SSE 204 DIVERSITY AND SPATIAL DIFFERENTIATION IN
THE CITY(unit2)
MOVEMENT & SETTLEMENT IN THE CITIES
Why do People move?
The geographical response of rural-urban migration to unequal growth is human. Besides forced relocation of refugees, most of them move for economic reasons. Migration implies in several models. Migration was an answer to classical economic models in the 1960s to distinguish between employment and pay rates.
Migration, as a mechanism that combines labor supply with demand and contributes to the country's
economic growth. A second, neo-classical economic outlook described migration as a way for people to select a sound economy based on current or potential advantages.
In more recent interpretations, the emphasis on the systemic forces underlying spatial variations of economic opportunities was a political, economical approach. This historical-structural perspective stresses the importance of developmental level in deciding the scale and type of migration and emphasizes that migration's various factors related to development vary from one country to another over time. This study is specifically related to the inclusion in the world economy of Third World countries.
The urban prejudice inherent in the Third World's colonial capitalist growth brought a substantial difference into communities mostly egalitarian, with most citizens having access to some nation. The conventional socio-economic system weakened by the need for labor in the capitalist production mode. These have also been accomplished by limiting farmers' access to land resources and pushing them to work as salaried laborers in the capitalistic sector (either by forced labor regimes or indirectly by taxation).
Furthermore, the rural communities witnessed and accepted their relative misery as their integration progressed. Although some have tried to change their rural areas (adaptation), those in cities (migrations) have seen better prospects. Following independence, national efforts to achieve rapid economic growth have had a powerful effect on migration levels and trends, primarily by intensifying natural resources extraction, commercialization of farming, and industrialization.
The historical-structural aspect of the 'development paradigm of migration' highlights that migration is not a single
phenomenon. It is also a human response to changing local conditions in a global economic system. It highlights the need to appreciate both the systemic factors (e.g., global economic trend, government policies, and technological innovations) and
individual household circumstances (e.g., socio-economic status, age, and sex) for understanding third-world migration.
The Decision to Move
The Decision-making process for residential housing results from tension induced by the conflict between the household's needs, desires, and ambitions in its actual living environment. As we all know, stress can come within (like change in family size) or from outside (like the expiration of home lease). They may also be residential (such as a need for an additional bedroom) or locational (e.g., longer trips to work because of a job
modification). When this occurs, relationship between the degree of progress (what decision-makers already have) and
expectations are affected by the stressor.
The Search for a New Home
Whether the decision to move or switch house is voluntary or forced, all relocating households must:
Specify an 'aspiration set' of criteria for evaluating new dwellings and living environments.
Undertake a search for homes that satisfy these criteria; and
Select a specific dwelling unit.
New housing is evaluated based on the site characteristics (dwelling attributes) and situational characteristics
(neighborhood physical and social environment). The lower limits of the household's goal dictate the house's characteristics currently being occupied, while the household may reasonably aspire to the upper limits. These expectations, in most cases, are dictated by income limitation. Still, other considerations, including a willingness to evade certain areas that do not adhere to a specific lifestyle, may be included as indicated in the value expectancy model.
Based on their aspiration, people start a search procedure to find a proper new residence. There is a spatial bias in this quest.
It is conceptualizing the city as comprising four types of space:
Raise the costs of gathering information (e.g., Because of lack of transportation or time limitations for women with children); and
Limit the choice of housing units and locations available (e.g., due to financial conditions or discrimination in the housing market).
A new home's possible choice is based on increased
satisfaction generated (place utility) by a transfer. However, it is essential to regard that several households in every city where a residence is restricted, to the degree that behavioral models have limited relevance. These subgroups include the disabled, the elderly, the unemployed, transients, and groups with special needs, including single parents and former institutions' offenders and homeless people with a street living. Concentrating on the restrictions placed on residential transfers highlights the fundamental importance of the housing sector framework to condition residential mobility.
POLITICAL FACTOR
According to the Organization for International Migration, approximately 192 million people live outside of their
birthplace. A large number of these people are migrant workers and make up 3% of the world's population. In searching for better economic conditions, human beings have always migrated from one place to another. But apart from economic factors, there are political factors that force people to migrate from their home country to another country.
1. State Persecution
State persecution includes harassing, discriminating, and torturing persons who disagree with their government, who have religious beliefs or cultural backgrounds of minorities. Since their country's conditions are unhealthy, their choice is to move to safer nations.
2. Lack of Political Liberties
The lack of political freedoms and privileges and endemic corruption
serve as a driving force for migration seeking liberty and equality. Even though people who migrated has no problem in their places of birth, concerns that limit people's freedoms cause them to leave. If the political situation is aggressive, then the economic situation is likely to be weak. For political and economic reasons, this triggers migration.
Many migrants migrate to more democratic countries where they can seek better jobs, education, and independence.
3. Cultural-Political
SSE 204 Political instability created by cultural diversity allows
individuals with a specific cultural identity to move within the country or away from their homeland. As a result of conflicts or racial clashes, the ethical communities initially left apart may be forced into the same territorial borders. The influx of one ethnic group may replace another group. Governments may also force cultural organizations to migrate from one place to another (within or outside the country) to achieve political benefit by providing less cultural diversity.
ECONOMIC FACTOR
The majority of research shows that economic factors primarily drive migration. Low agricultural wages, agricultural unemployment, and underemployment are considered
fundamental elements in developing countries that push migrants into industrialized areas with more excellent career
opportunities. Thus, almost all reports conclude that most migrants have migrated in search of more substantial economic opportunities 'Push Factors' and 'Pull Factors'- may be further classified as the fundamental economic factors that motivate migration.
The Push Factors force a person to leave that location and go to another area for various reasons. Stagnant productivity, unemployment and underdevelopment, economic challenges, inadequate resources for progress, the depletion of natural capital, and natural disasters are the main drivers. The introduction of capital-intensive production methods into agriculture and some operations' mechanization decrease labor requirements in rural areas. Migration is also a significant factor in the shortage of alternate sources of income available in rural areas.
The Pull Factors are factors that attract the migrants to a location. Opportunities for better jobs, higher salaries, facilities, better working conditions, and desirable amenities are pull factors in a city.
CULTURAL AND SOCIAL FACTOR
Cultural reasons for migration may include the pursuit of education or religious freedom. People can also migrate from their society to places that have already been settled by others.
Social migration is moving towards a higher quality of life, closer to family or friends. City culture is a part of living in a city wherein people love and consider to be necessary. Culture emerges from the history of a community as a product of the shared experiences of its people. There might be more than one culture in a city. For instance, cosmopolitan cities may be seen as a patchwork of traditional culture subcultures and super cultures.
Food - The culture of food production, variety, planning, display, service, and appreciation occurs in a city. A unique style of cuisine attracts many residents in the city. For example, many of the Pampanga residents are moving to Angeles City and San Fernando City because of the variety of delicious foods. Just like in other country Filipinos people love to eat.
Education - As far as education is concerned, many parents send their children, or even the whole family, to countries with prestigious schools such as Harvard and Oxford in America.
Quality of life - Quality of life is the wellbeing of people, communities, and cultures. It is a comprehensive indicator that can be used to evaluate efforts to improve cities and countries. Just like living conditions, safety precautions, and the most important thing is happiness that you need to experience when you're in the city.
STRUCTURAL DETERMINANTS OF MIGRATION Migration in the Third World affects a variety of factors associated with the development process. They can be divided into influences of rural push and urban pull.
RURAL PUSH FACTORS
Population-growth rates high rate of population growth in rural areas are among the most prevalent factors for migration.
In the 1950s and 1960s, migration was regarded as the
movement of surplus labor, informing the economic paradigm of migration. However, the leading cause of emigration is not populational growth alone. Instead, the demographic pressure's impact must be seen in tandem with other mechanisms that do not sufficiently meet a rising rural population's needs. Access to land is one of the most urgent conditions.
• Pressure on land
Migration is often a direct reaction to a situation where the quantity of land available to sustain a family is no longer adequate. Over many decades, development and subdivision in rural Mexico led to families rising inadequate land to meet their needs. The situation is aggravated by centralized ownership of the land, as Shaw (1976) showed in Latin America. The average rural migration rate was highest in countries such as Mexico and Peru, where over half of the land was used as latifundia (states over 500 ha, 1 200 acres) and more than half (less than 5 ha, 12acres) of all farms.
• Land quality
Migration also affects the quality or appropriateness of land for agriculture. In many instances, the colonization of
Amazonia's rich land resources struggled to mitigate the land deficit due to its inappropriateness in many crops. Similarly, population growth and agricultural land scarcity in many areas of Asia drive people into
marginal ecological areas or increase their land-use intensity, leading to decreased soil fertility.
• Agricultural inefficiency
The effects of rural population growth are compounded in the general rural and agricultural sectors, particularly by the slow economic and technological changes. The persistence of inefficient agriculture and the lack of farm capital limit farmers' capacity to provide the cash needed for market economy participation. Regional expansion of the rural economy's non- agricultural sector often decreases local jobs. Under these conditions, labor migration offers low rural households with difficulty meeting the essential livelihood requirement on the ground, an invaluable source of cash income.
• Agricultural intensification
The intensification of agriculture and modern farming practices has led to absorbing rural population growth (in Java and the Indian Punjab, for example). It also had the opposite impact by replacing farm workers with mechanically and technologically intensive farms. Thousands of paddy farmers have been displaced in Malaysia. The government has tried to increase rice production productivity with investment in large irrigation systems and scattered paddy farms. Without alternative rural jobs, landless workers have migrated to the cities to look for employment. In Latin America, agrarian reform programs freed farmers from 'feudal' labor structures with previously limited migration.
URBAN PULL FACTORS
• Wage and employment differentials
Higher wages and more diverse job opportunities are the principal cause of rural-urban migration in the region. There is ample evidence that migration trends shift as a result of shifts between destinations' income differentials.
SSE 204 10 Comparison concerning urban and rural standards of
living is complicated by:
• The disparities in living costs must be considered, which is generally much lower due to cheaper food, electricity, transport, and accommodation.
• The higher levels of collective consumption in the city, better education and healthcare, more clean water, and more electric energy are accessible; and
• The need for separation, given the lack of importance of untrained rural migrants for average urban wage rates.
Nevertheless, the likelihood of economic development for migrants in the region is usually more substantial. While many urban residents live in precarious circumstances, many consider themselves economically better off than before moving to the city. Even some of Jakarta's poorest street vendors, whose families couldn't feed, registered better in the town because of two-thirds of their profits. Similarly, the cities have twice as many working days as some of the most destitute rural migrants to Delhi, leading to two and a half times those in the village.
• Future prospects
A few observers have challenged the connection between urban jobs and migration because of large-scale rural-urban migration and increasing urban poverty and unemployment.
Todaro (1969) proposed that migrants who take a longer-term view of their living standards' future improvement may clarify this apparent paradox. Even if only for their children, people were considered able to tolerate short-term difficulties expecting that economic benefit and social security would increase in the longer term.
• Bright lights
The city's social attraction has been suggested to describe rural-urban migration as a noneconomic factor. Most migrants, however, don't have the money to use the interests of the region.
Although the 'bright lights' could influence a migrant's choice among several possible destinations, the definition does not clarify the migration's first choice. Furthermore, the busy climate of the city provides many migrants with fewer attractions than their home town.
