This report was prepared by the National Academy of Sciences under award number from the Economic Development Administration, U.S. The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences, as a parallel organization of outstanding engineers. For the National Research Council (NRC), this project was overseen by the Board on Science, Technology and Economic Policy (STEP), a standing board of the NRC created by the National Academies of Sciences and Engineering and the Institute of Medicine in 1991.
State Strategies for Innovation 69 From Industrial Recruitment to Science-
The Federal Dimension 85 Federal Funding of Scientific Research
REVIEW OF SELECTED STATE AND REGIONAL
Rebuilding Ohio’s Innovation Economy 111 Revival Following a Generation
The New York Nanotechnology Initiative 143 Upstate New York: The Economic Challenge, 144
New Initiatives in Illinois and Arkansas 165 Growing a Biotechnology Cluster in Illinois, 165
Preface
On behalf of the National Academies, we express our appreciation and recognition for the insights, experiences, and perspectives provided by the many participants at conferences and meetings held during the course of this study. We also thank David Dawson of the STEP staff for his contribution to the preparation of this report. The Board of Trustees of the National Academies on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy would like to express its appreciation for the continued support of the following agencies and departments: Economic Development.
Executive Summary
For much of the twentieth century, states pursued economic development by seeking to recruit businesses from other states by offering a more competitive business and regulatory environment, lower taxes, supportive government policies, and financial and infrastructural incentives. To better understand these policies and their effects, a committee from the National Academies' Board on Science, Technology, and Economic Policy (STEP) reviewed regional and state innovation programs across a limited number of very diverse states. The common element in each of the regional meetings is the growing willingness of the state and regional authorities and the private sector to strengthen technological capacity, links between universities and industries and economic growth in the region for current and future generations.
INNOVATION AND PLACE-BASED
Innovation in the States
Greenwood, "Presentation of the Hawaii Innovation Council Report," in National Research Council, Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy: Opsomming van a. Greenwood, "Presentation of the Hawaii Innovation Council Report," in National Research Council, Building Hawaii's Innovation Economy: Summary of a Simposium, op. Moderne toerusting het 'n sleutelrol gespeel in die ontwikkeling van suksesvolle innovasieklusters.
State and Regional Development and Clustering
Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States, Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1988, p. Before industrialization, clustering was often essential due to the limitations of transportation and communications. The engineer and the worker should go to the problem site together if they expect to see the problem in the same light.
THE CATALYTIC ROLE
OF PUBLIC PURPOSE ORGANIZATIONS
Universities as Innovation Drivers
Many of the country's leading research universities have been private institutions - albeit recipients of extensive public funding. Public universities have played a key role in local economic development since the early days of the United States. The industrial development effort at elite private universities was equated with the effort from the public research universities.
In the early years of the twentieth century, a number of young faculty members began to question MIT's prioritization of student teaching and the nature of its approach to engineering education. Hawaii's location in the middle of the Pacific Ocean presents both unique challenges and important opportunities. 46See the summary of remarks by Neil Abercrombie, Governor of Hawaii, as well as the summary of the presentation by Dr.
Ultimately, the UH satellite launch program is expected to bring innovations in the areas of cost reduction, risk reduction and rapid response capability – “the University's involvement in the program promises not only a new economic boost for Hawaii, but and a focus on high-tech workforce development."62 For example, the summit of Mauna Kea is one of the best places for astronomy in the world. The creation of the UH Upside Fund and the apparent success of a number of startups in created by UH is encouraging.
A distinctive feature of the American innovation ecosystem is that it is powered by a network of top research universities.
State Strategies for Innovation
3 For an overview of the growth and scope of contemporary innovation-based economic development policies, the U.S. Eisinger, The Rise of the Entrepreneurial State: State and Local Economic Development Policy in the United States, op. 8“As Businesses Seek Tax Deals, Governments Pay a High Price,” New York Times, December 1, 2012; “State should not invest in plants,” The Times Union 9 June 2012.
24Georgia's Technology Scholars Get a Tip of the Hat from Miller,” The Atlanta Journal- Constitution April Research Group Supportive of UGA Scientists,” Atlanta Banner- Herald September 26, 2010. Etkowitz, Henry and Loet Leydesdorff, “The Dynamics of Innovation: From National Systems and 'Way 2' to the Triple Helix of University-Industry-Government Relations,”. An industrial chain will be established on the site and "the area is expected to become a new production base for energy cars." Yichun has the world's largest lithium mine, accounting for 12 percent of global reserves.
Ann Marie Sastry of the University of Michigan, who has been leading battery research for more than a decade, pointed out at the Electric Vehicle Battery Industry Symposium that the current graduation rate from the U.S. Crain's Detroit Business commented that the sales numbers could not to be more clear: people don't want electric cars for now. Electric vehicle battery industry, Mohamed Alamgir, research director of lithium-ion battery manufacturer Compact Power, spoke about the effects of unstable financing on US development.
Early battery companies could not get enough funding to survive against stiff competition from Japanese and Korean companies. He concluded from this story that "the government needs to support future research, just as the Japanese government did in the 1990s with the New Sun Program"54.
The Federal Dimension
Eric Isaacs, “The Federal Laboratory Contribution,” National Research Council, “Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium,” June. A groundbreaking partnership between national laboratories and universities The University of Chicago and the Chicago-based Argonne National Laboratory have launched a collaboration: the Institute for Molecular. 18Thomas Peterson, “The NSF Role in the Innovation System,” in National Research Council, Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Symposium Summary, C.
32Robert McMahon, “The Role of SBIR and State Awards” in National Research Council, Understanding Research, Science and Technology Parks: Global Best Practices—Summary of a Simposium, C. 49Chris Fall, “The Office of Naval Research: A Unique Innovation Organisasie”, In National Research Council, Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Simposium, op. Scherer, "The Political Economy of Patent Policy Reform in the United States", Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law met verwysing na U.S.
Scherer, “The Political Economy of Patent Policy Reform in the United States”, Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law. Howell, “The Multilateral Trading System and Transnational Competition in Advanced Technologies: The Limits of Existing Disciplines”, në Marklund, Goran, Micholas S. Wessner, eds., The Innovation Imperative: National Innovation Strategies in the Global Economy, Cheltenham, MB, dhe Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2009.
Leslie, “The Greatest Angel of All: The Army and the Creation of Silicon Valley,”.
REVIEW OF SELECTED
STATE AND REGIONAL PRACTICES
Rebuilding Ohio’s Innovation Economy
Gage, president of Cleveland's Advanced Manufacturing Program, complained that “the region lacks innovation … Ohio focuses on affiliates—. 12Eric Burkland, “The State Manufacturing Challenge,” in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op. 24 “Basics of the Third Frontier – The Idea Wasn't to Start a Venture Capital Firm,” Akron Beacon Journal, September 23, 2012.
33Rebecca Bagley, "The Role of NorTech: Promoting Economic Development," in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Simposium, op. Boublokke vir 50 blokke—The University Park Alliance Reachs a New Level,” Akron Beacon Journal 28 Oktober 2011. 40All About Talent—the University of Akron Wants to be a Leader: Sy New Strategic Plan Explains How it will do so,” Akron Beacon Journal 22 Januarie 2012.
In this way, “old money [of Ohio's first industrial century] starts new industries.” 48Rebecca Bagley, “The Role of NorTech: Advancing Economic Development,” in National Research Council, Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op. 96Presentation by John West, “The Genesis of a New Cluster,” National Research Council, “Building the Ohio Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium,” April.
128Norman Johnston, “Solar Cluster Toledo, Ohio” in National Research Council, The Future of Photovoltaic Manufacturing in the United States: Summary of Two Symposia, C.
The New York Nanotechnology Initiative
Challenges and Opportunities for New York's Innovation Economy," National Research Council Symposium, "New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy," Troy, New York, April 3, 2013. 11Ajit Manocha, "Keynote Address," National Research Council symposium, “The New York Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy”, Troy, New York, April 3, 2013. 31 Presentation by Daniel Armbrust, National Research Council symposium, “The New York Nanotechnology Model : Building the Innovation Economy,” Troy, New York, April 4, 2013.
59Presentation by Mike Russo, Director of Government Affairs, GlobalFoundries, National Research Council Symposium, “New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy.”. 64Ajit Manocha, “Keynote Address,” National Research Council Symposium, “New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy,” Troy, New York, April 3, 2013. 66Presentation by Mike Russo, Director of Government Affairs, GlobalFoundries, National Research Council symposium, “New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy.”.
75 Præsentation af Drew Matonak, præsident, Hudson Valley Community College, National Research Councils symposium, "New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy". Præsentation af Pradeep Haldar, CNSE Vice President, National Research Council symposium, "New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy," Troy, New York, 3. april 2013. Dordick, "Advancing Nano-Biotechnology," National Research Council symposium, "New Yorks nanoteknologimodel: Opbygning af innovationsøkonomien".
National Research Council symposium, "New York's Nanotechnology Model: Building the Innovation Economy," Troy, New York, 4. april 2013.
New Initiatives in Illinois and Arkansas
10Robert Easter, "The Role of Illinois Universities," National Research Council, Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op. 23"What the Giant of Teeny-Tiny is Up to Now," Crain's Chicago Business October 13, 2012; Van Crocker, "Illinois Industry Outlook," in National Research Council, Building the Illinois Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op. For approximately the past 15 years, Arkansas has implemented a number of sustainable initiatives to foster the emergence of a knowledge-based economy in the state.
Led by the University of Arkansas High Performance Computing Center, a committee of outside experts was convened to assess the state's. In 2011, the Center acquired another powerful supercomputer, "Razor."47 The University of Arkansas' cyber infrastructure is connected to, and supports, the state's other research universities and four-year colleges. 52See the summary of the keynote address by Governor Mike Beebe in the Proceedings chapter of the National Research Council, Building the Arkansas Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op.
Arkansas has implemented a wide range of policy measures to promote the establishment and expansion of knowledge-based industry in the state. Arkansas state and local governments have expanded the state's natural advantages and technological heritage in the electric power industry with incentives and support from state universities to establish the state as "a manufacturing powerhouse for the wind industry." Arkansas is located on the edge of the "Saudi Arabia of wind", the American 69Joe Brenner, "The Wind Industry in Arkansas: An Innovation Ecosystem," National Research Council, Building the Arkansas Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op.
73Joe Brenner, “The Arkansas Wind Industry: An Innovation Ecosystem,” National Research Council, Building the Arkansas Innovation Economy: Summary of a Symposium, op.
