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PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN PERDESAAN
KULIAH 10
RURAL TRANSFORMATION RURAL-URBAN LINKAGES
PRODI PERENCANAAN WILAYAH DAN KOTA SAPPK ITB
KELAS 01
Ir. Tubagus Furqon Sofhani, MA., Ph.D.
Dr. Fikri Zul Fahmi, S.T., M.Sc.
KELAS 02
Prof. Djoko Santoso Abi Suroso, Ph.D.
Wilmar A. Salim, S.T., M.Reg.Dev., Ph.D
KELAS 03
Arini Murwindarti, S.Si., M.Sc.
Rintakasari Vitri Ayuningtyas, S.T., M.T.
Dr. Isnu Putra Pratama, ST., M.PWK.
EDUNEX ITB
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McD di desa?
Apa artinya?
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Pengantar
• “Desa” tapi bukan “perdesaan”
• Muncul perdesaan tapi memiliki ciri perkotaan
• Apakah kemudian perdesaan akan menghilang?
• Ada juga perkotaan, tapi fungsi perdesaan hadir
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Capaian Pembelajaran
• Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan
karakteristik transformasi perdesaan
• Mahasiswa dapat menjelaskan keterkaitan rural-urban dan
implikasinya untuk perencanaan
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• Rural transformation is a comprehensive
process of change at the societal level that is indicated by a diversifying economy and the economic structure changing from
agricultural to nonagricultural sectors
(Berdegué et al., 2014; Long, Zou, Pykett, &
Li, 2011; Rigg, 2007).
What is rural transformation?
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Understanding rural transformation
• Agrarian transitions
• Rural-Urban transitions
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Agrarian Transitions
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Structural shift
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TIPOLOGI DAERAH
BERDASARKAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN DAN PENDUDUK PERDESAAN
Sulut
Gto
Sulteng Sulbar Sultra
SulselKaltengKalbar Kalsel
Kaltim
NTB
0 55
0 25 50
% Penduduk Perdesaan
% PDRB Pertanian
Tipologi Daerah Tahun 2010
Sulut
Gto
Sulteng Sulbar
Sultra Sulsel Kalbar Kalteng Kalsel
Kaltara
Kaltim
NTB
0 55
0 25 50
% Penduduk Perdesaan
% PDRB Pertanian
Tipologi Daerah Tahun 2020
Tipologi
2020 Keterangan
I
Rural agriculture
Tetap rural agriculture:
• Sulbar: 2010 dan 2020 tetap rural agriculture dengan komoditas pertaniankelapa sawit dan kopi.
Mulai bergeser ke urban namun masih didominasi pertanian:
• Gorontalo: Sektor pertanian tetap mendominasi (komoditas jagung), namun di 2020 jumlah penduduk perkotaan meningkat
II
Rural non- agriculture
Transformasi ekonomi perdesaan dari pertanian ke non-pertanian (industri pertambangan nikel):
• Sulteng:Tahun 2010 masih didominasi oleh pertanian, 2020 telah bergeser sektor industri (sejak dibangun industri smelter nikel tahun 2013), sektor perdagangan juga meningkat
Penurunan sektor pertanian di ekonomi yang terdiversifikasi, meskipun pertanian masih mendominasi:
• Sultra: Sejak awal diversifikasi di pertanian, pertambangan perdagangan, dan konstruksi. Tahun 2010 dan 2020 masih didominasi pertanian, namun pertanian di 2020 turun, sektor pertambangan nikel, konstruksi dan perdagangan meningkat.
• Kalbar:Sejak awal diversifikasi di pertanian, industri, perdagangan, dan konstruksi.2020 share PDRB pertanian, industri, perdagangan turun (meskipun tidak signifikan) sektor konstruksi meningkat (pengembangan smelter alumina untuk komoditas bauksit).
• Kalteng: sejak awal diversifikasi di pertanian, industri, dan perdagangan. 2020 pertanian turun, industri (smelter alumina untuk komoditas bauksit) dan perdagangan meningkat.
III
Urban non- agriculture
Tetap urban non-agriculture (pertambangan batu bara):
• Kaltim:sejak 2010 sektor unggulan adalah pertambangan (batu bara) dan industri (pengolahan kelapa sawit), 2020 menurun digantikan dengan sektor perdagangan dan jasa.
Mengkota dengan sektor pertambangan:
• Kalsel:sejak 2010 didominasi oleh pertambangan batu bara, namun share pertambangan menurun di 2020 dan perdagangan meningkat. Indusyri dan pertanian tetap. Didukung oleh WM Banjarbakula Mengkota dengan transformasi sektor pertambangan ke sektor yang mendukung pariwisata:
• NTB:sejak 2010 didominasi oleh pertambangan (emas dan tembaga), namun share pertambangan menurun di 2020, pertanian (dan perikanan) dan perdagangan meningkat (mendukung sektor pariwisata).
Mengkota dengan sektor ekonomi yang terdiversifikasi, meskipun pertanian masih mendominasi:
• Sulut: Tahun 2010 dan 2020 masih didominasi oleh pertanian (kelapa dan rempah) meskipun share berkurang dari 25%, karena perkembangan sektor perdagangan, konstruksi, dan industri. Didukung oleh WM Bimindo.
• Sulsel:Tahun 2010 dan 2020 masih didominasi oleh pertanian meskipun kurang dari 25%. Share PDRB stabil sejak 2010 di sektor pertanian, perdagangan, konstruksi. Didukung oleh WM Mamminasata.
I II
IV III
I II
IV III
PROVINSI DI PULAU KALIMANTAN, SULAWESI, DAN NTB
Sumber: Background Study RPJPN Wilayah Regional II Bappenas, 2022
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Advances in technology → modernization →
changes in agricultural activities and patterns
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What
• De-agrarianization
• Agrarian transition
• … shown by a declining proportion of labour in farming, increasing levels of agricultural diversification, the economic structure changing from agricultural to non-agricultural sectors, greater occupational plurality, heightened spatial and social mobility, greater dependence on market relations, and growing rural–urban interpenetration (Rigg, 2014).
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Agrarian Transitions
• The process by which traditional, agrarian societies transform into modern, industrialized ones. This transition is characterized by significant changes in
agricultural practices, land ownership patterns, social structures, and economic systems.
• Technological change: such as mechanized farming equipment, improved irrigation methods, and chemical fertilizers, which increase agricultural productivity.
• Land use and ownership: the consolidation of small farms into larger agricultural holdings, land reforms that redistribute land to the landless or to small farmers, and the conversion of agricultural land for industrial or urban use.
• Labor shift: a movement of labor from agriculture to industrial and service sectors, leading to rural-to-urban migration
• Economic diversification: The development of non-agricultural sectors, such as manufacturing and services, which contribute to a more diversified and stable economy.
• Social and cultural changes: changes in family organization, social status, and community life, often influenced by the spread of education
• Environmental impact: deforestation, soil degradation, loss of biodiversity, and changes in water usage
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From modernization to rural changes
• A shift of the labor force out of agricultural pursuits
• A loosening of the links between land and wealth
• An increase in the role played by labour earnings in determining household income
• A movement of people from rural to urban areas
• Changes in agricultural methods and cropping patterns
• Hybrid households, multiple strategies for livelihood → a complex interplay of cultural and economic influences
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…and then
• This leads to two trends occurring in rural areas:
a) migration from rural to urban areas that happens rapidly, and b) agricultural mechanisation occurring concomitantly with labour
outflows, rising rural wages, and access to financial supports and credits (see Belton & Filipski, 2019; CHIME, 2018; Pritchard et al., 2017; Win et al., 2018).
• The migration trends could indicate either a ‘displacement’ into
non-farm work due to the lack of land and opportunities in rural
areas or a shift to better paid employment in other sectors (Rigg,
1998).
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Rural-urban changing livelihoods
• From livelihood approach, in line with rural-urban transitions rural dwellers develop three strategies:
• Intensification/extensification
• Diversification
• Migration
• “Disconnections” between:
• Community and residence
• Livelihoods and residence (becoming non-local and ex-situ)
• Production and consumption (e.g. children and family businesses)
• Production and reproduction (workplace and family members)
• Knowledge and place (local knowledge surpassed by non-local knowledge)
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Local and global drivers
• The diversification of rural economies away from an almost complete reliance on agriculture, together with:
• The progressive globalization of agrifood systems, transform the
economic base of the rural economy and the livelihood strategies of individuals and households, as well as the conditions under which
they and rural organizations, communities, and firms engage with the economic processes of their own country and beyond.
• The urbanization of rural regions reduces and eventually eliminates the relative isolation in which rural people have lived for centuries
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Local and global drivers
• After independence, globalisation and the transition to capitalism
strengthened relationships between the global economy and the local outcomes, in that the characteristics of farming activities and
products were adjusted to the global demands, along with the
replacement of peasant farms by agroindustrial and other types of enterprises as well as the tightening of rural–urban relations (Rigg, 2014).
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Urban transitions
Rural-urban transition
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Urbanization
• Rural transformation and urbanization → a two-sided coin?
• Rural areas are part of larger regional systems:
• They are influenced by various occurrences coming from outside (also global forces)
• They might also influence outside systems
• Rural areas are dynamic and always changing, with or without planning
• The pace of the changing varies:
• Remote rural areas
• Rural with good urban connections
• Peri-urban, corridors
• Development means accelerated changes
• Urban places accelerate the changes
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Rural-Urban Gradient
• Given this definition within any region or country, there is a gradient from “purely rural” to “purely urban,” with an important intermediate range of places that are a combination of both.This allows the
concept of “rural” to evolve with the changing nature of rural society
• The rural transformation is, in essence, a process whereby the sharp economic, social, and cultural differences between rural and urban gradually blur and bleed into each other along a continuous gradient.
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Arnaiz-Schmit et al, 2018
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Rural-urban interactions:categories
• Spatial interactions between urban and rural areas
• … including flows of people, goods, money, information and wastes
• Sectoral interactions
• … including rural activities taking place in urban areas (e.g. urban agriculture) and activities often classified as urban (e.g. manufacturing and services)
taking place in rural areas
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The ‘virtuous circle’ model of
rural-urban local economic development
• Rural households earn higher incomes from production of agricultural goods for non-local markets, and increase their demand for consumer goods
• This leads to the creation of non-farm jobs and employment diversification, especially in small towns close to
agricultural production areas
• Which in turn absorbs surplus rural labour, raises demand for agricultural produce and again boosts agricultural productivity and rural incomes
Higher income from non-local
agriculture market
Increasing demand for
consumer goods
Creation of non- farm jobs and
employment diversification in
small towns
Jobs opportunities in
small towns absorb surplus
rural labor Raising demand
for agricultural products Increasing agricultural productivity to meet the need of non-local
market
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Propelling forces in rural transformations
• Erosion of profitability in smallholder farming (e.g. due to national policies, taxing, structural adjustment)
• Emerging opportunities of new, non-farm activities
• Environmental degradation (i.e. environmental conflicts between agriculture and non-agriculture, overcropping)
• Increasing land shortages
• Social and cultural changes
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Socio-cultural changes
• Changes in norms, attitudes and behavior
• The role of structural determinants (economy, education, religion, information)
• Mobility, media-led consumerism
• The role of:
• Rural elites/leaders
• Youth
• Dissatisfaction people
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Possible outcomes
• Static, conserved rural areas
• Static, agricultural based rural areas
• Dynamic, agricultural based rural areas
• Dynamic, mixed-based rural areas
• Areas losing ‘rural’ characters
Different planning approaches
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VRD-B3udyl8
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Rural-Urban Continuum Desakota (McGee, 1991)
• ’Rural’ and‘urban’ are not dichotomous
• … but continuum, transition
1) The major cities of the urban hierarchy, which are often dominated in the Asian context by one or two extremely large cities.
2) The peri-urban regions, which are those areas surrounding the cities within a daily commuting reach of the city core.
In some parts of Asia, these regions can stretch for up to thirty kilometers away from the city core.
3) The regions labeled desakota, which are regions of an intense mixture of agricultural and nonagricultural
activities that often stretch along corridors between large city cores. These regions were previously characterized by dense populations engaged in agriculture, generally but not exclusively dominated by wet rice.
4) Densely populated rural regions, which occur in many Asian countries, particularly those practicing wet rice agriculture
5) The sparsely populated frontier regions found in many Asian countries that offer opportunities for land colonization schemes and various forms of agricultural development.
Spatial configuration of a hypothetical Asian country (Asiatica Euphoria)
It focuses on the interactions within the space-economy as they affect the emergence of particular regions of economic activity
Sumber: McGee, T. G. (1991). The Emergence of Desakota Regions in Asia: Expanding Hypothesis. In Ginsburg, N.; Koppel, B.; McGee, T.G. (eds.). (1991). The Extended Metropolis: Settlement Transition in Asia.
Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press.
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A d a t T r a d i s io n al
Sakral Adat Desa Pinggiran Kota Peri Urban Urban
M o d e r n Co s m o p o l i t a n
Invasion and succession socio-culture model of rural areas
Urban culture Invasion
Rural culture Defensive
Tradisionall Transisi S
u k u T e r a si i n g
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Integrasi Spasial
• Tingginya variasi hubungan desa-kota, bahkan di lingkup kota utama yang sama (mengelompokkan desa dan kota menjadi satu unit pembangunan
daerah)
• Jaringan desa-kota timbal balik:
Perluasan akses fisik harus fokus pada pengembangan jaringan/klaster
permukiman lokal melalui kaitan horizontal and vertikal
Sumber: Douglass (1998) Regional Network/Cluster akan dibahas lebih mendalam
pada materi Konsep-Konsep Pengembangan Wilayah
35 Example of spatial hierarchical structure of urban-rural system in Daye County, China (Cui, et al., 2019)
Daye County memiliki 1 urban centre dan 4 sub-centre berdasarkan pembagian
secara administratif
Terdapat interaksi antar desa (village) serta desa dengan kota kecil (town) yang hirarkis
Interaksi desa-kota membentuk sebuah sistem pusat dan hinterland yang membagi
Daye County menjadi beberapa sub-region yang dilayani oleh sub-centre nya
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Income diversification
• Farming alone rarely provides a sufficient means of survival in rural areas
• Income diversification is increasingly recognized as an enduring and pervasive strategy in developing countries (Ellis, 1998)
• ‘Deagrarianization’: occupational adjustment, income-earning reorientation, social identity transformation and spatial relocation of rural dwellers away from strictly peasant modes of livelihood
• Linkages between non-agricultural and agricultural activities, such as processing raw materials and manufacturing of agricultural equipment, tools and inputs are the basis of the most profitable types of non-farm rural employment
• Non-farm rural activities are not completely dependent on rural sources and not insulated from pressures at wider levels
• Backward and forward linkages of agriculture
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The role of small and medium-sized cities
• Small and medium-sized cities contribute to their surrounding regions in stimulating rural and hinterland economies, specializing in certain functions (Rondinelli, 1983)
• The centre for processing of agricultural products
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Integrasi Spasial: apa dan mengapa?
• Integrasi: perhatian terhadap penguatan keterkaitan spasial antara perdesaan dan perkotaan yang memiliki aneka fungsi yang
bermanfaat bagi pengembangan perdesaan → keterkaitan antar perdesaan juga penting
• Isu:
• Salah satu penyebab kemiskinan dan keterbelakangan perdesaan adalah karena kurangnya keterkaitan fungsional dan spasial
• Adanya saling keterkaitan permasalahan antara perdesaan dan perkotaan
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Beberapa strategi integrasi spasial
• Penguatan peran kota menengah/kecil
• Urban Functions In Rural Development (UFRD)
• to develop a network of small, medium-sized and larger centres, each
providing centrally located and hierarchically organized services, facilities and infrastructure (Rondinelli & Ruddle, 1978)
• Integrated rural development: combination of
• Central development authority & resources
• Local heuristic systems and resources
• Agropolitan & regional cluster by Friedmann & Douglas
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Concluding remarks
• Rural transformation is a complex, dynamic, and continuous process
• Structural transformation
• De-agrarianization/agrarian transformation
• Societal changes
• Role of urbanization (urban places)
• Rural transformation and urbanization cannot be avoided
• Defining the rural becomes even more problematic
• …dynamic transformation, persistent problems?
• Planning should be able to guide the transformation so as to:
• provide fair opportunities for rural residents to improve their liveability
• sustain rural functions
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