PRELIMINARY
Indonesia is a country with racial and ethnic diversity. According to the 2010 census of the Badan Pusat Statistik, it is known that Indonesia has 1,340 races and ethnics (Indonesia.go.id, 2017). The existence of racial and ethnic diversity in Indonesia can lead to conflict. Romli and Maulia (2014) states that in the community there are often conflicts between races and ethnicities that lead to violence due to the prejudice of individual groups. Prejudice is a negative valuation of individuals in certain group members based on the attributes of the group (Baron & Byrne, 2006). It is known that prejudice arises due to categories related to individuals such as race, ethnicity, social status, gender, age, occupation, and physical disorders (Nevid, 2009).
There are several conflicts that occur in Indonesia due to individual prejudice. Benedict Fatubun who was a student was rejected when looking for a boarding house in Yogyakarta because he came from Papua (Himawan, 2016). Tasya who is a student from Papua, see her college friends cover their noses when Papuan students pass by, then Priska, also a student from Papua, tried to make friends with non-Papuan students but was failed, that made Papuan students tend to hang out with other Papuan students (Wijaya and Affan, 2019). Conflicts caused by prejudice were also experienced students from Papua in Surabaya in August 2019.
The conflict began when Indonesia’s flag was found damaged in front of the Papuan student dormitory, causing the anger of the apparatus and community organizations which led to a siege and abuse of animal names (Bernie, 2019 ). This conflict sparked the anger of students from Papua in various cities including Makassar City. Dozens of students from Papua held a solidarity action on August 19, 2019 in front of the Papuan student dormitory Jalan Lanto Daeng Pasewang Makassar City (Amri, 2019).
Prejudice generally occurs in the university environment, causing minority students to experience poor performance and creating a discriminating environment, especially for students from Papua (Kamil, 2020). Musthofiyah (2021) suggests that there are four obstacles to academic achievement of Eastern Indonesian students when they attend lectures, namely the existence of negative stereotypes causing a sense of academic inferiority, social isolation from society, limited preparation for lectures, and language limitations. The rise of conflicts caused by the prejudice of individual groups can have a serious impacts on students from Papua, namely obstacles to get lectures in various cities.
Especially in Makassar City, the number of students from Papua who conducted lectures was 300 in 2019 (Lokon, 2019). Musawwir and Gunawan (2021) stated that the results of interviews with seven students from Papua who carried out lectures in Makassar city said that Makassar city is a comfortable place to study. However, there are several things that make them feel uncomfortable to do lecture activities because there are some groups of individuals who do not accept their existence. As a result, Papuan students in university life are seen as grouping with the Papuan community because Papuan students feel uncomfortable with the responses given by non-Papuan students. Myers (2009) suggests that groups with prejudice tend to dislike individuals who are different from themselves.
Based on the facts above, the researcher conducted interview with two Papuan students who were studying at University X, with the aim of obtaining information on whether students experienced prejudice during their college life. Interview results show that students from Papua got some prejudices from individual groups. This is evidenced by the confession from
BT who felt that he was seen differently and shunned by Non-Papuan and YE who was called animals. Putra, Pitaloka, and Sikumbang (2012) suggest that one form of prejudice is the avoidance of individual groups by distancing themselves from groups that get prejudice. In order to validating the information, the researcher also conducted interviews with two non- Papuan students who knew students from Papua at University X. Based on the results of the interviews, one common thread could be drawn which indicated a picture of prejudice in interacting with students from Papua. This is proven by the statement of participant K and his colleagues who were disturbed by body odor and physical appearance, so they decided to keep their distance from students from Papua. Participant R considers students from Papua dangerous based on appearance and information they got. The information is the students from Papua always carry sharp objects, causing R to feel uncomfortable when interacting with them directly. In addition, participant R kept a distance from students from Papua because of their body posture and dark skin color, and equalized them with animals.
Prejudice of individual groups arises because of previous beliefs. Beliefs are in the form of a picture of a group of individuals who are attributed with certain labels so that they get prejudice (Putra, Pitaloka and Sikumbang, 2012).
Referring to the results of the interviews, it was found that there was a pattern interconnetion between the two. Students from Papua feel they are objects of prejudice against non-Papuan students. Meanwhile, non-Papuan students indirectly give prejudice to students from Papua.
Sari and Samsuri (2020) stated that the prejudices received by Papuan students were caused by physical differences. In addition, Ahmadi (2007) suggests that there are five factors behind individuals who are prejudiced against individual groups, namely blaming other groups, environmental pressures, the differences that each group has, individual assumptions and habits that are considered normal in their environment, and the impression painful or bad experience.
The previous research by Musawwir and Gunawan HZ (2021) to find out the relationship between prejudices of students living in Makassar city with the social interaction towards ethnic Papuan students in Makassar city. Subjects amounted to 150 students who live in the city of Makassar. The results showed that students living in Makassar City tended to have high prejudice against ethnic Papuan students in Makassar City, but were still involved in community interactions. Based on the above phenomenon, it makes researchers interested in digging deeper into student prejudice against students from Papua, with the aim of knowing what are the factors behind student prejudice against students from Papua at University X.
METHOD
This study uses a qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Kahija (2017) suggests that the phenomenological approach is a type of approach that aims to explore individual awareness based on experiences of events that occur in the environment. The operational definition in this study is prejudice. Prejudice is a form of individual judgment that tends to be negative to certain groups based on the differences of the group that is the object of prejudice.
The data collection technique in this study used a semi-structured interview method. Semi- structured interviews were used with the aim of obtaining additional information based on responses from respondents during the interview process in accordance with the interview guidelines. The interview guidelines compiled including an overview of the factors behind
the respondents' prejudice against students from Papua. The sampling technique used was snowball sampling. The location of the research was held University X in Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province. Involving three respondents, two male respondents and one female respondent who are active students of University X, have friends or know students from Papua, and have been involved in conflicts with students from Papua.
The data analysis technique in this study used a phenomenological approach with interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) techniques. Kahija (2017) suggests that there are five stages of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA), namely reading the transcript many times, making initial notes, making emergent themes, creating superordinate themes, and patterns between cases/between experiences of the participants. The data verification technique in this study uses member checking and external audit. Creswell (2012) suggests that member checking is the role of researchers in checking and adjusting participants research data with the aim of ensuring the accuracy of research reports. Member checking carried out in this study was conducting follow-up interviews with participants to ask for advice regarding the suitability of the research results. The results of the follow-up interviews showed that the research data were in accordance with the responses given by the participants. External audit is the role of researchers in conducting consultations with experts who are believed to be able to provide assessments in the form of examining research reports.
In this method, the researcher consulting the research report to the supervisor to get an objective assessment in the hope that the validity of the data obtained can be accounted for.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The research was conducted at University X Makassar City with three respondents. Two respondents are male and one respondent is female who are active students of University X.
This study was structured to answer the research question, namely "What are the factors behind student prejudice against students from Papua at University X". The following are the results of interviews with research respondents, namely as follows.
Results
1. US Respondent
Respondent 20-year-old male and is an active students at University X. Respondents have known students from Papua when they first entered lecture activities at University X for ± 2.5 years. The beginning of the respondent's meeting with students from Papua during the introduction to campus life for new students (PKKMB). During the activity, respondent sat close together and saw students from Papua gathering with students who also came from Papua. It is known that the respondent has a classmate who is a student from Papua, totaling one male and has had a conflict with the respondent in the form of verbal violence using harsh words.
There are 3 factors behind the respondent's prejudice directed at students from Papua. First, there are differences in each group. Respondents considered that there were cultural differences between students from Papua and students from Sulawesi in interacting.
Respondent considered that the language used by students from Papua in communicating was known to be unclear and considered disjointed. Causing students from Papua to be excluded from the group. Respondent also assessed the points of the difference in terms of physical appearance, namely dark skin, hair that tends to be curly, also tall and large body posture.
When communicating, students from Papua use the dialect that is characteristic of the region.
So that respondent tend to couldn’t understand the meaning of the words of students from Papua.
Respondent thought that students from Papua had a different appearance, which gave rise to negative thoughts. Negative thoughts arose because of the first meeting with students from Papua who were considered to have differences with the respondents. Respondent are known to tend to be displeased with the presence of Papuan students due to the differences between Papuan students in terms of physical appearance, culture, and behavior. The existence of these differences raises negative thoughts aimed at students from Papua. These negative thoughts caused respondents to feel lazy to start interacting with students from Papua.
Second, there are assumptions and individual habits that are considered normal in their environment. Initially, the respondent thought that the prejudice directed against the students from Papua was unnatural. However, when he saw the treatment of his friends towards students from Papua, then he thought that it was normal to have prejudice against students from Papua.
Third, there is a painful impression or bad experience. Respondent gave prejudice based on painful impressions or bad experiences when interacting with students from Papua. It is known that the respondent had a conflict with a student from Papua in the form of an argument in class that made the respondent angry.
2. Respondent NH
The respondent is female, aged 22 years and is an active student at University X. Respondent have known students from Papua when they first entered lecture activities at University X in 2017 until now for ± 4 years. The beginning of the respondent's meeting with students from Papua during the new student admissions activity (PMB) in the department. During the activity, respondent sat close to students from Papua and started interacting by inviting Papuan students to get acquainted. Respondent have class friends who is a male student from Papua. It is known that the respondent had a conflict with a student from Papua in the form of verbal violence using bad words based on the respondent's opinion.
There are 3 factors behind the respondent's prejudice directed at students from Papua. First, there are environmental demands that make respondents give rise to prejudice based on observations in the social environment. Respondent observed that students from Papua looked scary because they were known to drink heavily. Then the body odor of students from Papua which is considered stinging makes respondents disturbed when they want to be close.
Respondents also often saw news broadcast on television about conflicts between community groups from Papua which made them afraid. Respondents were also disturbed by the body odor and habits of students from Papua who made riots in committee activities, tend to get drunk, and smoked.
Second, there are differences in each group. Respondent gave prejudice based on the differences possessed by students from Papua in terms of physical appearance (skin color, face shape, and hair style), attitudes in the interaction, and culture differences. The differences between students from Papua make the respondent thinks that students from Papua have a scary appearance and body odor that tends to be disliked.
Third, there is a painful impression or bad experience. Respondent gave prejudice based on painful impressions or bad experiences when interacting with students from Papua. It is known that the respondent had a conflict with a student from Papua. The conflict caused a lack of intensity of respondent in interacting with students from Papua. The conflict was caused because students from Papua were considered not to care about the field practice task group and were considered as a burden of the group. This made students from Papua angry and said bad words according to respondents. Such as the word "Flippant" and mentioning the name of an animal such as "Dog" which is addressed to the respondent. As a result of the painful impression that the respondent got from students from Papua. Making respondent immediately give prejudice and choose to stay away from students from Papua by avoiding interaction.
3. MI respondents
Respondents is a male aged 22 years and an active students at University X. Respondent is known to knows students from Papua when they first entered lecture activities at University X in 2017 until now for ± 4 years. The beginning of the respondent's meeting with students from Papua at the time of the new student admissions (PMB) in the department. At that time, the respondent invited students from Papua to get acquainted by asking several questions, namely their name, region of origin, the program followed, the purpose of conducting lecture activities in Makassar City, and the address of the boarding house. Respondents has a male Papuan classmate. It is known that respondent had conflicts with Papuan students in the form of fights and verbal violence using harsh words.
There are 4 factors behind the respondent's prejudice directed at students from Papua. First, there are environmental demands that make respondent gives rise to prejudice based on observations in the social environment. Based on information obtained in electronic media about the issue of Free Papua and the perception that people from Papua have a life in the wild, respondents keep their distance from students from Papua. Respondents also received information from campus seniors that in Papua it is difficult to access clean water, so people from Papua rarely take a bath. Respondents felt disturbed and afraid of students from Papua because of their body odor and physical appearance which were considered large.
Students from Papua are also known to have a habit of getting drunk which causes a commotion with local residents around the boarding house. Initially, the respondents knew the Papuan students well and were friendly. However, over time, due to academic assignments, Papuan students are considered a burden in the group. It is known that students from Papua do not do group assignments, do not pay attention to presence, and do not take practicum seriously, have unstable emotions, and are inconsistent. So that it is often considered a burden in group assignments and makes respondents and friends keep their distance. The reason why students from Papua experienced a decline in academic performance according to respondents was due to feelings of depression, caused by association with friends, drinking and smoking habits.
Respondents also observed that students from Papua have a culture of making food using their hands which tends to be less liked by respondents and their friends. When having free time in class, it is known that many of the respondents' friends talk about the smell of the body and the laziness of Papuan students regarding attendance in class and when doing academic assignments. According to the respondent, the reason why students from Papua
experienced a decrease in performance in lecture activities was because in the third semester it was known that they had started many lecture assignments with laboratory engineering courses and quite a lot of report writing tasks. The respondent and his friends also offered to help students from Papua but did not receive any response. The main factor is that it is known that students from Papua are inconsistent or time-disciplined because they do not complete their responsibilities. The reason why students from Papua often get drunk and consume alcohol according to respondents is because of the tradition in Papua. Respondent have also read articles that the reason why students from Papua consume alcohol is to keep their bodies warm.
Second, there are differences in each group. Respondent gave prejudice based on the differences possessed by students from Papua in terms of two aspects, namely physical and academic. From a physical point of view, respondents considered that the difference between students from Papua was in terms of skin color, hairstyle, and large body shape which were considered conspicuous in the majority group. From an academic point of view, respondent considered that the difference between students from Papua lies in the respondent's response that students from Papua have deficiencies in technology and motivation in learning.
Third, there are assumptions or individual habits that are considered normal in their environment. Initially, respondents thought that the prejudice directed against students from Papua was unnatural. However, they feel they have to do it for their convenience because the respondent has the principle that the respondent has the right to defend himself. Then, in the case of the drunken habit of students from Papua, the respondent considered it was reasonable because based on the information that the respondent got that the habit is a tradition or culture of students from Papua.
Fourth, there is a painful impression or bad experience. Respondent gave prejudice based on painful impressions or bad experiences when interacting with students from Papua. As a result, the attitude and character of the students from Papua caused the respondent to stay away and keep their distance. It is known that students from Papua have emotions that tend to be uncontrollable when they disagree with individual groups, causing conflict. Students from Papua tend to throw things around them and tend to use physical violence in conflict. It is known that students from Papua never want to listen to and follow suggestions from respondents and their friends, so respondents choose to remain silent.
Discussion
Sears, Freedman, & Peplau (1985) suggest that prejudice against various groups of individuals who are considered minorities tends to occur frequently. At University X, students from Papua are considered a minority group. Ahmadi (2007) suggests that there are five factors behind individuals who are prejudiced against groups of individuals, namely blaming other groups, environmental demands, the differences that each group has, the existence of individual assumptions and habits that are considered normal in their environment, and the presence of painful impressions or experiences. bad. The results of interviews with the three respondents showed that there are four factors behind student prejudice against Papuan students at University X, namely the existence of environmental demands, the differences that each group has, the existence of individual assumptions or habits that are considered normal in their environment, and the impression of being painful or painful. bad experience.
First, respondent NH and MI have prejudice against students from Papua due to environmental demands. Respondent NH considered students from Papua to have a frightening appearance because they were caused by drinking, smoking, body odor, and news about conflicts between groups of people from Papua. MI respondent considered Papuan students dangerous based on information obtained by respondents about the issue of an independent Papua through electronic media. Then students from Papua are considered less likely to clean themselves because in Papua it is difficult to access water, making respondents think that students from Papua rarely bathe. It is also known that respondents are disturbed and feel afraid of students from Papua because of their body odor, physical appearance and their habit of drinking. Respondents considered that Papuan students never listened to suggestions, had unstable emotions, and were inconsistent. Respondents also observed that students from Papua have a culture of making food using their hands which tends to be less popular.
Second, the three respondents were prejudiced against students from Papua due to their differences. The three respondents gave prejudice to students from Papua based on physical appearance (skin color, face shape, and hairstyle), behavior in interacting, and culture.
Widyastuti (2014) suggests that prejudice arises due to differences including physical, biological, race, environment, social status, beliefs, and social norms. It is known that the respondents in this study are Melanesian racial groups who are considered to have different characteristics from students from Papua who are Negroid racial groups. Sarwono (2006) suggests that the race owned by the Indonesian people lies in different physical characteristics. There are two types of races in Indonesia, namely Melanesians and Negroids.
Melanesians are individuals with characteristics of yellow, brown, to blackish skin, straight hair and generally live on the islands of western Indonesia and parts of the east. Negroids are individuals with characteristics of black skin and curly hair like people from Papua and Timor.
Third, US and MI respondents are prejudiced against students from Papua due to individual assumptions or habits that are considered normal in their environment. US respondent thought that it was considered normal to have prejudice against students from Papua because it was observed in the environment that the respondent's friends also did the same thing, namely prejudiced against students from Papua. MI respondent have prejudice against students from Papua is a natural thing. This is because the respondent thinks that he has the right to defend himself. Then, the respondents considered the drunken habit of Papuan students to be normal. Based on the information that the respondents got, this habit is a tradition or culture of students from Papua.
Fourth, the three respondents have prejudice against students from Papua due to a painful impression or bad experience. The three respondents gave prejudice based on a painful impression or bad experience when interacting with students from Papua. The conflict is in the form of verbal violence using harsh words. Sarwono (2006) suggests that prejudice can lead to emotional attitudes that are considered detrimental, resulting in conflicts. Putra, Pitaloka, and Sikumbang (2012) suggest that prejudice is considered a negative social representation aimed at other groups. The social representation is then processed, studied, and analyzed to create a form of individual assessment that tends to be negative and does not have a strong foundation.
Sarwono (2006) suggests that when individuals or groups have prejudice, there are three things to do, namely categorizing, identifying, and comparing between individuals or groups.
First, categorization is classifying things that are considered to have the same characteristics in certain groups. There are several groupings that tend to be carried out, namely based on race (physical characteristics, skin color, hair contour, eye color, etc.), based on ethnicity (customs, traditions, local languages, and so on), religion, and social status. Second, identify, that is, individuals or groups identify the characteristics of the group so that they categorize themselves based on the characteristics of the identification results that have been carried out.
The identification is based on the characteristics of ethnicity, religion, gender, and social class. Third, comparing the individual views the ingroup positively while the outgroup tends to be viewed negatively based on the predetermined characteristics. The three respondents gave prejudice to students from Papua based on information obtained from the media and the opinion of groups in their social environment. This information is believed to have led to prejudice against students from Papua. Rahman (2013) suggests that prejudice arises because the information obtained by individuals is relevant to the beliefs they have and haphazardly connects the information obtained based on the beliefs they have.
CONCLUSIONS AND ADVICES
The conclusion of this research is as follows.
There are four factors behind student prejudice against students from Papua at University X, namely:
1. Due to environmental demands, students perceive that students from Papua have a body odor that tends to be disliked. From a conative perspective, students from Papua have the habit of smoking and drinking, are considered not to listen to advice, and have a habit of making food using their hands which tends to be less favorable. Then from the affective point of view, students from Papua are known to have unstable emotions.
2. There are differences in each group, students perceive that students from Papua are considered to have differences with non-Papuan students in terms of physical appearance (skin color, facial shape, and hairstyle), behavior in interacting, and culture.
3. There are assumptions or individual habits that are considered normal in their environment, the students perceived that it is normal to have prejudice against students from Papua. This is because the students have the right to defend themselves and based on the results of observations in the surrounding environment made by their group friends.
4. There is a painful impression or bad experience, caused by conflicts when interacting with students from Papua. Students perceive that the conflict is in the form of verbal violence using harsh words.
Referring to the findings in this stud y, the researchers provide the following suggestions.
1. For students, this research can be a source of information for students in providing an overview of the causal factors that arise when non-Papuan students have prejudice against students from Papua. So it is hoped that non-Papuan students can establish good interactions with students from Papua.
2. For Educational Institutions, the results of this study are expected to provide an overview of information related to the causal factors that arise when individual groups have prejudice against groups from Papua to become a material for discussion for educational institutions.
So that the results of this study can be used as a reference as a preventive actions in order to overcome the emergence of prejudice against groups from Papua such as adding general courses to the latest curriculum on multicultural or cross-cultural.
3. For the Community, the results of this study are expected to provide an overview of information related to the causal factors that arise when groups of individuals have prejudice in the social community environment. The community in the social environment is expected to be able to carry out preventive or group interventions in the community regarding social prejudice.
4. For the next researcher, the next researcher is expected to be able to conduct research related to the prejudice of individual groups against groups from Papua in social communities that are known to tend to have negative prejudices. With the aim of knowing the factors that cause prejudice in groups from Papua in the social community.
