First author Year published Study population Location Study Design Data collected Sample size (n) Response rate (%) Recruitment strategy Unperceived needs assessment
approach(es) Strategies to execute approach(es)
Aeschlimann 2001 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (descriptive) - population study Primary - Quantitative 274 25 Indirect - conference Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Al-Amri 2019 GPs Asia Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 85 100 not addressed Knowledge True/ false test
Anzarut 2007 GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - prospective cohort Secondary - Quantitative N/A (database analysis) - - Environmental scan Referral/ prescribing patterns
Apostolides 2000 GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 32 8 Indirect - conference Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Archibald 2018 GPs North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Qualitative N/A (database analysis) - - Environmental scan Clinical questions / search requests
Ariff 2010 GPs and specialists Asia Observational (descriptive) - case series Primary - Quantitative + Qualitative 364 98 not addressed Knowledge
Competence Multiple-choice test
Skill testing
Arinsburg 2011 GPs and specialists North America Observational (exploratory) Primary - Quantitative 189 4 Indirect - conference Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Baghdassarian 2014 GPs Asia Observational (analytical) - prospective cohort Primary - Quantitative 126 74 Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge True/ false test
Bartkowiak 2016 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Quantitative + Qualitative N/A (retrospective data) - - Environmental scan
Expert opinion Literature and gap identificaton Clinical questions / search requests Referral / prescribing patterns
Bjerre 2015 GPs North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Qualitative N/A (database analysis) - - Environmental scan Clinical questions / search requests
Burns 2011 GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - case control study Primary - Quantitative 180 not addressed Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Chen 2013 GPs Asia Observational (exploratory) Primary - Quantitative 147 92 Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Chen 2015 GPs Asia Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 1910 100 Direct - mailed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Cohen 2002 GPs Asia Experimental (non-randomized) Primary - Qualitative 45 not addressed Direct - mailed and approached by
researcher Competence Standardized patient
Collins 2010 GPs Europe Observational (analytical) - prospective cohort Primary - Qualitative 57 not addressed not addressed Competence Skill testing
Cutts 2001 GPs Oceania Observational (descriptive) - population study Primary - Quantitative 14 not addressed Direct - mailed Performance Formalized self-audit
Das 2012 GPs Asia Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Qualitative 241 not addressed not addressed Performance Direct observation
Davis 1997 GPs North America Observational (descriptive) - case series Primary - Qualitative 8 not addressed Direct - convenience sample Competence Standardized patient
DeKlippel 2008 GPs Europe Observational (descriptive) - case series Primary - Quantitative 705 95 not addressed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Ebell 2011 GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - prospective cohort Primary - Qualitative 28 not addressed Direct - approched by researcher;
Indirect - email Performance Direct observation
Ely 1997 GPs North America Observational (descriptive) - case report / study Secondary - Qualitative N/A (database analysis) - - Environmental scan Clinical questions / search requests
Eriksson 2009 GPs Asia Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 412 100 Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Ersoy 2003 GPs and specialists Asia Observational (exploratory) Primary - Qualitative 207 32 not addressed Competence Case vignette
Fagerlie 2015 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - case series Primary - Quantitative 515 not addressed Direct - CME activity Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Garvican 2001 GPs Europe Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 499 35 Direct - mailed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Gharehbaghian 2009 GPs and specialists Asia Observational (descriptive) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 1242 83 Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Gonthier 2018
GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 58 not addressed Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
True / false test
Grammatikopoulou 2019 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 115 63 not addressed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Hawkins 2009 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - case series Secondary - Quantitative + Qualitative 28 45 - Environmental scan Regulatory reports
Expert opinion Performance/ competency data
Hertzman-Miller 2014 GPs North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Primary + Secondary; Quantitative +
Qualitative 145 28 Direct - approached by researcher; CME
activity
Knowledge Patient input Environmental scan
Short answer test Patient satisfaction survey Performance/ competency data
Hobma 2006 GPs Europe Experimental (randomized) - parallel group Primary - Qualitative 100 N/A (max n was 100) Direct - mailed Performance Direct observation
Chart audit
Holthusen 2014 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Quantitative + Qualitative 200 not addressed - Patient input
Environmental scan
Patient interviews Patient satisfaction survey Expert opinion
Hudelson 2012 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Qualitative 567 43 Direct - mailed Competence Case vignette
Huffman 2010 GPs and specialists North America Observational (exploratory) Primary - Qualitative 62 77 Direct - CME activity Competence Case vignette
Jones 2019 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (analytical) - case control study Secondary - Qualitative 49 not addressed - Patient input
Environmental scan Patient focus groups
Expert opinion
Klein 2012 GPs North America Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Qualitative 26 not addressed Direct - unspecified Performance Chart audit
Labeause 1999 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - case report / study Secondary - Qualitative N/A (database analysis) - - Environmental scan Clinical questions / search requests
Lam 2018 GPs and specialists Asia Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 397 100 Direct - CME activity Knowledge True/ false test
Table S2: Data abstraction summary - Research articles
Le Galudec 2014 GPs Europe Observational (exploratory) Primary - Quantitative 515 25 Direct - mailed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Lineker 2019 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Qualitative 333 not addressed - Patient input Advisory groups
Makin 2019 GPs North America observational - analytical - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 51 51 Direct - approached by researcher Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Mckay 2013 GPs Europe Observational (exploratory) Primary - Qualitative 21 84 Direct - emailed Performance Formalized self-audit
Mehanni 2019 GPs and specialists Asia Observational (descriptive) - population study Primary + Secondary; Quantitative +
Qualitative 18 53 Direct - CME activity Knowledge
Performance Environmental scan
Multiple-choice test Direct observation Population health data Hospital data
Morrison 2005 GPs Europe Observational (analytical) - prospective cohort Primary - Qualitative 14 36 Direct - mailed Performance Formalized self-audit
Murray 2018 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - case series Primary - Quantitative + Secondary -
Qualitative 190 not addressed Direct - emailed Knowledge
Patient input Environmental scan
Multiple-choice test Advisory groups Literature and gap identificaton Expert opinion
Nehring-Gugulska 2015 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (analytical) - retrospective cohort Primary - Quantitative 361 48 Direct - mailed Knowledge Multiple-choice test.
Pregler 2009 GPs and specialists North America Experimental (non-randomized) Primary - Quantitative 1285 60 Direct - CME activity Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Rock 2002 GPs and specialists North America Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 294 15 Direct - mailed Knowledge Multiple-choice test
Short answer test
Saarela 2003 GPs and specialists Europe Observational (descriptive) - population study Primary + Secondary; Qualitative 36 not addressed not addressed Competence
Environmental scan
Case vignette Expert opinion
Sperl-Hillen 2010 GPs North America Experimental (randomized) - parallel group Primary - Quantitative 40 47 not addressed Performance Chart audit
Straand 1997 GPs Europe Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Secondary - Quantitative 149 96 - Environmental scan Referral/ prescribing patterns
Sumner 2008 GPs and specialists North America Observational (descriptive) - population study Secondary - Quantitative N/A (retrospective data) - - Environmental scan Population health data
Hospital data
Tracey 1997 GPs Oceania Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative 67 67 Direct - mailed Knowledge True/ false test
Verdoux 2006 GPs Europe Observational (analytical) - cross sectional study Primary - Quantitative + Secondary -
Qualitative 890 23 Direct - unspecified Knowledge
Environmental scan
Multiple-choice test Expert opinion
