the ainos of yezo, japan.

The themes in the north belong to the large-leaved variety and are not the same as those on the main island of Japan, whose leaves are very small. Batchelor points out that the Japanese* more often derive the word from ai-no-lco, children of the middle. It is convincing that we consider only the probable, indeed the almost positive, Aino origin of geographical place-names in all parts of the archipelago. It is apparently weak if we only consider it very re-.

Japanese records of pre-historic events are extremely unsatisfactory, but it is significant that some semi-mythical personages bear Aino names. The specimens shown on Plate lxxxi will give an idea of the character of this decoration, which is far superior to anything found on Japanese sepulchral pottery. The shell-heaps are further evidence of the early occupation of Japan by a race certainly closely related to the Ainos.

It is a peculiarity of the latter that the humerus and tibia are much. Finally, after a desperate struggle, the Ainos gained control of the field and killed the entire party of Japanese with the exception of the priest.

AINO POPULATION

When I returned to my hotel I ordered ashes to be sent to them, but the Japanese neglected to attend to it. According to Japanese tradition, a Japanese festival in the second year of GenkiuwenttoYezo and remained there for 13 years washing and forgiving. Account to say: "At that time the Ainos were a very fierce and warlike race, and gave no little trouble to the gold panners.

TheAinos, encouraged by the victory, crossed the straits in great force and made vigorous war against the Japanese."

438 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

440 REPOKT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

PERSONAL APPEARANCE

441 which are thick amibushy are allowed to grow to the fall, and those which are thick amibushy are allowed to grow to length, and are never combed or brushed. The old man (PI. lxxxix) at the door of his house is covered with long hair on his chest and shoulders, which is much more conspicuous than it appears in the photograph. The young girl (PI.xc) is not without many of the feminine instincts of the coquettish social beauty.

As the women grow older they rapidly lose the bloom of youth and become worn and wrinkled, doubtless from the exposure and rigors of their rough lives. The women's faces are disfigured by tattoos around the mouth, the style of which varies from place to place.

442 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890,

STAGE OF CULTURE

THE AINOS OF YEZO, JAPAN. 443

PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE AINOS

444 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

If the hair sections were made using the above method, the relationship between the curve and the hair section would be obtained only at the point of cutting. This would be sufficient if the ratio were constant, but if the ratio varied in the same hair it would not be shown by such a method. After the hair was placed in the forceps, the cut surface was focused and measured with an eyepiece micrometer.

Under this treatment, the oval sections did not vary appreciably, and the lengths of the axes were not affected to any extent by the direction of the cuts. My observations in this respect were confined to three of the samples of hair sent, because they were the only ones that were sharply cut in a bunch.

446 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

THE A1N0S OF YEZO, JAPAN. 449

AVERAGE OF ALL MEASUREMENTS MADE

THE AINOS OF YEZO, JAPAN. 451 CLOTHING

DWELLINGS

THE ATNOS OF YEZO, JAPAN. 453

STOREHOUSES

HOUSEHOLD UTENSILS AND FOOD

480 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

461 the hut where the Aino treasures are kept, and then three drops of the hut where the Aino treasures are kept, and then the three drops should be offered to any particular god in whose favor libations are offered or to whom the Ainos pay homage.” In their proceedings I did not observed no such regularity. .

SMOKING APPARATUS

462 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS

As already mentioned, the Ainos use the bark of the Ulmus montana, which they call Jiiiyo, sometimes also the bark of U.

CARRYING BURDENS

MODE OF GREETING

MARRIAGE CUSTOMS

466 EEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

467 The height of the monuments varies from 3 to 6 feet and depends on the height of the monuments varies from 3 to 6 feet and depends on the age and position of the deceased.

PUNISHMENTS

HUNTING AND FISHING

468 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890,

469 The arrows are carried in quivers, one of which is shown in the figure- The arrows are carried in quivers, one of which is shown in the figure. The arrow release is of the simplest kind, the arrow being held between the thumb and forefinger. The method of preparing the arrow poisons of the Ainos was disclosed only to a single traveler, Dr.

Scheube, who believes his information to be correct, because the accounts obtained in different localities agree perfectly. Roots containing active poizouse become softer, while others become stronger; apparently a fermentation process takes place. Scheube adds that only a few people prepare the poison in each village, not because the preparation process is inappropriate.

THE AINOS OF YEZO, JAPAN 471

THE BEAR FEAST

THE BEAR CULTUS OF THE AINOS

THE AINOS OF YEZO, JAPAN. 479

The bears usually adjourn the next day, when the company gathers again to resume their drinking. The meat and insides were stored in the house to be distributed among the participants of the feast the next day. During this work, the women danced around the sacred hedge, as they did around the cage at the beginning of the festival.

The bear's head, inside the skin, was placed before the fence and decorated in the same manner as the body had been before it was added, and a general drink offering was made. At the end of this, the skin was pulled back from the skull, leaving it attached to the fungus. An opening is made on the left side of the back skull bone of male bears, on the right side of females, through which the brain is removed.

The young butcher pulled out the eyes and bit off the orbital fat and ate it. After the second libation, the skull was raised on a pole in the hedge (fig. 88), which ended in a split, and the whole company. Scheube said that to them the bear is more like an ordinary beast of the forest, to be hunted and killed for food and clothing.

In the northern part of Saghalien live people very different in physiognomy and language from the Ainos, known as the Gilyaken.

DANCES AND OTHER CEREMONIES

MYTHS AND FOLK-LORE

THE A1N0S OF YEZO, JAPAN. 483

HOW IT WAS SETTLED WHO SHOULD 11ULE THE WORLD

WHY THE COCK CAN NOT FLY

A VISIT TO THE UNDERWOKLD

PANAUMBE PENAUMBE AND THE WEEPING FOXES

THE HARE GOD

THE WICKED WIZARD PUNISHED

LEGEND OF A FAMINE

LEGEND OF THE LARGE TROUT

LEGEND OF OK1KURUMI IN LOVE

POIYAUMBE

AN AINO RIP VAN WINKLE

LIST OF SPECIMENS FROM THE AINOS IN YEZO, COLLECTED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1888

150045 Leggins.—"Hos." Made of Japanese white striped cotton cloth bound with blue-black and embroidered on the latter with light blue thread. Ball of Ohiy Thread.—Made by splitting the bark of the elm tree, Vlmusmontana, and tying the ends of the filaments together. The body of the garment is made of elm bark cloth, over which Japanese blue-black cotton is stitched in sections, and on this the pattern is embroidered.

The foot part of the cup (150664) is used for pouring drops of liquor offered to the gods and for raising the mustache while drinking. See Mustachestick Fig.—Used to make sake libations" for the gods, and also to raise the mustache while drinking."

494 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

Tobacco Box and Stick.—The box has a cover held in place by a string which passes through holes on both sides and across the bottom, terminating at the top and terminating at the back of the stick.

496 REPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, 1890

150737 Bark Shapes.—Elm bark, ohiyo, dyed brown and black for weaving square patterns of mats, bags, etc.

EOMYN HITCHCOCK

BIBLIOGRAPHY

502 BEPORT OF NATIONAL MUSEUM, .1890