https://jiae.ub.ac.id/
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THE IMPACT OF COVID-19 TOWARDS EDUCATION EXPENDITURE : EVIDENCE FROM CHINA
1Zhang Yizhi, 2Amran Rasli
1Risk Management Department, China Postal Savings Bank, Guizhou Branch, China
2Inti International University, Malaysia Corresponding author:
Abstract Purpose
The paper investigates the impact of COVID-19 on graduate students' studies, practical problems, and university life, focusing on the challenges faced by effective graduate students.
Design/methodology/approach
In this paper, the graduate students of Guizhou University are targeted, and the specific impacts of COVID-19 on their personal safety, extra costs, self-control ability and employment are expounded.
Findings
The study suggests that university graduate students should be supported through psychological support, self-discipline development programs, accessible counseling services, mental health awareness campaigns, improved resources for remote studying, enhanced career guidance and job placement support, and better communication and mentorship initiatives.
Research limitations/implications
In this context, it is necessary to study the obstacles and problems brought by the COVID-19 epidemic to the study of graduate students in universities and try to resolve the adverse effects caused by the epidemic.
Originality/value
It points out various difficulties facing graduate students in universities under the background of epidemic prevention and control, and puts forward some appropriate suggestions based on the actual situation, so as to provide some insights for graduate students to understand how to deal with the negative effects of COVID-19
Keywords: COVID-19; University graduate students; education; obstacle
ARTICLEHISTORY
Received : April 9, 2023 Published : August 31, 2023 HOWTOCITE
Yizhi, Z. & Rasli A. (2023). The Impact of Covid-19 Towards Education Expenditure; Evidence from China.
Journal of Indonesian Applied Economics, 11(2), 193- 205.
DOI: doi.org/10.21776/ub.jiae.2023.011.02.7
194 1. INTRODUCTION
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a huge impact on the lives of the people. Its highly contagious nature led to the cessation of a number of major commercial events. Various group activities were also affected, and teaching was no exception, with many students forced to stay at home and unable to participate in group studies. Based on this, in order to ensure the smooth progress of teaching and learning（Alyoubi2021）, the school has adopted a variety of teaching methods to ensure the teaching of students, the most important of which is online teaching, which traditionally requires teachers to observe students, guide students and observe their progress. However, due to the lack of contact between students and teachers, the teaching method has changed, and the acceptance of teaching content has also changed correspondingly. The teaching quality and the learning quality of students present an unstable state. Online teaching has its advantages, but it also has obvious disadvantages. The advantages lie in higher openness and autonomy, while the disadvantages lie in the need for students to have strong self-discipline. Therefore, how to improve the enthusiasm of teachers and self-discipline of students, reduce and weaken the negative impact of the COVID-19 on the life and study of graduate students in colleges and universities as much as possible, let students take a more active and serious attitude to participate in teachers' on-site teaching, and ensure the quality of learning, is an educational problem faced by the epidemic.
The main problems facing graduate students in universities are : first, students' health and safety are under great pressure. The high infection rate of the COVID-19 makes prevention and control more difficult. Once students participate in collective learning, they are likely to be infected. As a large gathering place, once college students are infected, the infection and transmission will be very serious. Second, students have interpersonal pressure. Because the school is closed, students have to interact with classmates and roommates all the time, which greatly reduces the contact with family, friends and strangers.
In the long run, conflicts are easy to occur, and students' expectations and aspirations for social communication are weakened, as well as students' communicative ability. Third, there is a change in lifestyle. The space available to university graduate students has been greatly reduced, and due to the need to constantly remember and follow relevant preventive measures, lifestyles have been forced to change to contain the epidemic, affecting the personal lives of university graduate students. Fourthly, it has increased the worries and anxiety of graduate students in universities and colleges about the future. The epidemic has had a serious impact on employment in China. The income of many families will be hit hard, and most graduate students will face different workload. Fifthly, it causes academic stress.
Due to the impact of the epidemic, some students cannot return to school. Due to the lack of effective control, some students have a weak sense of self-control, which leads to the reduction of learning motivation, which has a negative impact on their study and their mental state is prone to anxiety or depression. In order to mitigate the negative impact of the epidemic on the employment of graduate students in universities, the government and various departments need to formulate corresponding policies and measures to create favorable conditions for students to graduate smoothly and find jobs as soon as possible.
This paper aims to explore the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the study and life of graduate students, understand the current practical problems faced by effective graduate students, and explore the impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on the life of graduate students in universities. This research may use to improve the policy regarding education system and quality in China, in order to improve the student’s quality of life including the expenditure in education. While education is close with human resource quality and labor productivity in the long term.
195 2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1. Domestic epidemic policy and Guizhou epidemic policy
In recent years, the epidemic has continued to improve across the country. The press conference of the Joint Prevention and Control Mechanism of The State Council clearly put forward the overall strategic requirements of "preventing rebound" and
"dynamic zeroing", and prevented the adoption of a "one-size-fits-all" approach, so as to effectively coordinate epidemic prevention and control with economic and social development (Carvalho,2020). After the release, local governments will conduct self- inspection and verification in accordance with requirements, take the initiative to correct deviations, and further improve the scientific, precise and targeted nature of prevention and control measures. In order to implement the relevant prevention and control requirements, Guizhou Provincial Market Supervision Bureau launched the green channel for formulating standards, simplified the approval process, actively cooperated with provincial Health and provincial Education Ministry, guided the provincial CDC, municipal (prefecture) CDC, relevant medical units and colleges and universities to draft standards, and organized experts in related fields to discuss and review. The development of local standards not only solves the current social concerns about the prevention and control of the restoration of technical regulations for open schools, ensures the restoration of comprehensive stability at all levels of provincial schools, and provides strong technical support for the scientific prevention and control of the COVID-19 epidemic in schools. At the same time, in the process of formulating the standards, full consideration has been given to the needs of epidemic prevention and control institutions such as off-campus training and counseling, and the standards have played a fundamental and supportive role in promoting the epidemic prevention and control system and governance capacity.
2.2. Unemployment theory
Unemployment is a complex economic phenomenon that can be explained and analyzed through various theories. These theories help economists and policymakers understand the causes and consequences of unemployment and develop strategies to address it. Here are some of the key theories of unemployment:
a. Classical Theory of Unemployment:
Classical economists, such as Adam Smith and David Ricardo, believed that unemployment is primarily a result of wage rigidities, where wages are kept artificially high by labor unions or government regulations. When wages are inflexible downward, employers cannot afford to hire as many workers, leading to unemployment.
b. Keynesian Theory of Unemployment:
Demand-Deficient Unemployment: John Maynard Keynes introduced the idea that unemployment can result from insufficient aggregate demand in the economy.
During economic downturns, people may not spend as much, leading to decreased demand for goods and services, which, in turn, leads to reduced demand for labor.
Keynesian economics suggests government intervention, like fiscal and monetary policies, to boost demand and reduce unemployment during economic downturns.
c. Structural Unemployment:
Structural Imbalances: This theory focuses on structural factors within the labor
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market. It suggests that unemployment can persist due to a mismatch between the skills and location of workers and the skills and location demanded by employers.
Technological changes and shifts in industries can contribute to structural unemployment.
d. Frictional Unemployment:
Search and Transition: Frictional unemployment arises when individuals are temporarily without jobs while transitioning from one job to another or entering the labor market for the first time. It is often considered a natural and even necessary part of a dynamic labor market.
e. Natural Rate of Unemployment:
Non-Accelerating Inflation Rate of Unemployment (NAIRU): This theory suggests that there is a "natural" or equilibrium rate of unemployment in the economy. Any attempt to push unemployment below this level (through expansionary policies, for example) could lead to inflation. This theory is closely related to the Phillips Curve, which illustrates the inverse relationship between inflation and unemployment in the short run.
f. Cyclical Unemployment:
Business Cycle Fluctuations: Cyclical unemployment is associated with the business cycle. During economic contractions or recessions, unemployment tends to rise as demand for goods and services falls. Conversely, during periods of economic expansion, unemployment tends to decrease.
g. Long-Term Unemployment:
Persistent Joblessness: Some people remain unemployed for extended periods, which can be due to a combination of factors, including limited skills, discrimination, and geographic constraints. Policies to address long-term unemployment often focus on skill development and support.
h. Labor Market Institutions:
Institutional Factors: Some theories emphasize the role of labor market institutions, such as minimum wage laws, unemployment benefits, and labor market regulations, in influencing unemployment levels.
i. Psychological Factors:
Discouraged Workers: This theory suggests that some individuals become discouraged after prolonged job searches and drop out of the labor force altogether.
They are no longer counted as unemployed, even though they would work if suitable job opportunities were available.
j. Globalization and Trade:
Trade-Related Unemployment: Increased globalization and international trade can lead to job displacement in certain industries and regions, contributing to unemployment.
197 3. RESEARCH METHOD
Taking Guizhou University graduate students as the research object, this paper analyzes the difficulties and problems encountered by Guizhou University graduate students in the epidemic, including the impact on personal health, daily cost, self-control, enrollment and employment, and thus makes corresponding countermeasures. The research process is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Research framework and content
4. FINDINGS
4.1 Spesific Impact
4.1.1. Personal security
Since 2020, the COVID-19 has lasted for three years. It has affected more than 200 countries and regions. It not only causes great harm to the body and psychology, but also has a huge impact on the world economy and the whole society. As a primate, as a single individual, in the face of unknown challenges and difficulties, the individual spirit will appear great instability, resulting in mental tension（Dan, XM, Wu, BY & Wu, GS，2021）. The results of the survey that has been conducted show that the majority of university graduate patients experience some kind of psychological feeling after an unexpected public health event, and that the number of people with emotional problems is consistently the highest in all periods of disease development. Physical and mental health problems in the general population are characterized by stress, panic, paranoia, discrimination and allergies, while those who are isolated are
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characterized by stress, depression, despair, anger and helplessness. Therefore, people face different psychological problems during the outbreak of the epidemic, but the impact on learning is fatal, seriously reducing the efficiency of graduate study in universities.
4.1.2. Expenses and expenditures
During the pandemic, graduate students spend less than in the past. Apart from the difficulty of being quarantined outdoors to shop at home due to the pandemic, the drop in spending is also closely related to daily expenses（Dong, H, Cui, HX & Li, KY，2021）. Transportation, tourism and restaurants have all been hit hard during the COVID-19 pandemic, with some people's incomes falling as a result. If the majority of living expenses come from parents, the financial loss to the family will inevitably be reduced. In addition, due to the epidemic, unable to go out, online shopping and food delivery is a new way of shopping, which is more and more favored and accepted by the public. Graduate students are a special group of students who are particularly prominent in online shopping and food delivery. In terms of daily necessities, most graduate students tend to buy food and clothes. While their spending on food and clothing has dropped due to the pandemic, it is still a large proportion of the total, and some graduate students also choose to spend money on their studies. In general, graduate students are diversifying their spending types and spending patterns.
After the pandemic, most students spent more on food and shopping, a form of payback spending. Most graduate students plan to shop and increase their planned spending during the epidemic. However, some graduate students lack of understanding of planned expenditure, resulting in unreasonable expenditure and some waste. Despite of planned or unplanned expenditure that students made, the economy needs to be run in order to maintain the stability during the epidemic.
Money have to be spent, especially to the small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) so they can survive and wealthy enough to live in the epidemic era. A US study analysing Internet search data showed that search rates were higher in wealthier households than in poorer ones during school closures and home studies; Another study found differences between students from different economic and social backgrounds in the amount of time they spent studying during school closures and in parental support for home learning. Without targeted interventions, the gap between graduate students from rich and poor families will continue to widen.
4.1.3. Self-control
Impulsivity is a typical psychological characteristic of students. With the booming of the service industry, contemporary graduate students spend more and more money on entertainment and enjoyment（Fan, HN & Zhu, JS，2022）. According to the survey, the proportion of graduate students in clothing, entertainment and tourism even reached 42.44 percent during the non-fashion period. Under the current situation, the consumption behavior and psychology of
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graduate students in colleges and universities have changed significantly. Because they live in a comfortable "ivory tower" for a long time, they do not have enough self-control, lack of self-control, which is the main factor affecting the development of graduate students. Nowadays, with the increasing digitalization of the economy and the rapid development of electronic information technology and digital technology, most people, especially those who have some financial resources, may have a low opinion of the word "money". According to research, most graduate students pay their own way during outbreaks and non-outbreaks without having to worry about their livelihoods. Because this supply will not be interrupted, most graduate students do not plan their living expenses, either for their own preferences, or overspend to meet their preferences, which has a deleterious effect on their daily lives. In addition, in the form of online teaching, due to the lack of management and supervision of students, although relatively mature graduate students, but also lack of self-control, especially when they have just entered the stage of postgraduate study, with the change of learning objectives and living environment, may lose confidence in learning motivation and goals, or appear to delay the psychology. Many graduate students may not have strong self- discipline and poor self-control ability, thus affecting the effect of learning.
4.1.4. Enrollment and graduation
With the first outbreak, the number of people entering graduate school spiked for the first time, and those who had planned to leave the country canceled their plans to do so because the outbreak could not be contained abroad. It also puts a huge psychological burden on those planning to find a job, so many go on to graduate school（Feng. Y，2020. In the event of a public health incident during the course of study, all schools in medium-high risk areas will issue a notice requiring graduate students to take final measures before returning to school after the designation of medium-high risk areas. Based on previous years of control experience, university graduate students will only be ready to start enrolling when the flu in the province has been brought under control and no new cases have been confirmed. In addition, those students who remain in high-risk areas may not be able to return to school and must follow school prevention and control measures and study at home. For postgraduates, the biggest concern is staying at home all day without any atmosphere of study. In addition, the percentage of students enrolled in graduate studies has decreased every year due to the flu, mainly due to the surge in the number of candidates, while the number of students enrolled in universities has not increased, increasing the competition among graduate students in colleges and universities.
4.1.5. Employment
Since the outbreak, college graduates have relied heavily on online recruitment to ensure the personal health of students and students. "24365"
college online recruitment service platform, "cloud recruitment platform" and
"employment information service" platform continue to emerge, online
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recruitment has brought a lot of convenience for enterprises, colleges and students. First, the surveyed students generally think that online recruitment is more difficult than offline recruitment. Some students do not adapt to the online recruitment process, such as briefing sessions, resume submission, interviews and contracts, which makes them spend more time and energy looking for jobs online, they are unable to put their real working ability in online interviews and therefore miss job opportunities and job opportunities. Secondly, the recruitment situation of enterprises is not sufficient, the information of employers is not smooth, which increases the difficulty of graduate employment in colleges and universities. The study found that the current way for graduate students to obtain job information is mainly through online special recruitment universities, but special recruitment does not cover all fields and graduate students are at a disadvantage with some qualifications in professional job sites. The number of graduate students will be 130 by 2022. If there are many negative impacts such as extended holidays, traffic control, suspension of offline recruitment and the infectiality of the COVID-19, the COVID-19 epidemic has affected the employment prospects of graduate students. Job hunting and the psychological impact of the COVID-19 on graduate students are increasing. In addition, strict isolation and road closures to control the spread of the virus, which also led to a decline in people's consumption level, delay the resumption of work of enterprises, especially labor-intensive enterprises and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises, increased the employer's huge operating pressure, cost increases, profits decline, employers will inevitably reduce new jobs, thus reducing the employment opportunities of graduates. In a short time, college graduates have some difficulties in working in related fields.
At the same time, many companies reduce their employees as the effect of the epidemic. Restrictions in economic activities have a great impact for the companies. To gain profits in that situation is almost impossible. Financial stability have became the first priority to be reached so they can get through the situation in epidemic era. So no wonder why companies made such decisions to layoff their employees and avoid recruitments.
Looking at the situation in 2021, the employment supply and demand of college graduates are generally stable, with the prosperity index declining in the fourth quarter under downward pressure from both supply and demand. Compared to the average CIER of the National Employment Sentiment Index, the level of employment sentiment among college graduates is lower（Guru. A & Vagha. S ，2021. Data show that the national CIER index from the first quarter to the fourth quarter of 2021 is 1.66, 2.09, 2.15 and 1.99, respectively, while the CIER index of college graduates during the same period is lower than the national level, which is 1.34, 1.52, 1.24 and 0.88, respectively, as shown in Figure 2.
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Figure 2 CIER index of national college graduates
Source: China Institute for Employment Research (2022)
4.2 Strategies to minimize negative impact of COVID-19 on graduate students in Chinese universities
4.2.1. Establish and improve the psychological prevention and treatment mechanism of university graduate students during the prevention and control period
Universities should set up professional student epidemic control networks to timely release the latest infectious disease control information to the community, including the official websites of the World Health Organization, the Chinese Health Commission and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention（Han. DC，2021）. Guide students to obtain relevant information from formal sources and to view the disease in an objective and reasonable way to reduce the impact of adverse transmission. If some students feel anxious and panic, they fear they have contracted COVID-19. In this case, it is important for the school to arrange professional personnel to check carefully and avoid mistakes. On the other hand, psychological counselors should also be sent to provide guidance for different students' psychological states, so as to avoid overly anxious students, defuse panic psychology, reduce the chance of greater infection as far as possible and relieve the pressure of the hospital. In addition, in view of the high detection rate of anxiety and depression among graduate students in colleges and universities, relevant government departments can promote the COVID-19 infection, mental health and other related information to graduate students through multimedia means such as television and Internet, or set up psychological online counseling centers to monitor and track the mental state of
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graduate students, and provide effective prevention and intervention. Improve the mental health awareness of postgraduates and do a good job in prevention and control.
4.2.2. Improve the self-control ability of postgraduate students in home universities During the epidemic period, university graduate students should always be responsible for themselves, their classmates, their families, patients, the university and the country, and actively participate in the epidemic prevention and control campaign by example, which reflects the due responsibility and responsibility of graduate students in the new era. Firmly establish the consciousness of "the first person responsible" for personal health, continue to consciously abide by the epidemic prevention and control regulations of the localities, schools and hospitals, cooperate with the epidemic prevention work arrangement, take the lead in personal protection, behavior restraint, self-health management and other requirements（Hope. J，2022）. At the same time, we should actively overcome difficulties, actively participate in theoretical learning and professional practice, face life and study with a larger pattern, deeper feelings, more thinking, and full of spirit, and strive to grow up during the period of the epidemic. First of all, we should design a reasonable schedule of work and rest.
We should not completely let ourselves go and forget everything else just because we are "closed". Postgraduates should improve their comprehensive ability from quantitative accumulation to qualitative improvement, and combine theoretical knowledge from books with experimental practice. Secondly, we should form a habit. We should spend a certain amount of time every day writing papers, sorting out ideas, reviewing literature, or communicating with tutors to form good learning habits. Finally, it is necessary to relax properly and relieve the tension during the period of closed management. Can be appropriate to watch a movie, read some novels, some famous books, pay attention to some current events and so on. Or choose to play games to relax and relieve stress, but also be aware that relaxation is not the same as addiction, you should learn to control and manage your time properly.
4.2.3. Colleges and universities should further strengthen employment services for postgraduates
During the meteor of the COVID-19, there have been multiple economic crises, which have reduced the employment rate of most companies, which has had an impact on graduates. Therefore, the state can actively promote the recovery of enterprises through financial loans, tax breaks and lower loan interest rates, so as to mitigate the adverse impact on employment demand. At the same time, the state is calling on companies that can afford to do so to play a greater role in stabilizing employment. For example, enterprises are encouraged to use graduate recruitment as an important way to acquire talents. This situation will increase the employment opportunities of graduate students, facilitate some graduate students to take the career path in time, and expand the range of career options. Colleges
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and universities can provide employment and employment services for postgraduates through "cloud job fairs", "psychological counseling" and
"employment subsidies", which will have a positive impact on promoting students' employment. Some financial assistance can be provided to the poor survivors to help them temporarily solve their life difficulties, which is also a good way to provide them with employment psychological counseling and policy explanations. In addition, major colleges and universities can invite outstanding graduates, senior human resource managers and employees with excellent performance to participate in career counseling, and provide counseling services for students. The notice said that it is necessary to further deepen cooperation between enterprises and establish communication links between companies and students, which will not only help companies select excellent university graduates, but also resolve the negative impact of insufficient and opaque information between enterprises and students and ease the employment dilemma of graduate students.
4.2.4. Take multiple measures to alleviate the pressure of enrollment
During the COVID-19 prevention and control period, large offline exams have been canceled or postponed, which has brought challenges to the enrollment of college graduate students and intensified the exam pressure（Hu. Y, Xu. CY
，2021）. Therefore, colleges and universities should take multiple measures at the same time, timely adjust the way of enrollment publicity. While suspending the offline enrollment publicity activities, they should strengthen the construction of network channels, increase the online publicity, and comprehensively interpret the school enrollment major and enrollment policy through live broadcasting, recording and broadcasting, Q&A consultation and other forms. For example, multiple online recruitment consulting platforms can be opened to ensure that the recruitment publicity stays online during the epidemic prevention and control period. Online recruitment publicity and live broadcasting activities were carried out through online live broadcasting platforms such as "Tencent Classroom",
"Bilibili", "Gaokao Bao" and "Douyin" to introduce talents training, major construction, further study and employment, voluntary application and enrollment policies of UESTC to candidates and parents, as well as share experience of exam preparation with seniors and seniors online. The above line robot intelligent question and answer system, involving candidates common questions can be obtained by one click, with information means to improve office efficiency. In addition, it can also actively cooperate with mainstream media to strengthen online recruitment publicity, including People's Daily Online, cnR.cn, Xinhuanet, Tencent Video, radio and TV station, 360 Education Online, etc., and release tweets covering policy interpretation, voluntary application filling, exam preparation, voluntary selection and other urgent concerns of candidates and parents. To provide authoritative and timely examination information for university graduate students, to help university graduate students to enter the ideal university.
204 5. CONCLUSION(S)
This paper argues that in order to better cope with the negative impact of COVID-19, measures should be taken in the context of the impact of the epidemic on the personal safety, extra costs, self-control and employment of graduate students, so that students can see the opportunity in the crisis as a rare opportunity to study quietly including to improve their quality as human resources and productivity potency in China. The first step is to establish and improve the psychological prevention and treatment mechanism of graduate students in colleges and universities during the prevention and control period, guide students to obtain relevant information from official sources, view the disease in an objective and reasonable way, monitor and track the mental state of graduate students, provide effective prevention and intervention, improve the mental health awareness of graduate students, and do a good job in prevention and control. The second step is to improve the self-control ability of postgraduate students in home universities, guide students to actively and optimistically participate in the battle of epidemic prevention and control, reflecting the responsibility and responsibility due to postgraduate students in the new era, and actively overcome difficulties, actively participate in theoretical learning and professional practice, so as to achieve quantitative accumulation and qualitative improvement, and combine theoretical knowledge from books with experimental practice. Improve their comprehensive ability, develop good learning habits. The third part is that colleges and universities should further strengthen the guarantee of graduate employment services, through the "cloud job fair",
"psychological counseling" and "employment subsidies" to provide employment and employment services for graduate students, to promote the employment of students have a positive impact.
In addition, major universities can also invite outstanding graduates, senior human resource managers and employees with excellent performance to participate in the employment consultation, and provide employment consultation services for students, further deepening enterprise cooperation, establishing communication links between companies and students, and easing the employment dilemma of postgraduates. The fourth step is to take multiple measures at the same time to ease the pressure on enrollment.
Colleges and universities should take multiple measures at the same time to timely adjust the way of enrollment publicity. While suspending the offline enrollment publicity activities, they should strengthen the construction of network channels, increase the online publicity, and fully interpret the college enrollment major and enrollment policy through live broadcast, recorded broadcast, Q&A and other forms. In addition, it can also actively cooperate with mainstream media to strengthen online recruitment publicity, including People's Daily Online, CNR.cn, Xinhuanet, Tencent Video, radio and television, 360 Education Online, etc., and release tweets to provide authoritative and timely examination information for college graduates and help them enter ideal colleges and universities.
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