita Praja and Arif Supriyanto View article PDF Open abstract
012004 OPEN ACCESS
Mechanical Properties of Whey Composite Edible Film with the Addition of Clove Essential Oil and Different Types of Plasticizer
Fahrullah, M Ervandi, M A Indrianti, D O Suparwata, I A Yasin, Y A Gobel, S Mokoolang and M M Mokoginta View article PDF
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012005 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of 96% Ethanol Extract of Binahong Leaf on Hyperglycemia White Male Rats Using Total Cholesterol and Triglyceride Parameters
Dwitiyanti and Tera Rorenza
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012006 OPEN ACCESS
Dragonfly Community in Flowing and Stagnating Water in the Cibodas Botanical Garden Area
Nur Afni Febrianti, Susanti Murwitaningsih, Paskal Sukandar and Suci Lestari View article PDF
Open abstract
012007 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of Feeding Maggot Fluor (Hermetia illucens) on Fish Feed for Growth of Sangkuriang Catfish (Clarias sp)
Ridho Budi Al Rizki, Maryanti Setyaningsih, Meitiyani and Irdalisa View article PDF
Open abstract
012008 OPEN ACCESS
The Effects of Probiotics Administration on Silkworms (Tubifex sp) Natural Feed on Groowth of Kancra Fish (Tor soro)
S. Mulatsih, N.U. Hartanti and A. Najib
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012009 OPEN ACCESS
Sustainability Level of Aquaculture Utilization and Its Management Strategy In Conservation Areas Regional Water (KKPD) Biak Numfor District, Papua
Sutaman
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012010 OPEN ACCESS
Specific Immunomodulatory Effect of Water Extract of Stachytarpheta jamaicensis herbs
Suci Nar Vikasari, Sri Wahyuningsih, Afifah Bambang Sutjiatmo and Abdul Razaq
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012011 OPEN ACCESS
Antihypertensive Effects of Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) Extract in Animal Model of Hypertension
Afifah Bambang Sutjiatmo, Suci Nar Vikasari and Falna Bintussolihah View article PDF
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012012 OPEN ACCESS
Zebrafish Embryos Immune System induction with BSA as an initial Screening model for Covid-19 Treatment
Dita Arya Widatama and Bambang Retnoaji
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012013 OPEN ACCESS
Antibacterial Potential of Nicotiana tabacum L. var Virginia Pyrolysis Extract Against
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa
S A Fernanda, B A Amru, H A Rahmani, M Gozan, N S Irsyad, M Bahar, O S Puspita, F Zulfa and A Pramono View article PDF
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012014 OPEN ACCESS
Meistera chinensis fruit properties: Chemical compound, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity
Musdalipah, Karmilah, Selfyana Austin Tee, Eny Nurhikma, Yulianti Fauziah, Adryan Fristiohady, I Sahidin and Agung Wibawa Mahatva Yodha
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012015 OPEN ACCESS
Effect of ammonium chloride and disodium hydrogen phosphate with molasses as a substrate for Saccharomyces cerevisiae in the production of β-glucan
Ririn Puspadewi, Putranti Adirestuti and Jesiana Agustine Arifin View article PDF
Open abstract
012016 OPEN ACCESS
Proteolytic and Clot Lysis Activity Screening of Crude Proteases Extracted from Tissues and Bacterial Isolates of Holothuria Scabra
Nur Hidayati, Hayatun Fuad, Hendra Munandar, Dewi Seswita Zilda, Nurrahman Nurrahman, Miswar Fattah, Oedjijono Oedjijono, Amin Samiasih and Stalis Norma Ethica
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012017 OPEN ACCESS
Ethanol Extract Emulgel 96% Brokatul Rice (Oryza Sativa L.) as Antioxidant
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Pramulani Mulya Lestari, Supandi and Mawar Nusafitri View article PDF Open abstract
012018 OPEN ACCESS
The Characteristic of Gelatin Extracted from The Skin of Adult and Sub-Adult Striped Catfish (Pangasius hypophthalmus) Using Acid-Base Pretreatment: pH and FTIR
Dewi Hidayati, Gina R. Sabiyla, Endry N. Prasetyo, Noor Nailis Sa'adah and Fredy Kurniawan View article PDF
Open abstract
012019 OPEN ACCESS
Assessment of Stranded Marine Debris on Karimunjawa Island
M R Ansyari, I M Radjawane, T Suprijo, F Hanifah and A Tarya View article PDF
Open abstract
012020 OPEN ACCESS
Application of Geographical Information Systems (GIS) for Mapping Food Vulnerability in Denpasar, Bali
I Ketut Sardiana
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012021 OPEN ACCESS
Mapping of Coastal Sedimentation using Landsat Satellite Image and Bathymetry Map (Case study: Batu Gong Coastal, Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia)
Laode Muhammad Golok Jaya
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012022 OPEN ACCESS
Application of Supply Chain Requirements for Smallholders: Impact on Sustainable Palm Oil Management Policies in Indonesia
Herdis Herdiansyah, Ratih Dyah Kusumastuti, Palupi Lindiasari Samputra, Neny Indriyana and Nanik Ambar Suharyanti
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012023 OPEN ACCESS
Green open space implementation on the underground building
I N Indira and H Herdiansyah
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012024 OPEN ACCESS
Epidemiological Characteristics of the First Cluster of COVID-19 in Magetan District – East Java, 2020
Frans Abidondifu, Fariani Syahrul and Agoes Yudi Purnomo
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012025 OPEN ACCESS
Social Consideration for Blue Carbon Management
C.C Pricillia, M.P Patria and H. Herdiansyah View article PDF Open abstract
012026 OPEN ACCESS
Sustainable Development of Papalele's Household from Environmental Issue
Simon Pieter Soegijono and Esther Kembauw View article PDF Open abstract
012027 OPEN ACCESS
Ants Respon to Air Humadity in Small Islands of Haruku
Fransina Latumahina and Gun Mardiatmoko
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012028 OPEN ACCESS
Analysis of Changes in Health of Coastal Mangrove Forest on the East Coast of Lampung
Ferdy Ardiansyah and Rahmat Safe'i
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012029 OPEN ACCESS
Bontomarannu Education Park Reviewed from Conservation, Social, and Environmental Aspects
Rismawati, Syahribulan and Slamet Santosa
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012030 OPEN ACCESS
Collaborative Model to Increase Empowerment of Dryland Farmer (Case Study West Halmahera District, North Maluku Province)
Sitti Aminah
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012031 OPEN ACCESS
Diversity of terrestrial ferns (Pteridophytes) in Ciliwung Telaga Warna Puncak Bogor tea estate in West Java
Basar Wiranto, Husnin and Susilo
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012032 OPEN ACCESS
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Amphibian Diversity (Order Anura) in Bogor, Indonesia Amphibian Diversity in Cimisblung Bogor West Java
Agus Pambudi Dharma, Apriyanto Saputra and Eka Kartika View article PDF Open abstract
012033 OPEN ACCESS
Amphibian Diversity in the Kawasan Taman Wisata Alam, Bogor, Indonesia
Miftah Fauzi, Paskal Sukandar, Maryanti Setyaningsih and Rosi Ritonga View article PDF
Open abstract
012034 OPEN ACCESS
Integration of Village Development with the Company's CSR Program in the Environmental Priority Program Formulation
D Mardhia, N Kautsari, I W Ayu, Y Hartono and G Gunawan View article PDF
Open abstract
012035 OPEN ACCESS
Factors related to the incidence of stunting in Nupabomba and Guntarano Villages, Tanantovea District, Donggala Regency
Hasanudin, Tjitrowati Djaafar, Saharudin and Andi Bungawati View article PDF
Open abstract
012036 OPEN ACCESS
Biodiversity of the "Karang Jeruk" Coral Reef Ecosystem in Tegal Regency, Central Java, Indonesia
Noor Zuhry, Djoko Suprapto, Supriharyono and Boedi Hendrarto View article PDF
Open abstract
012037 OPEN ACCESS
Success Rate Of Mangrove Crab (Scylla Serrata) Molting With Different Salinity Treatments In Controlled Containers
Suyono
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012038 OPEN ACCESS
Assessment of Spring Water Quality Affected by Agricultural and Human Activities in Bali Island
I Gusti Ngurah Agung Suryaputra, I Wayan Yudi Artawan and Made Vivi Oviantari View article PDF
Open abstract
012039 OPEN ACCESS
Analysis of Chemical Quality of Dried Sendeish Sea Cucumber (Holothuria scabra) using Different Enzyment Methods
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Kristhina Priskila Rahael, Santi Penina Tua Rahantoknam and Syahibul Kahfi Hamid View article PDF
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012040 OPEN ACCESS
The effect of giving Kelakai (Stenochlaena palustris) juice on the volume of
breastfeeding for postpartum mothers in the working area of the Pekauman Health Center, Banjarmasin
Dede Mahdiyah, Dwi Rahmawati and Desy Susila Waty View article PDF Open abstract
012041 OPEN ACCESS
Isolation, Characterization, Molecular Identification of Probiotic Bacteria from Meconium
Dhanly Arie Irza, I Nyoman Ehrich Lister, Saipul Sihotang and Edy Fachrial View article PDF
Open abstract
012042 OPEN ACCESS
Extract of Caesalpinia sappan L. heartwood as food treatment anti-diabetic: a narrative review
A F Muti, D L C Pradana and E P Rahmi
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012043 OPEN ACCESS
The effect of Indonesian honey Tetragonula sp. and Indonesian royal jelly Apis mellifera (Ceiba pentandra) to human preputium cell proliferation in serum-free DMEM
Q S Fachrani, M A Dhifanra, Y Nugraha, R Yulianti, M Sahlan, S Pambudi, A Nurhasanah and A Pramono View article PDF
Open abstract
012044 OPEN ACCESS
Embryogenic Callus Induction of Todolo Toraja Coffee Leaf Cells (Coffea arabica Var.
Typica) with the Addition of 2, 4-DichlorophenoxyaceticAcid (2, 4-D) and Furfurylaminopurine (Kinetin) in Vitro
Putri Damayanti, Andi Ilham Latunra and Eva Johanes View article PDF Open abstract
012045 OPEN ACCESS
Citrus maxima Pectin as Superdisintegrant: Preparation and Evaluation of Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide Orodispersible Film
Nining, Rahmah Elfiyani and Siti Nurhasanah View article PDF Open abstract
012046 OPEN ACCESS
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Formulation and Development of Grape Seed Oil (Vitis Vinifera L) Emulgel Peel-Off Mask using Gelling Agent Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC)
Fith Khaira Nursal, Nining and At Syamsiyah Rahmah View article PDF Open abstract
012047 OPEN ACCESS
Soy Milk Filter Design Using Dfma Method
Irfan Santosa, Galuh Renggani Wilis and Urip Mulyadi View article PDF Open abstract
012048 OPEN ACCESS
Implementation of Experimental Designs to Improve Bioethanol Quality From Banana Beans Through the Destilation Process
Angga Adhy Nugroho, Agus Wibowo and Saufik Luthfianto View article PDF Open abstract
012049 OPEN ACCESS
The Utilization of Tofu Waste Water as An Addition of Nutrition in Hydroponic Media to Lettuce Growth (Lactuca sativa L.)
Arnita Chaorlina, Maryanti Setyaningsih and Hilman Faruq View article PDF Open abstract
012050 OPEN ACCESS
Effectiveness of Feeding Trash Fish and Spinach Extract on Mud Crab (Scylla Serrata) Feed for Molting Acceleration With the Popeye Method
Suyono, NU Hartanti and NHSA
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012051 OPEN ACCESS
Effect of Differences in Salt Concentration on the Quality of Rebon Shrimp Paste (Acetes Sp) in Tegal District
S Mulyani, P M Vestiyati, Kusnandar, H K Alamsyah and S W Simanjuntak View article PDF
Open abstract
012052 OPEN ACCESS
The Effectiveness Of Cod Reduction In Tofu Waste Using Active Mud And Oxygenation Methods
Wati Sukmawati and Wijiastuti
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012053 OPEN ACCESS
Application of Microcapsules Food with Different Dosage to Support The Growth of Fish Cork Seed (Channa Striata)
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Hayati Soeprapto, Hadi Pranggono and Febri Mustafat Ridwan View article PDF
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012054 OPEN ACCESS
The Effectiveness of Sludge in the Leaf Fermentation Process
Yuni Astuti, Syamsul Arifin Syarifudin, Maesyaroh and Ranti An Nisa View article PDF
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012055 OPEN ACCESS
The Characteristicts of Yellow Pumpkin Flour That Has Been Processed Using Shard Gourd Method
Ida Farikha Azizah, PN Ika Mulawati, Ngatinem and Novi Kuswardani View article PDF
Open abstract
012056 OPEN ACCESS
Actualization of local community participation in critical land management in Gorontalo
D O Suparwata, D Rukmana, A N Tenriawaru and R Neswati View article PDF
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012057 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect Of Transfer Of Land Function On The Development Of Te Area Through Community Empowement
R.R.A Tarigan, H.B. Tarmizi, A Purwoko and R. Ginting View article PDF Open abstract
012058 OPEN ACCESS
Environmental Factors for Holothuria scabra Sea Cucumber Cultivation
Santi Penina Tua Rahantoknam, Mariana Yermina Beruatjaan, Meyske Angel Rahantoknam and Maria Kristina Ohoiwutun
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012059 OPEN ACCESS
Natural Antibacterial and its Use
Sandriana J Nendissa, Meta Mahendradatta, Zainal and Februadi Bastian View article PDF
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012060 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of Ethanol Concentrations as The Extraction Solvent on Antioxidant Activity of Katuk (Sauropus androgynus (L.) Merr.) Leaves Extracts
Ni Putu Ermi Hikmawanti, Sofia Fatmawati and Anindita Wulan Asri View article PDF
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012061 OPEN ACCESS
The Use of Bioremediation Technology on Oil-Contaminated Soil
Putri Alvernia, Suyud Utomo, Tri Edhi Budhi Soesilo and Herdis Herdiansyah View article PDF
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012062 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect Of Microwave AID Extraction Temperature Of Kedawung Leaves (Parkia biglobosa) On Antioxidant Activity And Flavonoid Leavels
Ferika Indrasari and Buanasari
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012063 OPEN ACCESS
Preparation and Evaluation of Plant Extract Microcapsules Using Chitosan
Buanasari, Warlan Sugiyo and Heri Rustaman View article PDF Open abstract
012064 OPEN ACCESS
Twenty weeks of Centella asiatica improved cognitive function of women elderly with dementia
Lisna Anisa Fitriana, Kusnandar Anggadiredja, Setiawan and I Ketut Adnyana View article PDF
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012065 OPEN ACCESS
Literature Review: Potential Pharmacological Activity of Luffa cutangula L. Roxb
Erna Harfiani and Dhigna Citra Pradana
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012066 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of Adding Kepok Banana Peels (Musa paradisiaca) to Powder Media on the Growth of White Oyster Mushrooms (Pleurotus ostreatus)
Riris Risnawati, Meitiyani and Susilo
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012067 OPEN ACCESS
Traditional Medicinal Plants in Bima Communities: A Bacterial Activities Test and Phytochemicals
N Azmin, M Nasir, H Hartati, A Ariyansyah and F Fahruddin View article PDF
Open abstract
012068 OPEN ACCESS
Evaluation of Ipomea carnea Growth Response in Plant Media That was Exposed by Sidoarjo Mud
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S.C Sutarman, S Pamungkas and M. Abror Arifin View article PDF Open abstract
012069 OPEN ACCESS
Material and Life Service of the Septic Tank Have an Influence on the Biological Pollution of Groundwater (Case Study Kelurahan Pademangan Barat, North Jakarta)
Novita Anggraini, Cindy Rianti Priadi and Herdis Herdiansyah View article PDF
Open abstract
012070 OPEN ACCESS
Soil Water Content Estimation using Pedotransfer Functions in Drylands of Sumbawa Regency
I W Ayu, N D Lestari, G Gunawan and S Soemarno View article PDF Open abstract
012071 OPEN ACCESS
Sustainable Development Through the One Village One Product (OVOP) Approach for Local Commodities
Aveanty Miagina, Hernansi Biso and Esther Kembauw View article PDF Open abstract
012072 OPEN ACCESS
The Development Strategy of Conservation for Cacatua sulphurea in Bontomarannu Education Park, Gowa Regency Animal Park
Irny Novriyani, Syahribulan and Eddy Soekendarsi View article PDF Open abstract
012073 OPEN ACCESS
Design and Development of a Geospatial-Based Information Systems for Disaster
Management of Adolescent Reproductive Health in Nusa Tenggara Barat Province In 2020
M. Sapoan Hadi, Sutanto P. Hastono and Artha Prabawa View article PDF Open abstract
012074 OPEN ACCESS
The Role of Diffusion of Innovation in Agricultural to Compete in Asean Community
Harisa Mardiana and Esther Kembauw
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012075 OPEN ACCESS
Village Development Program for Producing Iodized Salt for Sustainable Development Community
D Mardhia, D Syafikri, F Yahya, N Andriyani and G Gunawan
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View article PDF Open abstract
012076 OPEN ACCESS
Reducing solid waste through waste banks: an empirical study in Kepulauan Riau, Indonesia
W E Yudiatmaja, Edison, T Samnuzulsari, Yudithia, S R I Rezeki, Suyito, D Akbar and A Alfiandri View article PDF
Open abstract
012077 OPEN ACCESS
Education of Waste Management Based on Zero Waste in Kendal District (Case Study:
Waste Recycling Craft Community (Kerdus), Kendal District, Central Java)
Nanik Hidayati, Neli Hajar and Feri Setiyanto View article PDF Open abstract
012078 OPEN ACCESS
The Utilization of Vegetable Waste as a Nutrient Addition in Hydroponic Media for the Growth of Green Mustard (Brassica juncea L.)
Hilman Faruq, Elsa Novelia, Maryanti Setyaningsih and Ranti An Nisa View article PDF
Open abstract
012079 OPEN ACCESS
Monthly Rainfall Components in Ambon City: Evidence from the Serious Time Analysis
Lexy J. Sinay and Esther Kembauw
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012080 OPEN ACCESS
The Effect of Climate on the Outbreak of Covid-19: A Review
Candra Kirana, Samsul, Hesty Yariska Hapsir, Fitria Nurmalita and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
Open abstract
012081 OPEN ACCESS
An Impact of Climatic Change on Water-borne Diseases: A Review
Muhammad Fadhil, Ruswan, Mutia Ismail, Helyani and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
Open abstract
012082 OPEN ACCESS
Risk of Heat Stroke due to Extreme Heat Changes: A Review
Mirnawati, Nurnaningsih, Rina Asriani, I Amirullah and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
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012083 OPEN ACCESS
A Systematic literature (Impact of Climate Change on Filariasis)
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Roswati, Santi, Ahmad Syafii, Eke Mahendra and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
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012084 OPEN ACCESS
Literature Review: Impact Of Temperature And Rainfall On Incident Malaria
Ladjumadil Ahmad Tiu, Waode Elfianti Wahid, Waode Yuli Andriani, Mirnawati and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
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012085 OPEN ACCESS
Increased Risk of Hepatitis A due to Weather Changes:A Review
Adibin, Aisnah, Indrawati, Sumriati and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF Open abstract
012086 OPEN ACCESS
Fertilizer Application, Climate Change and Rice Production in Rural Java
Suko Irawan and Ernoiz Antriyandarti
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012087 OPEN ACCESS
Impacts and Adaptation Strategies on Climate Variability and Change of Coastal Communities along Banate Bay
B Johnny, Ed Dolor and D.
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012088 OPEN ACCESS
Impact of Weather and Climate on Diarrhea Incidence : A review
Idham Malik, Sri Anjayati, Pipit Musdhalifa, Dwiana Binti and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
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012089 OPEN ACCESS
A Systematic Literatur The Impact Of The Climate To The Case Of Tuberculosis (TB): A Review
Al Edy Dawu, Resti Nur Pratiwi, Samsiah Winda, Agus Supriyanto Suparno and Ramadhan Tosepu View article PDF
Open abstract
012090 OPEN ACCESS
Study of the Use of Block Compos on the Growth of Teak (Tectona grandis) in Used Lands of Kapur Stone Mine
Supiana Dian Nurtjahyani, Dwi oktafitria, Sriwulan, Ahmad Zaenal Arifin, Eko Purnomo, Aris Santoso and Ali Mustofa
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IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science
PAPER • OPEN ACCESS
The Effectiveness of Sludge in the Leaf Fermentation Process
To cite this article: Yuni Astuti et al 2021 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 755 012054
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This content was downloaded from IP address 36.69.157.104 on 21/05/2021 at 04:02
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Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd
ACHOST 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science755 (2021) 012054
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/755/1/012054
1
The Effectiveness of Sludge in the Leaf Fermentation Process
Yuni Astuti1*, Syamsul Arifin Syarifudin1, Maesyaroh1, Ranti An Nisa1
1Biology Education, University of Muhammadiyah Prof. DR. HAMKA, Jl. Tanah Merdeka, Kp. Rambutan, Jakarta Timur, Indonesia 13830
Abstract. Wet leaves that are decomposed with mud can cause the leaf tissue to peel and become transparent. This scientific study aims to determine the effect of various mud media from rivers, ponds and gutters on the flaking of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf tissue. This study uses 3 variations of mud taken from river ponds and ditches designed using the RAL design (Complete Randomized Design). Each mud medium in a container was filled with fresh soursop leaves with the leaf criteria of the fourth node of each tree branch. The Kruskal Wallis hypothesis test with a significance level of 0.05 was used in making decisions, which was then continued with the LSD test to determine the difference in effect between treatments. In calculating the peeling percentage of leaf tissue, it was found that the river and pond mud soaking media had a percentage of 100% and only 6.9% of the gutter, which means that river and pond mud had good potential as a medium for leaf fermentation. In the immersion photo, it was found that the river mud had complete stripping of tissue. The exfoliating quality of leaf tissue in this study was influenced by the type of sludge medium and its pH.
1. Introduction
Leaf litter is a daily-generated litter. The problem of leaf litter cannot be solved without proper management. Priscilia et al. (2016) found that 97.32% of road park waste is leaf litter. Leaf litter can come from dry leaves that fall and wet leaves that result from pruning plants. According to Yulipriyanto (2009), leaf litter in wet conditions is usually generated when tree pruning is being carried out. Wet leaf litter that falls into the water will decompose and experience sedimentation at the bottom of the waters, which has the risk of increasing the volume of water and triggering floods. According to Rosyidie (2013) and Kodoatie & Syarief (2006), factors causing floods include land-use change, garbage disposal, erosion and sedimentation (Zhang, 2018).
Sedimentation is the deposition of particles originating from decomposed organic materials that settle on the bottom of the waters, accumulating and becoming mud. Mud that has accumulated on the bottom of the water would increase the volume of water and potentially causing floods. Usually, the Jakarta Public Works office will perform mud dredging to prevent the accumulation of mud on the riverbed.
However, this is still insufficient because there is no further utilization. According to Rachman & Moch (2015), this river sludge treatment currently has not been optimal. The sludge management is only in the form of dredging by the Public Works office, which is being dumped at disposal sites.
The use of sludge as a medium for making transparent leaves is economically and environmentally friendly (Saima et al., 2013). Suryandari & Tutik (2017) explained that the processing system has a very low budget, whereby only by soaking the leaves in water or mud within a certain period can produce transparent leaves that are aesthetic. The types of leaves used to produce transparent leaves are teak leaves, sandpaper and soursop leaves.
ACHOST 2020
IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science755 (2021) 012054
IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/755/1/012054
2
A research on tissue peeling has also been conducted by Mir et.al. (2013) who explained that the fermentation of bodhi leaves using 2% yeast could provide the best exfoliating results, which do not leave any leaf tissue remnants on the leaf bones. Meanwhile, a study by Whittenberger & Naghski (1948) discovered that Clostridium roseum bacteria culture plays an active role in digesting the walls of mesophyll parenchyma cells, which allows a good separation between epidermal tissue and leaf venation. Both of these studies focused on the concentration levels of the types of microorganisms used.
The existing research demonstrates that the process of peeling leaf tissue using mud media has rarely been studied. This is despite the fact that mud media can also potentially be used for leaf decomposition as it contains many microorganisms that act as decomposers (Alayu & Leta, 2020).
This study aims to determine the effect of various types of sludge on the flaking of soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf tissue. Leaves that have become transparent can be used as leaf bone crafts with high economic and aesthetic value. Transparent leaves can also be used as learning media in schools regarding leaf anatomy.
2. Methodology
The method used in this research is an actual experiment. Various kinds of sludge originating from rivers, ponds and ditches were made as variables and the frequency of peeling soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaf tissue was placed as the dependent variable. The mud media was taken from various places in the Ciliwung river area; one pond in the Cinere area and one of the waterways in the Jagakarsa area.
This research used special tools and materials such as; vortex, micropipette, petri dish, drygalski, incubator, sterile distilled water, De Man solid jelly medium, Rogosa and Sphare jelly (MRS jelly).
Research Scope
The operational objective of this study was to calculate the percentage of the frequency of encountering tissue peeling on soursop (Annona muricata L.) leaves. The research was conducted at the UHAMKA FKIP Greenhouse. The study was conducted from February to August 2019. The sample used was fresh soursop leaves using the purposive sampling technique, with the criteria of leaves that were on the 4th node of each plant branch to equalize the age of the leaves. Sample repetitions were calculated using Federer's formula, and 10 replications were obtained for each immersion medium.
The research design was CRD (Completely Randomized Design) to make all samples experienced the same conditions.
Research Procedures
The procedure of this research includes t soaking the soursop leaves and calculating the number of microorganisms present in each medium using the TPC test.
1. The soaking of soursop leaves
The process of soaking leaves began with selecting leaves from one soursop tree (Annona muricata L.) by taking leaves at the fourth node. The mud, along with the water, was put into a jar with a hole in the lid, and a hose connected to the mineral water bottle was attached. Leaves were submerged, and a wire mesh was added to prevent the leaves from floating to the surface. We waited for about 2 weeks soaking time to see the results. The temperature and pH were measured every day on each immersion medium at the same time. After 2 weeks, the leaves were removed and cleaned. Leaves that have been cleaned were calculated for the percentage of their peeling using the 10 X 10 cm2 square that has been made.
2. Calculating the number of microorganisms present in each mud immersion medium using the TPC test.
In the TPC (Total Plate Counting) test, laboratory staff carried out the procedure in the ICC (Indonesian Culture Collection) laboratory. The sample tested was in the form of a mud bath. The study aimed to see the ratio level of the number of bacteria that developed during the study. The procedure was carried out using the agar dispersion technique, with the following steps: A total of
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1 mL of sample was inserted into a test tube containing 9 mL of sterile distilled water and homogenized using the vortex (10-1 dilution). Then, 1 ml of the 10-1 dilution was put into a test tube containing 9 mL of sterile distilled water (10-2 dilution). It was vortexed until homogeneous, and a serial dilution was made to 10-7. After that, 200 µL of suspension from 10-1-10-7 dilution was taken using a micropipette and put in a petri dish containing De Man, Rogosa and Sharpe agar (MRS agar) solid media. Each dilution was made in 2 replications. The suspension on the surface of the MRS media was spread evenly using drygalski. The Petri dishes were then incubated at room temperature for 24-48 hours. The bacterial colonies that grew on the surface of the media were counted, and the abundance of the number of bacteria was obtained by multiplying the number of bacterial colonies that grew by 10. It was then multiplied again by the dilution factor.
Data Collection and Data Analysis
The data of this research are the frequency of encounters of peeling leaf tissue, which is adopted from the formula for calculating the frequency of encounters with lichens by Arifwibowo (2017) and Soerianegara and Indrawan (1998). The formula that has been modified is as follows:
3.
Information :
FPPJD: the frequency of the exposure of leaf tissue exfoliation
Data were collected using squares with a scale of 10 X 10 cm2, in 1 square consisting of 100 samples and each sample has a length of 1 x 1 cm2. To simplify the percentage calculation, coding was used for each sample affected by the leaf. Code number 1 indicated "peeling was found" while code number 0 means that "there was no peeling part" in the snippet.
The data obtained were then analyzed using the SPSS version 25. The prerequisite test results showed that the data were abnormal and not homogeneous so that the hypothesis test was continued with the Kruskal Wallis test which aimed to determine the effect of the treatment given on the peeling of the leaf tissue that occurred. A follow-up test in the form of the LSD (Least Significance Different) test was carried out to determine whether there were differences in the effect between each mud immersion medium.
3. Result and Discussion
The data in this research were in the form of: 1) data on the frequency of encounters with peeling leaf tissue; 2) data on physical properties of river, pond and gutter soaking media. And data on physical properties measured in the form of pH and water temperature and. 3) data on the number of microorganisms in river mud media, ponds and gutters tested using the TPC (Total Plate Counting) technique.
Data on the Frequency of the Exposure of Leaf Tissue Exfoliation
Data on the frequency of the exposure of leaf tissue exfoliation is the average percentage of each medium that was calculated. This can be seen in Figure 1.
m = × 100%
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Figure 1. The frequency of the exposure of leaf tissue exfoliation
Figure 1 shows that river and pond mud immersion had a peeling percentage of 100% while sewer mud immersion had an exfoliation percentage of 6.9%. These findings indicated that river and pond mud immersion had a great potential as a medium for exfoliating leaf tissue than soaking sewage mud.
In the Kruskal Wallis test data, it was obtained the Asymp value. Sig. 0.000 <0.05, which means that H1 was accepted and H0 was rejected. This indicated a significant difference in the effect between various kinds of mud immersion media in the process of exfoliating the soursop leaf tissue.
The results of the LSD test showed that the river and pond did not have a significant difference in effect. However, the results of the ditch on the river or ditch on the pond were different, both of which had a significant difference in effect.
The photographic evidence found that the river mud had very clean flaking tissue, as shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2. Immersion Result in River, Pond and Sewer Mud Data on Physical Properties of River, Pond and Gutter Soaking Media
The physical data of the mud immersion obtained were temperature and the acidity (pH) of the mud immersion during the study. The average temperature in each medium included soaking rivers (30.4oC), ponds (30.5oC) and gutters (30.4oC). The pH value of river mud immersion was 7.2, pond 6.9 and ditch 5.5. The data showed that rivers and ponds had a neutral pH, while sewers had a more acidic pH.
Data on Physical Properties of River, Pond and Gutter Soaking Media
Data on the number of microorganisms was used to determine the number of microorganisms present in each sludge immersion medium in units (CFU / ml). The counted microorganisms were bacteria, where each bacteria was counted using the TPC technique. Data on the number of bacteria per mL can be seen in Table 1.
100 a 100 a
6,9 b 0
20 40 60 80 100
River Pond Sewer mud
THE PEELING PERSENTAGE (%)
MEDIUM FOR EXFOLIATING LEAF TISSUE
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Table 1. Data on the number of bacteria in each immersion medium in units (CFU / mL).
Sample X
Numbers of Bacteria (CFU / mL) River Immersion 5,8 x 103
Sewer Soaking
Water 6,0 x 104
Pond Water Cannot be counted (Full)
Source: INaCC LIPI Laboratory, Cibinong Biological Research Center
The number of bacteria in each immersion medium has differences, as shown in Table 4. The river mud had a minimal number of bacteria compared to soaking ditches and ponds. However, the exfoliation that the river soaked leaves had was perfect.
The Kruskal Wallis test results showed an effect of various immersion media on the exfoliation of leaf tissue. In Figure 1, it was found that by calculation, the percentage of leaf peeling in river mud and ponds had the same percentage. However, Figure 2 shows that leaves from the river mud immersion were peeled off completely and did not leave any peeling residues, while the leaves from the soaked pond mud did not have perfect exfoliation. This showed that river mud had the best quality as an immersion medium for exfoliating leaf tissue.
The clean exfoliation of soursop leaf tissue soaked in mud media was caused by several factors, including the thickness of the leaf tissue, the types of microorganisms that played a role, and the length of soaking time. The main factor in exfoliating leaf tissue was the type of microorganism that acts as a decomposer. This factor is crucial because decomposer microorganisms can help the process of peeling leaf tissue. As Waluyo (2013) wrote, leaves that fall and directly enter the water will settle at the top sludge, which enables decomposing microorganisms to use leaves as a source of decomposition.
Microorganisms can break down soursop leaf tissues because soursop leaves contain compounds that can be broken down, such as cellulose compounds, carbohydrates and fats. Devianti & Indah (2017) described several studies that report that several chemical properties such as the initial content of Lignin, cellulose, and carbohydrates significantly influence the level of leaf litter decomposition. According to Suradinata (1998), the main compounds in the cell wall are cellulose, hemicellulose, pectin and Lignin, which are present in cells with varying amounts based on the nature of the cell concerned.
Microorganisms can process these compounds as a source of energy for their survival.
Suitable environmental conditions can also support the growth of decomposing microorganisms, which are characterized by the presence of specific temperature and pH. In Suwatanti & Widiyaningrum (2017) and Indriani (2007), it is explained that the optimal temperature in the decomposition process is 30-50oC. On average, the three immersion media had a temperature of not more than 31oC, meaning that each medium had undergone a decomposition process. Nonetheless, the results of the soaked gutter leaves did not have good peeling, meaning that temperature was not the main factor causing the increase in decomposing microorganisms.
The difference in pH for each sludge medium is also an essential factor, as written in Widarti et al.
(2015), which states that the optimum pH for the decomposition process ranges from 6.5 to 7.5. In the average pH results of each medium, the pH of the rivers and ponds were more neutral, namely 7.2 and 6.9, making decomposing leaf tissue occur perfectly. However, in Figure 2, it can be seen that the results of river peeling were cleaner than the pond. This is because the more neutral the pH is, the more optimal the work of microorganisms is in breaking down the soursop leaves. Widarti et al. (2015) also explained that the pH of the ripe decomposition is usually close to neutral. The more neutral the pH is, the more optimal the peeling of the leaf tissue is. In contrast, however, the average pH of the sewer tends to be more acidic. This is possible because when pH is too acidic, it will inhibit the performance of decomposing microorganisms.
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The temperature and pH of the river mud immersion were at optimal limits, making the leaf decomposition to be perfect. This was probably due to optimal conditions in the river mud immersion, which made more and more microorganisms. One of the microorganisms that play an essential role in the process of decomposing organic materials in soursop leaves is decomposer bacteria. As stated by Mufaidah et al., bacteria as decomposers play an active role in providing nutrients in the bottom of the waters, such as organic sedimentary materials that settle on the bottom of the waters.
The sludge that has been used as a soaking medium for soursop leaves was also subjected to a TPC test, as shown in Table 1. The amount of bacteria content associated with the percentage of leaf peeling in Figure 1 explains that the bacterial content in river mud immersion was less than the bacterial content in sewer sludge. This was possible because the counted bacteria can come from bacteria that do not act as decomposition but rather disease bacteria or pathogens, as also discovered in Aditama et al. (2013), who explained that sewer mud is identical to dirtiness, namely, the smell is rotten and stinging with germs.
Pathogenic bacteria played a role in spreading disease, and they did not act as decomposers. This was also supported by the pH of the sewer media, which tended to be more acidic, making the decomposer bacteria not work optimally. The TPC test on the pond sludge immersion media showed that the pond bacteria content was so large that it was countless. In calculating the percentage of peeling leaves, the pond mud media showed that it has the potential to be a good immersion medium.
Nevertheless, Figure 2 showed that the results of soursop leaves soaked using pond mud were not as good as soursop leaves in river mud immersion. This was possibly because several bacteria that acted as decomposers and pathogens had the same number.
The pH of the pond sludge immersion tended to be close to neutral, which is the optimal factor for the work of decomposer bacteria, but this pH may also trigger the growth of pathogenic bacteria that have optimal growth in the pH range.
In the TPC test results, the river immersion media had a smaller number of bacteria than the pond and sewer sludge soaking media, while the pH of the river soaking tended to be more regular than the two soaks. This made the performance of the short bacteria work more optimally. The number of bacteria contained in the river mud bath was less, but Figure 2 showed that the river soaking had good potential in exfoliating leaf tissue. This is possible because most of the bacteria act as decomposers.
The exfoliation of leaf tissue was based not only on the number of bacteria that played a role but also on other microorganisms. Therefore, a system is needed to involve various types of microorganisms, namely the Simba system. According to Waluyo (2013), the Simba system is a symbiotic system of life between two or more bodies during biological or microbiological processes (Kant, 2018). The Simba system applied turned out to be beneficial in terms of time, yield, efficiency and the stability of the use of raw materials during the process compared to a single system that only used one type of culture in the process.
Each microorganism has a different role to play in influencing the peeling of leaf tissue. Fungi have their own role in penetrating the cuticles and epidermis of plants. According to Nurwahyuni et.al. (2015) and Struck (2006), mold hyphae can enter plant tissue without damaging the epidermal tissue because hyphae only penetrate the cuticle layer by releasing the enzyme cutinase, which is a biocatalyst, in the process of cuticle degradation (Grübel et al., 2014). Afterwards, the mycelium grew between the cuticles and the cell walls of the epidermis. Meanwhile, according to Waluyo (2013), aquatic fungi can digest protein, sugar, starch and fat, in addition to digesting pectin, hemicellulose, Lignin and chitin.
Meanwhile, the leaf cuticle that fungal hyphae have penetrated can facilitate the entry of bacteria that play a role in the process of destroying the inside of the leaf, such as palisade tissue and sponges. The composition of the leaf mesophyll is also mostly composed of carbohydrates and cellulose, making it easier for bacteria to digest and process parts of the leaf mesophyll. This showed that fungi and bacteria had an important role in decomposition.
The bone of soursop leaves would be left behind and very difficult to destroy by microorganisms.
According to Waluyo (2013), Lignin is a component of wood, and in anaerobic conditions, Lignin is very resistant to microbial attack.
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4. Conclusion
The type of sludge characteristics and its pH are important factors in determining the quality of the exfoliating results of leaf tissue.
5. Acknowledgement
Thank you to the head of the INaCC LIPI Laboratory of the Cibinong Biological Research Center, who has received and examined the amount of bacteria contained in each mud immersion medium.
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