AGENDA : Analisis Gender dan Anak , Vol. 4 (2), 2022, (Desember) ISSN Print:2615-1502 ISSN Online:2723-3278 Tersedia online di
http://ecampus.iainbatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/agenda
The Role of Women Journalists in Media
Adrian Nuzul Putra
AMIK Tri Dharma Pekanbaru E-mail:[email protected]
Oktri Permata Lani*)
IAIN Batusangkar, Sumatera Barat, Indonesia E-mail:[email protected]
*)Corresponding Author
Abstract: Becoming a journalist is not easy, especially for female journalists, if they journalist is sent to cover conflict areas, such as reporting on demonstrations, wars, and even criminal cases. Indirectly, psychologically, when women are faced with things that are raging with more masses, it is necessary to have quite high mental and physical strength.
That way, working as a journalist is very high risk because you have to have the courage to sacrifice between life and death to get to the truth. On the other hand, a journalist is also required to be professional in carrying out his duties properly and correctly and commit to improving a journalist's capabilities. The type of research used is qualitative, namely, research that produces information in the form of notes and descriptive data contained in the text under study (Mantra, 2008: 30). Journalist professionalism is a job that aims to find information that is then disseminated based on rules and norms that apply to a journalist when carrying out his duties.
The problems between the domestic sphere and his profession as a journalist are endless and of course, it is a challenge in itself. In addition, there is still discrimination from companies against female journalists, such as giving inappropriate wages. With coverage, you have to take risks that need to be maintained, such as information from sources that must be accurate, especially when there is a lot of coverage that does not comply with the protocol. Working as a journalist is very hard, apart from getting news, journalists also risk their lives for news from anywhere.
Keywords: Role, Journalist, Media
Abstrak: Menjadi seorang jurnalis dirasa tidak mudah apalagi untuk jurnalis perempuan, jika jurnalis tersebut dikirim liputan ke daerah konflik seperti peliputan demonstrasi, peperangan, bahkan tindakan kasus kriminal.
Secara tidak langsung, psikologis perempuan dikala berhadapan dengan hal-hal yang beramukan massa lebih banyak maka perlu adanya kekuatan mental dan fisik yang cukup tinggi. Dengan begitu, bekerja menjadi seorang jurnalis sangat beresiko tinggi karena harus berani mengorbankan antara hidup dan mati demi mendapatkan sebuah kebenaran. Di sisi lain, seorang wartawan pun dituntut untuk profesional dalam menjalankan tugasnya dengan baik dan benar serta komitmen untuk meningkatkan kemampuan dari seorang wartawan. Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif yaitu penelitian yang menghasilkan
informasi berupa catatan dan data deskriptif yang terdapat dalam teks yang diteliti (Mantra, 2008: 30).Profesionalisme wartawan ialah suatu pekerjaan yang bertujuan untuk mencari informasi yang kemudian disebarluaskan atas dasar peraturan dan normanorma yang berlaku bagi seorang wartawan ketika melaksanakan tugas. Permasalahan antara ranah domestik dan profesinya sebagai jurnalis tidak ada habisnya dan tentunya menjadi suatu tantangan tersendiri. Ditambah dengan masih adanya diskriminasi dari perusahaan kepada jurnalis perempuan, seperti pemberian upah kerja yang tidak sesuai.
Dengan adanya liputan terjun kelapangan harus mengambil resiko yang sangat harus dijaga, seperti informasi dari narasumber yang harus akurat, apalagi disaat liputan banyak sekali yang tidak mematuhi protokol. Berprofesi sebagai jurnalis sangatlah berat, selain untuk mendapatkan berita, jurnalis juga mempertaruhkan nyawa demi suatu kabar dari manapun. Jurnalis dituntun untuk kerja secara profesional, bagaimana tidak, rintangan yang dilewati seorang jurnalis sangatlah terjal, disisi lain jurnalis juga harus menyembunyikan identitasnya sebagai jurnalis, maka dari itu, tidak semua orang yang dijumpai akan mengetahui identitas seorang jurnalis tersebut.
. Keywords: Peran Jurnalis, Perempuan, Media
PENDAHULUAN
nthis case, the media is a container for us to get some information.
Where this information is a thing It's important for us to know every day. Media also consists of various different media, one of which is electronic media in the form of television, and radio that we watch and listen to almost every day.
Men and women have the same opportunity to become journalists, editors, photographers, broadcasters, reporters, and copy editors. Likewise in editorial management, from journalists to editor-in-chief, men and women can occupy it regardless of gender. As an object worked on by the world of journalists, the news is related to maintaining gender issues, because media content is news. News that is used /through journalistic language can express information in a straight forward and simple manner. Not having multiple interpretations can also be detrimental to gender equality. As a professional guideline for journalists in carrying out their profession, it must be instilled that the opportunities contained in the code of ethics do not pertain to gender differences.
The journalist must guarantee that the information presented is correct, accurate, valid, does not harm the public, and must be verified and balanced. The involvement of women in the world of journalism and the media means that they also have a major contribution in determining issues that must be raised from the perspective of women. Feminists
believe that the media must play a role in creating gender equality and justice.
Therefore, 1 2 actually we need journalism that has a women's point of view, which is known as journalism with a gender perspective.
Executive Director of the Nusantara Media Development Association (PPMN), Eni Mulia, encourages women journalists to contribute more to the newsroom.
Collective awareness about the importance of the role of women journalists, according to her, can be a big leap to create diversity, both in terms of content and positions. So far, patriarchal culture has prevented women, and journalists, from filling strategic positions in the media.
“This construction is not only due to women as women who have different characters but also cultural, social, and political factors. So that the struggle for arguments and ideas becomes a common challenge. The challenge is, how can we show that we are competent and capable?” said Eni when opening the watching together activity and discussion entitled".
Pushing the Position of Women in the Media" in the Multimedia Room of the K3 Building at Atma Jaya Catholic University, Jakarta, Wednesday, March 11, 2020.
According to a researcher and lecturer in communication science, at Atmajaya Catholic University, Jakarta,
I
Andina Dwifatma, the problems faced by female journalists are very complex.
They not only face stereotypes, masculine culture, and acts of discrimination in the media but also have to be able to face themselves. He said, sometimes female journalists are not willing or confident to occupy strategic positions in the mass media.
"The results of our research show that mentality is an obstacle to the role of female journalists in the media," said Andina.
This condition, he continued, became even more established when men who were at the helm of the media reproduced stereotypes against women.
“Men at the top of positions will tend to vote for men as well, so women will not be able to move up. So fewer women will become leaders," said Andina, referring to research published by Everything PR.”
It has been 20 years since reforms began in Indonesia. In an era in which freedom of opinion and expression is present in almost every corner of Indonesian society, media workers are no exception. But this condition is not entirely experienced by female journalists. Most of them still experience discrimination in the organization where they work. The standardization of female journalists in each media is not the same. Because it depends on the policy of each editor.
The view that this work is more suitable for men is still apparent with more male journalists than women.(Stellarosa & Silaban, 2020).
Based on the results of research on opinions about women journalists as well as the level of welfare of women journalists based on information from 13 informants, the researchers concluded that female journalist has rights and obligations in carrying out their duties even in fact women journalists have a higher militancy attitude and are related to the welfare of women journalists also able to meet the needs with the results of the profession as a journalist (Nuzuli, 2021).
Citing research (Zahratil Ainah &
Deni Yanuar, 2017) that the people of Banda Aceh gives a positive perception of female journalists. Because female journalists pay more attention to rational aspects, have great empathy, make interesting, unique, and detailed news, as well as profession, is considered by the community as one of the jobs to develop work, hone a person's skills, abilities, and potential.
Research results from (Siregar et al., 2020) Metro TV is the place where the subject of this research works, namely journalists Women on Metro TV are aware of this institutionalized doctrine.
That's why Metro TV is trying to position gender mainstreaming in their environment. Women and men get a chance the same in various aspects of life, including coverage. However, coverage of conflict areas must go
through careful consideration of who is deployed, female journalists or male journalists. In situation like this, Metro TV prefers male journalists because of the big risk considerations, although it doesn't close it men probably do. This study aims to look at the phenomenon of the female journalist profession from aspects of policy, implementation and participation of female journalists in reporting in the field. Research This study uses descriptive qualitative methods by collecting empirical data (case studies, interviews, personal observation, and personal experience) that describe conditions and situations, as well as the inner meaning individual and group life. The results of this study indicate that female journalists are valued more sensitive, conscientious, diligent, nimble, empathetic, patient and not giving up quickly, loyal, and responsible for his job.
Other related research is the results of the study showed that female journalists in Kupang City were able to work professionally as shown in several ways, namely understanding and applying the journalistic code of ethics and the Act. Press, as well as how they are able to be responsible for the news made and published (Bire et al., 2019). In addition, gender also contributes tothe socialization process during the growth period of a boy and a girl. Other roles can also be illustrated by the presence of sexism in the language of men and women fromcertaincultures. Regarding the comparison of communication styles between two dif erent cultures, namely
masculine culture (men) and feminine cultures (women), it does not showthat men's communication methods are better than women's ways of communicating or vice versa (Permata Lani, 2022).
From the point of view of communication, there are many things that can be seen and studied. Especially in daily life, the point of view of communication is examined more deeply by using critical theory regarding the continuity of communication activities themselves (Lani et al., 2021)
METHOD
This research is qualitative research that is library research that uses books and other literature as the main object (Hadi, 1995: 3). The type of research used is qualitative, namely, research that produces information in the form of notes and descriptive data contained in the text under study (Mantra, 2008:
30).
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 1. Female Journalist.
Managers of the mass media see women only as merchandise, sexual object, and male gratification. This reality reinforces the assumption about low gender awareness of mass media managers. The mass media plays a role strengthen and perpetuate gender inequality in society. Appreciate things Accordingly, the role of the mass media at the individual level in instilling ideology cannot be denied.
Meanwhile, on the one hand, mass
media managers are always in a position where they present the way their audience wants them to. Though, not always the mass media is what the audience needs, a reminder of the role of the communicator (managers and mass media workers) in packing and selecting the information to be 12 presented are huge. Thus, media people are affected by trusting them in perceiving the results of research on the treatment of the Indonesian press on women, which can be positive (consider it as a fact that exists in the work environment) or it can be negative (perceiving this is not happening).
The women workers saw the oppression against their people in society however do not know how to provide a solution to the act of repression (Sunarto, 2009:179) Organizational structure that more dominated by male employees, it was found that the behavior of male employees was unpleasant for female employees. Like sexual harassment or job discrimination. In the world of media, there is the interaction between female and male workers takes place full of openness and familiarity with each other as members of a big family and work team. An organizational system that does not treat workers’
women differently from male workers, creates an atmosphere of competition dynamically. In fact, in reality, there are still many leadership positions occupied by male workers that are not a barrier factor for female workers to continue up. The organizational climate that develops in the television industry is dominated by values that are masculine so as to strengthen the existence of the industry to be "male"
all. In their position as women, they are
aware of unfair treatment towards women who are still alive and thriving in our society. (Naomi, 2003:104).
Basic assumptions of group theory silenced are as follows: 1) women respond to the world differently than men because of different experiences and activities rooted in the division of labor; 2) seen from dominance politically, men have different perception systems dominant, which can inhibit expression free from women regarding the world; 3) agar can participate in society, then women must be able to change perspectives according to the expression system that can be accepted by men. Problems that arise not because of the incompetence of women but the unresponsiveness of women to express themselves (West &
Turner, 2008).
2. Gender Comunication
In every social space, usually, gender issues are the most frequently discussed. But, the understanding of gender is not the same as sex. If talk about Gender, humans have been determined from birth and are permanent. Louann Brizendine MD in his book The Female Brain (20; 2006) mentions boys and women are structured as girls and boys from the moment they are born. Brains that are different and which drive their value impulses and their true reality. The thing that same thing was conveyed in a book written by Siti Azisah, et al (05:
2015).
Gender is differences between men and women that are built socially and culturally relating to the roles, behaviors, and characteristics that are considered appropriate for men and women interchangeable women. Siti Azisah added the nature, role, work,
position, and gender domain can be changed due to changes in society towards education, politics, and the economy requires changes in cultural values and social norms.
Previously, a woman who goes out alone is considered a violation of cultural values and social norms, but nowadays women can freely go alone by motorbike to school, office, and economic and political activities. In contrast, in the past, men were seen as taboo in cooking the kitchen, but nowadays men can become reliable chefs like those on television, in restaurants, and in hospitality.
More and more men are becoming designers and tailors formerly considered the gender role of women.
In the past, women were just fit to be secretaries or nurses, now women can be directors and doctors, and rectors up to the president. Vice versa, there are men who become secretaries and become a nurse, and so on although many men have refused until now.
3. Movement of Women Journalists In Commemoration of Women's Day International 2016, the Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) Indonesia highlights discriminatory practices against women, including violence sex in the media. The Alliance of Independent Journalists called for the importance of fulfilling the rights of media workers and women journalists in media. Many media have not complied maternity rights of women workers in the media, especially menstrual leave, and lactation rooms. Whereas, Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Employment, giving the right to two menstrual leave day for women workers (Adenia, 2017)
Provisions regarding lactation rooms are also regulated in the Manpower Act and article 128 Law Number 36 of 2009 concerning Health (Adenia, 2017).
In the Year End report 2015, Women and Groups Marginal Alliance of Independent Journalists (AJI) Indonesia, stated the general picture welfare conditions of journalists (media workers) women are still far from hope. Woman in the media is one level below its counterpart. One indication, many journalists married women and have children, placed in employee status as single. The implication of setting single status is the non-fulfillment of some workers' rights or women journalists, for example the right to get a family allowance or health insurance for husband and children (Wulandari, 2016).
Can also be seen in the media if we relate it to media controls. It can be seen how the media is controlled by men in terms of media leaders’ and takers’ decisions. Referring to research conducted in the UK and the Republic of Ireland stated that decision-making in the newsroom regarding what is appropriate reported leaning based on the news that masculine values. Issues and topics considered relevant to women tend to be perceived as not too important. In this regard then it can be said that the control of men in the media is still so big in comparison to women (Ross & Carter, 2011).
4. Style Gender
Deborah Tannen in Griffin (433;
2012) relates the talk on Gender lect Style related to the speech styles of women and men. A person's speech style is usually associated with masculinity and femininity. Tannen
saw several things differently between women and men. Women seek relationships VS men seek status Relationship talk Vs report reading.
Tannen mentions three conditions in male conversations (433:2012) namely (1) Men communicate to confirm ideas, opinions, and identities, (2) Men speak to solve problems or develop strategies, and (3) Men talk in a way to get people interested in themselves. The different things that women do are (1) Women speak for creating and maintaining relationships, (2) Women like to involve other people in their conversations and they need to be responded to, (3) Women have to show their sensitivity towards other people and also in a relationship. There are things too worth considering in a conversation
5. Construction Design and Commodification of Women In Media
The media uses women as coverage object that holds great potential for boosting interest in existence, while women use the media as a means to orient themselves into the midst of society. So thus can foster an understanding that relations that occur lead to a balance of relations between the two. The relation that takes place can be known from the benefits obtained. In other words, as long as the media is in full coverage of women not cause a legal impact, then it does not cause a problem. This is because the media is considered to be carrying out tasks that refer to ethical principles as a guide in the implementation of disclosure of facts.
Meanwhile, from the perspective of women understand the mass media as a means of self-expression. The mass
media is seen as a window that frames the aspects contained within women.
Even on the one hand, it is also considered a channel for the expression of exhibitionist instincts. As long as the direction of the news is seen as building a woman's soul, then it will be used forever as an effective tool to increase his values in cross development of the world of mass media. Women are willing to provide themselves to be used as an object for the interests of the media, considering the media is seen as a tool that expands the spread, and the greatness of himself.
Until culminating in a population ecstasy. Although basically, women understand that its interaction with the media as a means of absorption various things that are the duties and functions of the media itself.
In this area of operation, the media exerts enormous influence big on the crowd. Because the media is considered a reference guide for all matters relating to the situation and environmental conditions social.
Daniel Shaw, McCombs, and company call influence this media because it functions as an organizer of the agenda.
Media influence this mass –the ability to effect cognitive change among individuals to organize their thoughts.
Here lies the most important influence of mass communication its ability to mentally organize and organize our world to ourselves. In short, the mass media may not work in telling us what to think, but they are surprisingly successful in informing us of what we should be thinking (Littlejohn & Foss, 2009: 415:416).
News design with women's issues is considered a strategy for entering the women's market, especially by explaining the actual situation about
the position in which women are currently located. Issues such as equality gender, sexual issues, and issues of violence against women are still a color journey of women's struggle. Media that emphasizes issues can foster sympathy and feelings of comfort for women because they think that the media has sided with women.
Likewise, if the media designs its news with a very proper female face by imposing a complete perspective on women then facilitates penetration into the target market. Very different of course when associated with the world of men. The media is very responsive in presenting information about women in various forms and subtleties and their beauty.
6. Representation of Female Journalists from a Gender Perspective
The gender perspective which is an embodiment of critical awareness regarding management and media workers need to be carried out properly by men or women because it can be said that there is no awareness about gender solely related to the type of sexuality of each individual. Especially in the world of journalism is said to be the most obvious area that gives the position of women in context dichotomy while men as rivals. The female figure cannot be separated from the spirit of feminism which starts with the perception of balancing deviations that exist in society so that the position of women is comparable to a male position. In fact, the real issue of gender is stored in an organization that relates to the media. Refers to patriarchal society, ideology, and assumptions regarding this culture
starting from the point of view, the interests and values that exist in men.
The embodiment of equality between women and men is not only seen in the taking of interpretation so that the creation of meaning allows women to also explain the return to his role. The gender perspective in its embodiment needs to be carried out properly both by women and men in various aspects.
Problems regarding gender in the media are more or less related to the position of marginalization and subordination for women in various fields, among others little involvement for women in journalism activities, legitimacy regarding gender bias, dominating economic and political interests, regulation on media that is not sensitive about gender and the gap between journalism conventional and gender sensitive.
Marxist-socialist feminism provides a sense of inequality in the perspective of gender contained in the life of society which is the implementation capitalist system in favor of the occurrence of labor that does not provide wages for women in married life Radical Feminism, In essence, demands equal rights for men and women and also demands equality in sexual matters. The press rules of Law No. 40 of 1999 state that when journalists carry out their profession or his thirties, they get legal protection.
Meanwhile, article 2 of the journalistic code of ethics states that journalists in Indonesia Use professional steps when carrying out their duties. The fact that occurs regarding the exploitation of women in an interest rating and circulation even though in general the role of the mass media contributes big to the process of constructing individual reality.
The stereotype assumption that women are emotional persons resulted in women being in an unimportant positions. The stereotype is a marking of a group that can result in stigma and Of course, it will provide losses and injustice, for example, views on gender that can lead to gender injustice.
Things faced by female journalists in their role as workers Women's work can be seen from dividing their time between taking care of the family and finishing the job. Social control in a job performed by women makes men benefit materially from the concept of the patriarchal culture thus giving rise to the male advantage base of that culture.
7. Legal Protection Strategy for Female Journalis
The State of Indonesia is a constitutional state as the state of the UUD RI which means that all administrations related to the state must comply with the law and apply it to all aspects of life so it will create the desired legal goals It is necessary to create a legal basis in guaranteeing freedom for the press many strategies related to growing all forms of support in various parties. In Indonesia, regulations regarding guarantees in providing freedom in believes it is necessary to amend in order to provide more guarantees in terms of freedom of the press which will later be required to expressly prohibit the government from making regulations that can provide internal boundaries freedom per site itself as well as in terms of freedom of expression. The inadequate function of law as a means of achieving change, especially in terms of justice still raises criticism and anxiety In terms of foreign regulations, especially the
United States which provides affirmation in terms of freedom of speech, namely that the congress is not allowed to make regulations/laws which in turn can reduce press freedom, freedom in speaking or diminishing the rights of the people in assembly and in terms of submitting a petition to the government aimed at ameliorating suffering. The community's countermeasures are efforts that have been implemented
through learning from an early age through law education which aims in this way to respect and protect human rights.
CONCLUSSION
At least the involvement of women in the media can be controlled by social media in reporting involving women.
Although It is also undeniable that not all female journalists have to be like that. even when it comes to their own people. Impressed that the problem is only mass media policy issues, but is actually related to the position of women in society. The third thing that causes the representation of women dismal in the mass media, namely the interests of the mass media cannot be separated from business and political interests. There is an assumption that for the media, things that the most important thing in presenting news is accuracy, balanced, and the application of the code Equal ethics without considering gender issues in it.
Although it has decreased, this problem has not disappeared entirely.
Being a female journalist is still considered a thing which is inappropriate because the work is said to be hard. but on In fact, there are more and more female journalists in this media world
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