View/Open

(1)

(2)

Selected Bibliography of Wyoming Amphibians and Reptiles

PAUL STEPHEN CORN, R. BRUCE BURY

& HARTWELL H. WELSH Denver Wildlife Research Center

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service

SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION

SERVICE NO. 59

1984

(3)

SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL

INFORMATION SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to

encourage individuals

to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other

herpetologists through

the SHIS series. If you have such items

please contact George

Zug for instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all reguests for copies and inguiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A. Please include a se1f

-addressed mailing

label with reguests.

(4)

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography is composed of literature citations on the amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming that were part of the Wildlife Species Data Base (MANAGE), prepared in 1980 in cooperation with the Office of Biological Services (OBS), U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. The list of references has since been updated to include papers published through September 1982. We feel that an organized compilation of this information will be useful to both researchers and managers, and can be used as reference material in faunal resource assessment, evaluation of impacts, resource development, critical habitat determination, and endangered species listing. The need for these activities was underscored by the recent probable extinction of a zoogeographically important species (Bufo hemiophrys) in Wyoming (Baxter and Meyer, 1982).

The ecological literature on amphibians and reptiles is spotty; only a few species have been relatively well studied. For most species, particularly those that have cryptic life styles or occur in low densities, basic life history data are nonexistent or have been published in largely anecdotal form. Given the initial paucity of the herpetological literature, the problems are compounded when compiling references that pertain to Wyoming populations. The most recent treatment of the Wyoming herpetofauna is that of Baxter and Stone (1980), who listed 94 references. The majority of these do not pertain specifically to Wyoming populations.

References for the f^NAGE data base were compiled in a hierarchical manner. Studies on Wyoming populations were given first priority. Studies from habitats similar to those in Wyoming were given nearly equal weight.

Where these types of studies were not available, general natural history information that was generally applicable to the species was used. The result is a list of 353 references. Of these, only 49 represent studies performed on Wyoming populations.

Literature citations for each species are arranged according to lU selected topics: taxonomy, distribution, economic and legal status, population characteristics, habitat utilization, feeding, breeding, space use and temporal activity, effects of habitat modification, and other. The last category includes references of secondary interest and was used infrequently in the amphibian and reptile accounts.

The list of Wyoming species was taken from Baxter (1947) and Baxter and Stone (1980). Thirty-four species are included: one salamander, 11 frogs and toads, four turtles, seven lizards, and 11 snakes. Subspecies are not treated separately. In view of the inadequacy of the literature for most species and the small number of species where more than one race occurs in the state, we consider this decision justified. The one possible exception is the lizard Sceloporus undulatus. Three races with rather distinct ecologies occur in Wyoming. Although it is not possible to tell from the literature citations alone, we attempted (within the limits of the format) to differentiate between the races in the MANAGE account for this species. Scientific and common names used in this report follow Collins et al. (1978).

Acknowledgments.--Funding for the initial literature search was provided by the Office of Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. We appreciate this support and thank Henry Short for coordinating the project.

George T. Baxter and Michael D. Stone kindly reviewed the manuscript.

(5)

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF WYOMING

Amphibia Urodela

Ambystoma tigrinum (Tiger Salamander) Anura

Bufo boreas (Boreal Toad) Bufo cognatus (Great Plains Toad) Bufo hemiophrys (Wyoming Toad) Bufo woodhousei (Woodhouse's Toad) Pseudacns tnseriata (Boreal Chorus Frog) Rana catesbeiana (Bui1frog

)

TTaria"pTpTens (Northern Leopard Frog) Rana pretiosa (Spotted Frog)

"^ana syTvaTTc a

(Wood Frog)

Scaphiopus bombifrons (Plains Spadefoot Toad) Scaphiopus intermontanus (Great Basin Spadefoot Toad]

Reptilia Testudines

Chelydra serpentina (Common Snapping Turtle) Chrysemys pieta (Wstern Painted Turtle) Terrapene ornata (Ornate Box Turtle)

Trionyx spiniferus (Western Spiny Softshel1 Turtle) Sauria

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus (Prairie-lined Racerunner) Eumeces multivTrgatus (Northern Many-lined Skink) Holbrookia maculata (Northern Earless Lizard) Phrynosoma douglassi (Eastern Short-horned Lizard) Sceloporus graciosus (Sagebrush Lizard)

Sceloporus undulatus (Eastern Fence Lizard) Urosaurus~ornatus (Northern Tree Lizard) Serpentes

Charina bottae (Rubber Boa) Coluber constrictor (Racer)

Crotalus viridis TtTestern Rattlesnake) Heterodon nasicus (Plains Hognose Snake) Lampropeltis triangulum (Milk Snake) Opheodrys vernalis (Smooth Green Snake) Pituophis melanoleucus (Bull Snake)

Storeria occipitomaculata (Black Hills Redbelly Snake) Ihamnophis elegans (Wandering Garter Snake)

Thamnophis radix (Western Plains Garter Snake) Thamnojjhfs sirtalis (Common Garter Snake)

(6)

SPECIES ACCOUNTS

Amphibians

Urodel a

Amby stoma tign'num Tiger Salamander

Taxonomy: Gehlbach 1967; Reese 1972; Collins et a1. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Collins et a1. 1980; Pierce and Mitton 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Gehlbach 1967; Conant 1975; Bury et a1

.

1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Blair 1951; Stebbins 1951; Carpenter 1953;

Beidleman 1954; Pennak 1969; Tanner et al. 1971; Peterson 1974;

Sexton and Bizer 1978; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980;

Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Stebbins 1951; Moore and Strickland 1955; Dodson and Dodson 1971; Olenick and McGee 1981.

Breeding: Collins 1974; Sexton and Bizer 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Stebbins 1951; Baxter and Stone 1980; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Wassersug and Siebert 1975; Olenick and McGee 1981.

Anura

Bufo boreas Boreal Toad

Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1966; Campbell 1970b; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: None

Habitat utilization: Blair 1951; Stebbins 1951; Carpenter 1953;

Campbell 1970b, 1970c; Black and Brunson 1971; Campbell and Degenhardt 1971; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Campbell 1970a; Altig and Kelly 1974; Wassersug 1975;

Miller 1978.

Breeding: Stebbins 1951; Campbell 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Campbell 1970a, 1970c; Baxter and Stone 1980; Beisv/enger 1981; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: ^Mull^a et al. 1963;

Mulla 1966; Johnson and Prine 1976; Porter and Hakanson 1976.

(7)

Bufo cognatus Great Plains Toad

Taxonomy: Bragg 1940; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Bragg 1943; Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Bragg 1937, 1940; Stebbins 1951; Sharp 1979;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Bragg 1940; Smith and Bragg 1949.

Breeding: Bragg 1937a, 1937b, 1940; Stebbins 1951.

Space use and temporal activity: Bragg 1937a, 1940; Stebbins 1951.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Bragg 1940.

Bufo hemiophrys Wyoming Toad

Taxonomy: Porter 1958; Packard 1971; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Porter 1968; Conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980; Stromberg 1981; Baxter andfleyer 1982.

Habitat utilization: Baxter 1949; Stebbins 1951, 1966; Breckenridge and Tester 1961; Tester and Breckenridge 1964; Porter 1968;

Baxter and Stone 1980.

Feeding: Moore and Strickland 1954; Altig and Kelly 1974; Wassersug 1975.

Breeding: Breckenridge and Tester 1961; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Breckenridge and Tester 1961;

Porter 1968.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Tester et al. 1965;

Barclay 1980; Baxter and Stone 1980; Baxter and Meyer 1982.

Bufo woodhousei Woodhouse's Toad Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Bragg 1943; Bury et al. 1978.

Populationcharacteristics: Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Bragg 1940; Stebbins 1951; Underhill 1960;

Black 1970a; Peterson 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois I'^Sl

.

Feeding: Bragg 1940; Smith and Bragg 1949; Stebbins 1951; Gehlbach and Collette 1959; Altig and Kelly 1974; Seale and Beckvar 1980.

Breeding: Bragg 1940; Stebbins 1951; Underhill 1960.

Space use and temporal activity: Bragg 1940; Stebbins 1951.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Ferguson and Gilbert 1967; Sanders 1970; Wassersug and Siebert 1975; Porter and Hakanson 1976; Sharp 1979; Barclay 1980.

(8)

Pseudacns trisenata Boreal Chorus Frog

Taxonomy: Smith 1956; Whitaker 1971; Collins et al. 1978 Distribution: Baxter 1947; Spencer 1971; Conant 1975; Bury etal.

Population characteristics: Smith 1961; Spencer 1964 Miller ^1977- Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977.

Habitat utilization: Baxter 1949; Blair 1951; Stebbins 1951;

Carpenter 1953a 1953b; Spencer 1964, 1971; Pettus and Spencer 1964; Hess 1969; Matthews 1971; Whitaker 1971; Peterson 1974;

Miller 1977; Behler and King 1979; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Moore and Strickland 1954; Whitaker 1971; Altiq and Kelly 1974; Christian 1976, 1982.

Breeding: Spencer 1964; Pettus and Angleton 1967; Hess 1969; Miller 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980; Corn 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Spencer 1964; Whitaker 1971; Kramer 1973, 1974; Miller 1977; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Gosner and Black 1957; Hess 1969; Sanders 1970; Wassersug and Siebert 1975;

Porter and Hakanson 1976; Barclay 1980.

Rana catesbeiana Bullfrog Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Conant 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Dumas 1966; Black 1970; Moyle 1973- Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Bury 1976a; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.

Habitat utilization: Stebbins 1951; Willis et al. 1956; Gosner and Black 1957; Bury 1976a; Howard 1978a, 1978b; Tyler and Hoestenbach 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois

1981

.

Feeding: Stebbins 1951; Carpenter and Morrison 1973; Bury 1976a;

Tyler and Hoestenbach 1979; Bruneau and Magnin 1980b; Seale and Beckvar 1980.

Breeding: Willis etal. 1956; Viparina and Just 1975; Bury 1976a;

Howard 1978b; Baxter and Stone 1980; Bruneau and Magnin 1980a, 1980b.

Space use and temporal activity: Emlen 1968; Currie and Bellis 1969;

Carpenter and Morrison 1973; Bury 1976a; Howard 1978b.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Wilbur 1954; Gosner and Black 1957; Ferguson 1963; Mulla 1963; Mulla et al. 1963;

Mulla 1966; Mulla et al. 1966; Meeks 1968; Dimond etal. 1975;

Treanor 1975; Weis 1975; Bury 1976a; Barclay 1980; Hall and Kolb 1980.

(9)

Rana pipiens Northern Leopard Frog

Taxonony: Brov/n 1973; Pace 1974; Gillis 1975; Dunlap and Kruse 1976;

Collins et al. 1978; Lynch 1978; Dunlap and Platz 1981.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1974; Snith 1963c; Conant 1975;

Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Gibbs et al. 1971; Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Stebbins 1951; Dole 1965a; Gibbs et al.

1971; Merrell 1977; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Baxter 1947; Wright and Wright 1949; Stebbins 1951, 1954; Maslin 1964; Pennak 1969; Emery et al. 1972;

Peterson 1974; Merrell 1977; Lynch 1978; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hamnerson and Langlois 1981; Livo 1981; Corn 1982.

Feeding: Knowlton 1944; Stebbins 1951; Gehlbach and Collette 1959;

Linzey 1967; Dickman 1968; Hendricks 1973; Wassersug 1975.

Breeding: Baxter 1949, 1952; Stebbins 1951; Merrell 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980; Corn 1981, 1982; Livo 1981.

Space use and temporal activity: Stebbins 1951; Dole 1965a, 1965b;

Merrell 1977; Campbell and Clark 1981; Livo 1981.

Effects of habitatmodification and management: Helff and

Stubblefield, 1931; Stebbins 1951; Kaplan and Yoh 1961; Ferguson 1963; Kaplan and Overpeck 1964; Meeks 1968; Lande and Guttman 1973; Dimond et al. 1975; Wassersug and Siebert 1975; Merrell 1977; Punzo et al. 1979; Barclay 1980; Noland and Ultsch 1981.

Rana pretiosa Spotted Frog

Taxonomy: Thompson 1913; Stebbins 1954; Dumas 1966; Turner and Dumas 1972; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1966; Turner and Dumas 1972;

Dunlap 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Stebbins 1951; Turner 1958; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Stebbins 1951; Carpenter 1954; Middendorf 1957;

Turner 1958, 1960; Licht 1969, 1971; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Feeding: Stebbins 1951; Moore and Strickland 1955; Turner 1959;

Dickman 1968; Wassersug 1975.

Breeding: Turner 1958, 1960.

Space use and temporal activity: Turner 1958, 1960; Licht 1969, 1971.

Effects ofhabitat modification and management: Turner 1960; Barclay 1980.

Rana sylvatica Wood Frog

Taxonomy: Martof and Humphries 1959; Porter 1969a, 1969b; Martof 1970; Packard 1971; Bagdonas and Pettus 1976; Collins et al.

1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1954; Porter 1969b; Martof 1970;

Conant 1975; Bagdonas and Pettus 1976; Dunlap 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

(10)

Population characteristics: Heatwole 1961; Bagdonas 1968;, 1971;

Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Anderson 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Haynes and Aird 1981.

Habitat utilization: Maslin 1947; Stebbins 1951; Bell is 1961a, 1965;

Heatwole 1961; Bagdonas 1968, 1971; Anderson 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Haynes and Aird 1981;

Seale 1982.

Feeding: Stebbins 1951; Moore and Strickland 1955; Dickman 1968;

Wassersug 1975; Seale and Beckvar 1980.

Breeding: Stebbins 1951; Bellis 1961b; Bagdonas 1968; Baxter and Stone 1980; Haynes and Aird 1981; Seale 1982.

Space use and temporal activity: Heatwole 1961; Bellis 1962, 1965;

Seale 1982.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Fashingbauer 1957;

Gosner and Black 1957; Bagdonas 1971; Anderson 1978; Haynes and Aird 1981.

Scaphiopus bombifrons PlainsSpadefoot Toad

Taxonomy: Tanner 1939; Northen 1970; Collins etal. 1978; Sattler 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Chrapliwy and Findley 1956; Northen 1970;

Economic and legal status: Bury etal. 1978.

Population characteristics: Stebbins 1951; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Gilmore 1924; Stebbins 1951; Chrapliwy and Findley 1956; Woody and Thomas 1966; Black 1970a; Collins 1974;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Hanmerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Gilmore 1924; Stebbins 1951; Bragg 1956; Bragg and Bragg 1958.

Breeding: Voss 1961; Woody and Thomas 1966; Black 1970a; Collins 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Baxter and Stone 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Wassersug and Siebert 1975,

Scaphiopus intermontanus Great Basin Spadefoot Toad

Taxonomy: Tanner 1939; Northen 1970; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Tanner 1939; Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1966; Northen 1970;

Economic and legal status: none

Populationcharacteristics: Stebbins 1951; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Tanner 1939; Baxter 1948; Wright and Wright 1949; Stebbins 1951; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Wright and Wright 1949; Stebbins 1951; Acker and Larson 1979.

Breeding: Baxter 1948; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: none

(11)

Reptiles

Testudines

Chelydra serpentina Common Snapping Turtle

Taxonomy: Collins etal. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Ernst and Barbour 1972; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Carr 1952; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Froom 1976; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Carr 1952; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Collins 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980; Obbard and Brooks 1980; Schuett and Gatten 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Obbard and Brooks 1981.

Feeding: Pell 1940; Lagler 1943; Darrow 1963; Wheeler and Wheeler 1966; Hammer 1969; Hudson 1972; Punzo 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Carr 1952; Hammer 1969, 1971a 1971b; Black 1970b; Yntema 1970, 1978; Punzo 1975; Christiansen and Burken 1979.

Space use and temporal activity: Ernst 1968; Gibbons and Smith 1968;

Hammer 1969; Obbard and Brooks 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Maslin 1964; Gibbons 1968; Meeks 1968; Hammer 1969; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Collins 1974; Jackson et al. 1974; Punzo et al. 1979; Barclay 1980.

Other: Timken 1968; Stone 1976.

Chrysemys picta Western painted turtle

Taxonomy: Ernst 1971a; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Ernst and Ernst 1980;

Vogt and McCoy 1980.

Distribution: Maslin 1959; Ernst 1971a; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Lagler 1943.

Population characteristics: Sexton 1959; Meseth and Sexton 1963;

Ernst and Barbour 1972; Bury 1976b; McAuliffe 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Sexton 1959; Meseth and Sexton 1963; Wheeler andWheeler 1966; Gibbons 1967; Bury 1976b; Bury et al. 1979;

Feeding: Raney and Lachner 1942; Lagler 1943; Darrow 1963; Gibbons 1967; Clark and Gibbons 1969; Bury 1976b.

Breeding: Ernst and Barbour 1972; Christiansen and Moll 1973; Moll 1973; Snow 1980; Tinkle et al. 1981.

Space use and temporal activity: Cahn 1937; Ernst 1971b; Bury 1976b;

Bury et al. 1979.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Gibbons 1967; Meeks 1968; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Bury 1976b; Owen and Wells 1976;

Punzo et al. 1979; Barclay 1980.

Other: Timken 1968.

(12)

lU

Terrapene ornata Ornate Box Turtle

Taxonomy: Ernst and Barbour 1972; Ward 1978.

Distribution: Taylor 1894; Ward 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Legler 1960; Ernst and Barbour 1972;

Metcalf and Metcalf 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Legler 1960; Webb 1970; Conant 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Legler 1960; Metcalf and Metcalf 1970; Baxter and Stone 1980; Thomasson 1980.

Breeding: Legler 1960.

Space use and temporal activity: Rodeck 1950; Legler 1960; Stebbins 1966.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Legler 1960; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Hudson 1972; Schwartz and Schwartz 1974;

Stickel 1978; Holcomb and Parker 1979.

Other: Timken 1968.

Trionyx spiniferus Western Spiny Softshell Turtle Taxonomy: Webb 1962, 1973; Collins etal. 1978.

Distribution: Webb 1973; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Lagler 1943.

Population characteristics: Baxter and Stone1980.

Habitat utilization: Carr 1952; Webb 1962; Stebbins 1966; Black 1970b; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Williams and Christiansen 1981.

Feeding: Webb 1962; Black 1970b; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Collins 1974; Froom 1976; Williams and Christiansen 1981.

Breeding: Carr 1952; Webb 1956, 1962; Black 1970b; Ernst and Barbour 1972; Robinson and Murphy 1978.

Space use and temporal activity: Webb 1962; Plummer andShirer 1975;

Williams and Christiansen 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Webb 1962; Fitch and Plummer 1975; Robinson and Wells 1975; Barclay 1980.

Other: Timken 1968.

Sauria

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus Six-1ined Racerunner

Taxonomy: Collins etal. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Werth 1972; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.

1977; Baxter and Stone 1980; Jones and Droge 1980.

Habitat utilization: Smith 1946; Stebbins 1954; Fitch 1958, 1967;

Werth 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Fitch 1958; Werth 1972; Ballinger et al. 1979.

(13)

11

Breeding: Fitch 1958; Carpenter 1960; Werth 1972; Clark 1976;

Brackin 1979.

Space use and temporal activity: Fitch 1958; Werth 1972.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Fitch 1958; Hall 1980.

Eumeces multivirgatus NorthernMany-lined Skink

Taxonomy: Mecham 1957; Collins et al. 1978; Mecham 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; flecham 1957; Conant 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980; Mecham 1980.

Habitat utilization: Smith 1946; Mecham1957; Gehlbach and Collette 1959; Hudson 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Hudson 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Maslin 1957; Fitch 1970; Everett 1971; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Hall 1980.

Holbrookiamaculata Northern Earless Lizard Taxonomy: Smith 1946; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Collins 1974; Bury et al. 1978.

Habitat utilization: Gennaro 1972; Werth 1972; Hoger 1976; Sena 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Jones and Droge 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Smith 1946; Dixon and Medica 1967; Werth 1972; Collins 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Fitch 1970; Werth 1972; Gennaro 1974; Hoger 1976; Droge et al. 1982.

Spaceuse and temporal activity: Gennaro 1972; Werth 1972; Jones and Droge 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Werth 1972; Hoger 1976; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hall 1980; Jones and Droge 1980;

Jones 1981.

Phrynosoma douglassi Eastern Short-horned Lizard

Taxonomy: Smith 1946; Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1954; Conant 1975; Bury 1978;

Economic and legal status: Knowlton 1934; Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Hayward 1948; Stebbins 1954, 1966; Hayward et al. 1958; Banta 1965; Reynolds 1979; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Montanucci 1981.

(14)

12

Feeding: Knowlton 1934; Stebbins 1954; Pianka and Parker 197S- Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Stebbins 1954; Fitch 1970; Goldberg 1971; Pianka and Parker 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Pianka and Parker 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Peterson 1974;

Reynolds 1979; Hall 1980; Jones 1981.

Sceloporus graciosus Sagebrush Lizard

Taxonomy: Kerfoot 1968; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Kerfoot 1968; Conant 1975; Bury etal. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Mueller 1969; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter andStone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Kerfoot 1968; Mueller 1969; Ferguson 1971;

Tinkle 1973; Turner 1974; Derickson 1976; Rose 1976; Reynolds 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Woodbury 1932; Knowlton 1953; Stebbins 1954; Turner 1974;

Rose 1976.

Breeding: Mueller andMoore 1969; Ferguson 1971; Tinkle 1973; Turner 1974; Derickson 1976; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Ferguson 1971; Tinkle 1973; Turner 1974; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Punzo et al. 1979;

Reynolds 1979; Hall 1980.

Sceloporus undulatus Eastern Fence Lizard

Taxonomy: Smith 1946; Maslin 1956; Collins etal. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Tanner 1965; Ferguson 1971; Tinkle 1972; Tinkle and Ballinger 1972; Werth 1972; Ferner 1974, 1976; Turner 1974;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Jones and Droge 1980; Waldschmidt 1980;

Hammersonand Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Woodbury 1932; Johnson 1966; Werth 1972; Turner 1974;

Ferner 1976; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Ferguson 1971; Tinkle 1972; Tinkle and Ballinger 1972;

Turner 1974; Derickson 1976; Ferner 1976; Baxter and Stone 1980;

Ferguson et al. 1980; Ballinger et al. 1981.

Space use and temporal activity: Tanner 1965; Ferguson 1971; Werth 1972; Ferner 1974; Turner 1974; Jones and Droge 1980;

Waldschmidt 1980; Ballinger et al. 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Ferguson 1963; Punzo etal. 1979; Hall 1980; Jones 1981.

(15)

13

Urosaurus ornatus Northern Tree Lizard

Taxonomy: Ballinger and Tinkle 1972; Purdue and Carpenter 1972;

Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Stebbins 1966; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Smith 1946; Stebbins 1954; Douglas 1966 Worthington and Sabath 1966; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981

.

Feeding: Smith 1946; Stebbins 1954; Aspland 1964; Douglas 1966;

Breeding: Douglas 1966; Fitch 1970; Martin 1973.

Space use and temporal activity: Milstead 1970; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Hall 1980; Jones 1981.

Serpentes

Charina bottae Rubber Boa

Taxonomy: Stebbins 1954; Cunningham 1966; Nussbaum and Hoyer 1974;

Stewart 1977; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stewart 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Hoyer 1974; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.

Habitat utilization: Hayward 1948; Wright and Wright 1957; Hayward et al. 1958; Cunningham 1966; Hoyer 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Feeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Tanner and Tanner 1939; Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch 1970.

Space use and temporal activity: Wright and Wright 1957; Hoyer 1974;

Effects of habitat modification and management: Baxter and Stone 1980; Hall 1980.

Coluber constrictor Racer

Taxonomy: Auffenberg 1955; Collins et al. 1978; Wilson, 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Fitch et al. 1981.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Wilson, 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Peterson 1974; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Hayward 1948; Smith 1956; Hayward et al. 1958;

Fitch 1963; Parker and Brown 1973; Peterson 1974; Brown and Parker 1976; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Diller and Johnson 1982.

(16)

14

Feeding: Fitch 1963; Ballinger et al. 1979.

Breeding: Fitch 1963, 1970.

Space use and temporal activity: Fitch 1963; Brown and Parker 1976;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Sexton and Hunt 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Fitch 1963; Parker and Brown 1973; Brisbin et al. 1974; Peterson 1974; Fleet and Plapp 1978; Hall 1980.

Crotalus viridis Western Rattlesnake

Taxonomy: Klauber 1972; Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Smith 1963c; Conant 1975; Bury et al.

Economic and legal status: Klauber 1972; Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Baxter 1954; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept.

1977; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Gloyd 1946; Anderson 1947; Hayward 1948;

Woodbury 1951; Baxter 1954; Stebbins 1954, 1966; Wright and Wright 1957; Hayward 1958; Klauber 1972; Parker and Brown 1973;

Peterson 1974; Diller 1981; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Diller andJohnson 1982.

Feeding: Hamilton 1950; Baxter 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Klauber 1973; Baxter and Stone 1980; Diller 1981; Diller and Johnson 1982.

Breeding: Wood 1933; Rahn 1942; Glissmeyer 1951; Baxter 1954; Fitch 1970; Klauber 1972; Baxter and Stone 1980; Diller 1981; Diller andJohnson 1982.

Space use and temporal activity: Klauber 1972; U.S. Dept. of the Interior 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Jacob and Painter 1980;

Campbell and Clark 1981; Diller 1981; Diller andJohnson 1982.

Effects of habitatmodification and management: Baxter 1954; Chace 1971; Klauber 1972; Parker and Brown 1974; Bauer!e et al. 1975;

Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hall 1980.

Heterodon nasicus Plains Hognose Snake Taxonomy: Piatt 1969; Collins et al. 1978.

Economic and legal status: Bury etal. 1978.

Habitat utilization: Stebbins 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Flatt 1969; Sharp 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Edgren 1955; Piatt 1969; Ballinger et al. 1979.

Breeding: Piatt 1969; Fitch 1970.

Space use and temporal activity: Piatt 1969.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Piatt 1969; Sharp 1979; Hall 1980.

(17)

15

Lampropeltis triangulun Milk Snake

Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and legal status: Piatt et al. 1973; Bury et al. 1978.

Habitat utilization: Stebbins 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch and Fleet 1970; Peterson 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson andLanglois1981

.

Feeding: Fitch andFleet 1970; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Fitch 1970; Fitch and Fleet 1970.

Space use and temporal activity: Fitch and Fleet 1970; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Piatt et al. 1974;

Baxterand Stone 1980; Hall 1980.

Opheodrys vernalis Smooth Green Snake

Taxonomy: Grobman 1941; Robins 1952; Smith 1963b; Peterson 1974;

Conant 1975; Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Smith 1963b; Peterson 1974; Conant 1975;

Population characteristics: Peterson 1974; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Criddle 1937; Carpenter 1953a; Smith 1963b;

Lang 1969; Collins 1974; Peterson 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980;

Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Chace 1971; Collins 1974; Gregory 1977.

Breeding: Siebert and Hagan 1947; Fitch 1970; Peterson 1974.

Space use and temporal activity: Collins 1974.

Effects of habitatmodification and management: Collins 1974;

Peterson 1974; Piatt et al. 1974; Conant 1975; Punzo et al.

1979; Hall 1980.

Pituophis melanoleucus Bull Snake

Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978; Ballinger et al. 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Maslin 1964; Conant 1975; Bury et al.

Economic and legal status: Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter andStone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Hayward 1948; Stebbins 1954, 1966; Wright and Wright 1957; Hayward et al. 1958; Wheeler and Wheeler 1966;

Parker and Brown 1973; Peterson 1974; Sharp 1979; U.S.

Department of the Interior 1979; Baxter and Stone 1980;

Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Diller and Johnson 1982.

1

(18)

16

Feeding: Stebbins 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Ballinger et al.

1979; Baxter and Stone 1980; Diller 1981; Diller and Johnson 1982.

Breeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Wheeler and Wheeler 1966; Fitch 1970; Diller 1981; Diller and Johnson 1982.

Space use and temporal activity: U.S. Dept. of the Interior 1979;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Canipbell and Clark 1981; Diller 1981;

Diller and Johnson 1982.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Wright and Wright 1957; Korschgen 1970; Brisbin et al. 1974; Bauerle etal. 1975;

Baxter and Stone 1980; Hall 1980.

Storeria occipitomaculata Black Hills Redbelly Snake

Taxonor-iy: Trapido 1944; Smith 1963a; Peterson 1974; Collins et al.

1978.

Distribution: Peterson 1974; Conant 1975; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Economic and Legal Status: Bury et al. 1978.

Population characteristics: Peterson 1974; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977.

Habitat utilization: Criddle 1937; Trapido 1944; Carpenter 1953;

Smith 1963a; Lang 1969; Chace 1971; Peterson 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Feeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Breeding: Blanchard 1937; Trapido 1940; Wright and Wright 1957;

Peterson 1974.

Space use and temporal activity: Wright and Wright 1957; Lang 1969.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Piatt et al. 1974;

Hall 1980.

Thamnophis elegans Wandering Garter Snake Taxonomy: Fox 1951; Collins et al. 1978.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Smith 1963c; Stebbins 1966; Bury et al.

Population characteristics: Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Scott 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Hayward 1948; Carpenter 1953; Stebbins 1954;

Wright and Wright 1957; Hayward et al. 1958; Fleharty 1967;

Peterson 1974; Scott 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981; Scott et al. 1982.

Feeding: Tanner 1949; Wright and Wright 1957; Fleharty 1967; Baxter and Stone 1980; Gregory et ^al. 1980.

Breeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch 1970; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Scott 1978; Scott et al. 1982.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Tanner 1949;

Peterson 1974; Barclay 1980; Hall 1980.

(19)

17

Thamnophis radix Western Plains Garter Snake

Taxonomy: Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; conant 1975; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Criddle 1937; Stebbins 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Wheeler and Wheeler 1966; Collins 1974; Gregory 1977;

Feeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Gregory 1977; Ballinger et al.

Breeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch 1970; Gregory 1977; Baxter andStone 1980.

Space use and temporal activity: Collins 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Barclay 1980; Hall 1980.

Thamnophis sirtali s

Conmon Garter Snake

Taxonony: Fitch and Maslin 1961; Collins et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Distribution: Baxter 1947; Stebbins 1966; Bury et al. 1978; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Population characteristics: Aleksiuk 1976; Wyoming Game and Fish Dept. 1977; Baxter and Stone 1980.

Habitat utilization: Stebbins 1954; Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch 1965; Aleksiuk and Stewart 1971; Collins 1974; Baxter and Stone 1980; Hammerson and Langlois 1981.

Feeding: Wright and Wright 1957; Fitch 1965.

Breeding: Fitch 1965, 1970; Aleksiuk and Gregory 1974.

Space use and temporal activity: Fitch 1965; Campbell and Clark 1981.

Effects of habitat modification and management: Korschgen 1970;

Brisbin et al. 1974; Dimond et al. 1975; Punzo et al. 1979;

Barclay 1980; Hall 1980; Heinz etal. 1980.

(20)

18

LITERATURE CITED

Acker, R.L., and J.H. Larsen, Jr. 1979. A functional analysis of morphological variation in larval Scaph iopus intemiontanus. Am.

Zool. 19: 1012. ^{"^}

Aleksiuk, M. 1976. Reptilian hibernation: Evidence for adaptive strategies in Thamnophis sirtalis parietal is. Copeia 1976: 170-178.

Aleksiuk, M., and P.T. GregoryT 1775. Regulation of seasonal mating behavior in Tharnnophis sirtalis parietal is. Copeia 1974: 681-689.

Aleksiuk, M., and K.W. Stewart. 1971. Seasonal changes in the body composition of the garter snake (Tharnnophis sirtalis parietal is) at northern latitudes. Ecology 52: 405-490.

Altig, R., and J. P. Kelly. 1974. Indices offeeding in anuran tadpoles as indicated by gut characteristics. Herpetologica 30: 200-203.

Anderson, B.L. 1978. Rocky Mountain wood frog habitat evaluation study. Unpub. Rep. Colo. Div. Wildl., Denver.

Anderson, P. 1947. Observations on the denning habits of the prairie rattlesnake, Crotalus viridis viridis (Rafinesque). Nat. Hist. Misc.

Chic. Acad. ScTTTTT-?;:

Aspland, K.K. 1964. Seasonal variation in the diet of Urosaurus ornatus in a ripariancomunity. Herpetologica 20: 91-94.

Auffenberg, W. 1955. A reconsideration of the racer. Coluber

constrictor, ineastern United States. Tulane Stud. Zool. 2: 89-155.

Bagdonas, K.R. 1968. Variation in Rocky Mountain wood frogs. M.S.

Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Bagdonas, K.R. 1971. Differentiation ofwestern wood frogs. Ph.D.

Diss. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Bagdonas, K.R., and D. Pettus. 1976. Genetic compatibility in wood frogs (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae). J. Herp. 10: 105-112.

Ballinger, R.E., and D.W. Tinkle. 1972. Systematics and evolution of the genus Uta (Sauria: Iguanidae). Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ.

Mich. 14?rT-83.

Ballinger, R.E., D.L. Droge, and S.M. Jones. 1981. Reproduction in a Nebraska Sandhillspopulation of the northern prairie lizard Sceloporus undulatus gannani. Am. Midi. Nat. 106: 157-164.

Ballinger, R.E., J.D. Lynch, and P.H. Cole. 1979. Distribution and natural history of amphibians and reptiles in western Nebraska with ecological notes on the herptiles of Arapaho Prairie. Prairie Nat.

11: 65-74.

Banta, B.H. 1965. A preliminary report of the herpetofauna of a seven mile transect of the Black Forest, El Paso County, Colorado. J.

Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. 5: 55-56.

Barclay, J.S. 1980. Impact of stream alterations on riparian communities in south central Oklahoma. U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., FWS/OBS-80/17, August 1980.

Bauerle, B., D.L. Spencer, and W. Wheeler. 1975. The use of snakes as indicator species. Copeia 1975: 366-368.

Baxter, G.T. 1947. The amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Wyo. Wildl.

11: 30-34.

(21)

19

Baxter, G.T. 1948. The amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. IV. The spadefoot toads. Wyo. Wildl. 12: 27-29.

Baxter, G.T. 1949. Breeding activities of certain Wyoming amphibians and their relation to air and water temperatures. J. Colo. -Wyo.

Acad. Sci. 4: 61.

Baxter, G.T. 1952. Notes on growth and the reproductive cycle of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens Schreber, in southern Wyoming. J.

Colo. -Wyo. AcaTrTTcl. 4: yi.

Baxter, G.T. 1954. The rattlesnakes of Wyoming. Wyo. Wildl. 18: 7-10, 34.

Baxter, G.T., and J.S. Meyer. 1982. The status and decline of the Wyoming toad, Bufo hemiophrys baxteri. J. Colo. -Wyo. Acad. Sci.

14: 33.

Baxter, G.T., and M.D. Stone. 1980. Amphibians and reptiles of Wyoming. Bull. Wyo. Game Fish Dept. 16: 1-137.

Behler, J.L., and F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York.

719 pp.

Beidleman, R.G. 1954. Unusual occurrence of the tiger salamander in north-central Colorado. Copeia 1954: 60-61.

Beiswenger, R.E. 1981. Predation by gray jays on aggregating tadpoles of the boreal toad (Bufo boreas). Copeia 1981: 459-460.

Bellis, E.D. 1961a. Covervalue and escape habits of thev/ood frog in a Minnesota bog. Herpetologica 17: 228-231.

Bellis, E.D. 1961b. Growth of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Copeia 1961: 74-77.

Bellis, E.D. 1962. The influence of humidity on wood frog activity.

Am. Midi. Nat. 68: 139-148.

Bellis, E.D. 1965. Home range and movements of the wood frog in a northern bog. Ecology 46: 90-98.

Black, J.H. 1970a. Amphibians of Montana. Mont. Wildl. Animals of Mont. Ser. 1: 1-32.

Black, J.H. 1970b. Turtles of Montana. Mont. Wildl. Nov. 1970: 26-32.

Black, J.H. 1974. Larval spadefoot survival. J. Herp. 8: 371-374.

Black, J.H., and R.B. Brunson. 1971. Breeding behavior of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas (Baird and Girard), inwestern Montana.

GreatEasTn Nat. 31: 109-1 13.

Blair, A. P. 1951. Note on the herpetology of the Elk Mountains, Colorado. Copeia 1951: 239-240.

Blanchard, F.N. 1937. Data on the natural history of the red-bellied snake, Storeriaoccipito-maculata (Storer), inMichigan. Copeia 1937: 151-162.

Brackin, M.F. 1979. The seasonal reproductive, fat body, and adrenal cycles ofmale six-lined racerunners (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus) in central Oklahoma. Herpetologica 35: 216-222.

Bragg, A.N. 1937a. Observations on Bufo cognatus with special reference to the breeding habits and eggs. "~Sm7Midi. Nat. 18: 273-284.

Bragg, A.N. 1937b. Anote on the metamorphosis of the tadpoles of Bufo cognatus. Copeia 1937: 227-228.

Bragg, A.N. 1940a. Observations on the ecology and natural history of Anura I. Habits, habitat and breeding of Bufo cognatus Say. Am. Nat.

74: 322-349, 424-438.

(22)

20

Bragg, A.N. 1940b. Observations on the ecology and natural history of Anura II. Habits, habitat, and breeding of Bufo woodhousei woodhousei (Girard) in Oklahoma. An. Midi. Nat. 24: 306-321.

Bragg, A.N. 7943. On the economic value of Oklahoma toads. Proc. Okla.

Acad. Sci. 23: 37-39.

Bragg, A.N. 1956. Dimorphism and cannibalism in tadpoles of Scaphiopus bombifrons (Amphibia, Salientia). Southwest. Nat. 1: 105-IUy.

Bragg, A.N. and W.N. Bragg. 1958. Variations in themouth parts in tadpoles of Scaphiopus (Spea) bombifrons Cope (Amphibia: Salientia).

Southwest. Nat. 3: 55-69.

Breckenridge, W.J., and J.R. Tester. 1961. Growth, local movements and hibernation of the Manitoba toad, Bufo hemiophrys. Ecology 42:

637-646.

Brisbin, I.L., M.A. Staton, J.E. Pinder, III, and R.A. Geiger. 1974.

Radiocesium concentrations of snakes from contaminated and non-contaminated habitats of the AEC Savannah River Plant. Copeia 1974: 501-506.

Brown, L.E. 1973. Speciation in the Ranapipiens complex. Am. Zool.

13:73-79.

Brown, W.S., and W.S. Parker. 1976. Movement ecology of Coluber constrictor near comunal hibernacula. Copeia 1976: 225-241.

Brown, W.S., and W.S. Parker. 1982. Niche dimensions and resource partitioning in a Great Basin desert snake community, pp. 59-81. lin:

N.J. Scott (Ed.), Herpetological Communities. U.S. Fish Wildl.

Serv., Wildl. Res. Rep. No. 13.

Bruneau, M., and E. Magnin. 1980a. Vie larvaire des ouaouarons Rana catesbeiana (Amphibia Anura) des Laurentides, Quebec. Can. J. Zool.

58: 169-174.

Bruneau, M., and E. Magnin. 1980b. Croissance, nutrition et

reproduction des ouaouarons, Rana catesbeiana Shaw (Amphibia Anura) des Laurentides au nord de Montreal"! Can. J. Zool. 58: 175-183.

Bury, R.B. 1976a. Bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana). U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv., Wildl. Species Acct. (Unpub. Rep.). 26 pp.

Bury, R.B. 1976b. Painted turtle (Chrysemys picta). U.S. Fish Wildl

.

Serv., Wildl. Species Acct. (Unpub. Rep.). 29 pp.

Bury, R.B., V. Bound, and H. Welsh. 1978. Run wild: wildlife species accounts. Herpetofauna of the northern Great Plains. Unpub. Rep.

Nat. Fish Wildl. Lab. 204pp.

Bury, R.B., J.H. Wolfheim, and R.A. Luckenbach. 1979. Agonistic behavior in free-living painted turtles (Chrysemys picta belli).

Biol. Behav. 1979: 227-239.

Cahn, A.R. 1937. The turtles of Illinois. Univ. 111. Biol. Monogr.

16: 1-218.

Campbell, J.B. 1970a. Food habits of the boreal toad, Bufo boreas boreas, in the Colorado Front Range. J. Herp. 4: 83-85.

Campbell, J.B. 1970b. New elevational records for the boreal toad (Bufo boreas boreas). Arct. Alp. Res. 2: 157-159.

Campbell, jTFi r970c. Hibernacula of a population of Buj-q boreas boreas in the Colorado Front Range. Herpetologica 26: 278-282.

Campbell, J.B. 1972. Reproduction and transformation of boreal toads in the Colorado Front Range. J. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. 7: 114.

(23)

Campbell, J.B., and W.G. Degenhardt. 1971. Bufo boreas boreas in New Mexico. Southwest. Nat. 16: 219.

Campbell, T.M. Ill, and T.W. Clark. 1981. Colony characteristics and vertebrate associates of white-tailed and black-tailed prairie dogs inWyoming. Am. Midi. Nat. 105: 269-276.

Carpenter, C.C. 1953a. A study of hibernacula and hibernating

associations of snakes and amphibians in Michigan. Ecology 34: 74-80.

Carpenter, C.C. 1953b. An ecological survey of the herpetofauna of the Grand Teton ^- Jackson Hole area of Wyoming. Copeia 1953: 170-174.

Carpenter, C.C. 1954. A study of amphibian movement in the Jackson Hole Wildlife Park. Copeia 1954: 197-200.

Carpenter, C.C. 1960. Reproduction in Oklahoma Sceloporus and Cnemidophorus. Herpetologica 16: 175-182.

Carpenter, H.L., and E.O. Morrison. 1973. Feeding behavior of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, in north central Texas. Bios 44: 188-193.

Carr, A. 1952. Handbook of Turtles. Comstock Publ. Assoc, Ithaca, N.Y. 522 pp.

Chace, G.E. 1971. The reptiles of Paha Sapa. Aherpetologist's report from the Black Hills of South Dakota. Anim. King. 74: 20-28.

Chrapliwy, P.S., and J.S. Findley. 1956. Records of the central plains spadefoot toad, Scaphiopus bombifrons Cope, in South Dakota and Wyoming. Herpetologica 12: 124.

Christian, K.A. 1976. Ontogeny of the food niche in Pseudacris triseriata. M.S. Thesis. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Christian, K.A. 1982. Changes in the food niche during postmetamorphic ontogeny of the frog Pseudacris triseriata^. Copeia 1982: 73-80.

Christiansen, J.L., and R.R. Burken. 19/9. Growth and maturity of the snapping turtle (Chelydra serpentina) in Iowa. Herpetologica 35:

261-266.

Christiansen, J.L., and E.O. Moll. 1973. Latitudinal reproduction variation within a single subspecies of painted turtle, Chrysemys pieta belli. Herpetologica 29: 152-163.

Clark, D.B., and J.W. Gibbons. 1969. Dietary shift in the turtle Pseudeniys scripta (Schoeff) from youth to maturity. Copeia 1969:

704-706.

Clark, D.R. Jr. 1976. Ecological observations on a Texas population of six-lined racerunners, Cnemidophorus sex]ineatus (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Teiidae). J. Herp. 10: 133-138.

Collins, J. P., J.B. Mitton, and B.A. Pierce. 1980. Ambystoma tigrinum:

a multi species conglomerate? Copeia 1980: 938-941.

Collins, J.T. 1974. Amphibians and Reptiles in Kansas. Univ. Kans.

Mus. Nat. Hist. Publ. Ed. Ser. I. 283pp.

Collins, J.T., J.E. Huheey, J.L. Knight, and H.M. Smith. 1978. Standard common and current scientific names for North American amphibians and reptiles. Misc. Publ. Soc. St. Amphib. Rept. Herp. Circ. 7: 1-36.

Conant, R. 1975. A FieldGuide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 429pp.

Corn, P.S. 1980. Polymorphic reproductive behavior in male chorus frogs

(Pseudac ri s t riseriata). J. Colo.-Wyo. Acad. Sci. 12: 6-7.

Corn, P.S. TWII Field evidence for a relationship between color and developmental rate in the northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens).

Herpetologica 37: 155-160.

(24)

22

Corn, P.S. 1982. Selection pressures affecting a dorsal color polymorph ism in Rana pipiens. Ph.D. Diss. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Criddle, S. 1937. Snakes from an ant hill. Copeia 1937: 142.

Cunninghan, J.D. 1966. Observations on the taxonony and natural history of the rubber boa, Charina bottae. Southwest Nat. 11: 298-299.

Currie, W., and E.D. Bel11s. 1969. Home range and movements of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw, in an Ontario pond. Copeia 1969:

688-692.

Darrow, T.D. 1961. Food habits of western painted and snapping turtles in southeastern South Dakota andeastern Nebraska. M.S. Thesis.

Univ. S. Dakota, Vermillion.

Derickson, W.K. 1976. Ecological and physiological aspects of reproductive strategies in two lizards. Ecology 57: 445-458.

Dickman, M. 1968. The effect of grazing by tadpoles on the structure of a periphyton community. Ecology 49: 1188-1190.

Dimond, J.B., R.B. Owen, Jr., and A.S. Getchell. 1975. DDT residues in forest biota: further data. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13:

117-122.

Diller, L.V. 1981. Comparative ecology of Great Basin rattlesnakes

(Crotalus viridis lutosus) and Great Basin gopher snakes (Pituophis melanoleucus deserticola) andtheir impact on small mammal

populations in the Snake River Birds of Prey Area. Ph.D. Diss. Univ.

of Idaho, Moscow.

Diller, L.V., and D.R. Johnson. 1982. Ecology of reptiles in the Snake River Birds of Prey Area. U.S. Dept. Int., Bureau of Land Manag., S.R.B.P. Res. Proj., Boise, Idaho. Unpubl. Rep. 107 pp.

Dixon, J.R., and P.A. Medica. 1966. Simmer food of four species of lizards from the vicinity of White Sands, New Mexico. Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contr. Sci. 121: 1-6.

Dodson, S.I., and V.E. Dodson. 1971. The diet of Ambystoma tigrinum larvae from western Colorado. Copeia 1971: 614-624.

Dole, J.W. 1965a. Surmer movements of adult leopard frogs, Rana pipiens Schreber, in northern Michigan. Ecology 46: 236-255.

Dole, J.W. 1965b. Spatial relations in natural populations of the leopard frog, Rana pipiens Schreber, in northern Michigan. Am. Midi.

Nat. 74: 464-4757"

Douglas, C.L. 1966. Amphibians and reptiles of Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15: 711-744.

Droge, D.L., S.M. Jones, and R.E. Ballinger. 1982. Reproduction of Holbrookia maculata in western Nebraska. Copeia 1982: 356-362.

Dumas, P.C. 7966. Studies of the Rana species complex in the Pacific Northwest. Copeia 1966: 60-74.

Dunlap, D.G. 1977. Wood and spotted frogs (Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in the Big Horn Mountains of Wyoming. J. Herp. 11: 85-87.

Dunlap, D.G., and K.C. Kruse. 1976. Frogs of the Rana pipiens complex in the northern and central plains states. Southwest. Nat. 20:

559-571.

Dunlap, D.G., and J.E. Platz. 1981. Geographic variation of proteins and call in Rana pipiens from the northcentral United States. Copeia 1981: 876-875::

(25)

23

Edgren, R.A. 1955. The natural history of the hog-nosed snakes, genus Heterodon: a review. Herpetologica 11: 105-117.

Emery, A.R., A.H. Berst, and K. Kodaira. 1972. Under-ice observations of wintering sites of leopard frogs. Copeia 1972: 123-126.

Emlen, S.T. 1968. Territoriality in the bullfrog Rana catesbeiana.

Copeia 1968: 240-243.

Ernst, C.H. 1968. Aturtle's territory. Int. Turtle Tortoise Soc. J.

2: 9, 34.

Ernst, C.H. 1971a. Chrysemys pieta^. Cat. Am. Amphib. Rept.: 106.1-106.4.

Ernst, C.H. 1971b. Population dynamics and activity cycles of Chrysemys picta in southeastern Pennsylvania. J. Herp. 5: 151-160.

Ernst, C.H., and R.W. Barbour. 1972. Turtles of the United States.

Univ. Press Kentucky, Lexington. 347 pp.

Ernst, C.H., and E.M. Ernst. 1980. Relationshipsbetween North American turtles of the Chrysemys complex as indicated by their endoparasitic helminths. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. 93: 339-345.

Erwin, W.J., and R.H. Stasiak. 1979. Vertebratemortality during the burning of a reestablished prairie in Nebraska. Am. Midi. Nat. 101:

247-249.

Everett, C.T. 1971. Courtship and mating of Eumecesmultivirgatus (Scincidae). J. Herp. 5:189-190.

Fashingbauer, B.A. 1957. The effects of aerial spraying with DDT on woodfrogs. Flicker29: 160.

Ferguson, D.E. 1963. Notes concerning the effects of heptachlor on certain poikilotherms. Copeia 1963: 441-443.

Ferguson, D.E., and C.C. Gilbert. 1967. Tolerances of three species of anuran amphibians to five chlorinated hydrocarbon insecticides. J.

Mississippi Acad. Sci. 13: 135-138.

Ferguson, G.W. 1971. Observations on the behavior and interactions of two sympatric Sceloporus in Utah. Am. Midi. Nat. 86: 190-196.

Ferguson, G.W., C.H. Bohlen, and H.P. Wolley. 1980. Sceloporus undulatus: comparative life history and regulation of a Kansas population. Ecology 61: 313-322.

Ferner, J.W. 1974. Home range size and overlap in Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus (Reptilia: Iguanidae). Copeia 1974: 332-337.

Ferner, J.W. 1976. Notes on natural history and behavior of Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus in Colorado. Am. Midi. Nat. 96: 291-302.

Fitch, H.S. 1958. Natural history of the six-lined racerunner (Cnemidophorus sexlineatus). Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist.

11: n-62.

Fitch, H.S. 1963. Natural history of the racer. Coluber constrictor.

Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15: 351-468":

Fitch, H.S. 1965. An ecological study of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis. Univ. Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15: 493-564.

Fitch, H.S. 1967. Ecological studies of lizards on the University of Kansas Natural History Reservation, pp. 30-44. j£: W.W. Milstead (Ed.), Lizard Ecology: a Symposium. Univ. Missouri Press, Columbia.

Fitch, H.S. 1970. Reproductive cycles in lizards and snakes. Misc.

Publ. Univ. Kans. Mus. Nat. Hist. 52: 1-247.

Fitch, H.S., and R.R. Fleet. 1970. Natural history of the milk snake

(Lampropeltis triangulum) in northeastern Kansas. Herpetologica 26:

38/-396.

(26)

24

Fitch, H.S., and T.P. Maslin. 1961. Occurrence of the garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis, in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains. Univ.

Kans. Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 13: 289-308.

Fitch, H.S., and H.V. Plunmer. 1975. A preliminary ecological study of the soft-shelled turtle Trionyxtnuticus in the Kansas River. Israel J. Zool. 24: 28-42.

Fitch, H.S., W.S. Brown, and W.S. Parker. 1981. Coluberr.iomon. a species distinct from C. constr ictor. Trans. Kans. Acad. Sci. 84:

196-203.

Fleet, R.R., and F.W. Plapp, Jr. 1978. DDTresidues in snakes decline since DDT ban. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 19: 383-388.

Fleharty, E.D. 1967. Comparative ecology of Thamnophis elegans, T.

crytopsis, and T. rufipunctatus in New MexTcoI Southwest Nat. 12:

2U/-23U.

Fox, W. 1951. Relationships among the garter snakes of the Thamnophis elegans rassenkreis. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 50: 485-530.

Froom, B. 1976. The Turtles of Canada. McClelland and Stewart Ltd., Toronto. 120 pp.

Gehlbach, F.R. 1967. Amby stoma tigrinum. Cat. Am. Amphib. Rept.:

52.1-52.4.

Gehlbach, F.R., and B.B. Collette. 1959. Distributional and biological notes on the Nebraska herpetofauna. Herpetologica 15: 141-143.

Gennaro, A.L. 1972. Home range and movements of Holbrookia maculata maculata in eastern New Mexico. Herpetologica 28: 165-168.

Gennaro, A.L. 1974. Growth, size, and age at sexual maturity of the lesser earless lizard, Holbrookia maculata maculata, ineastern New Mexico. Herpetologica 30: 85-90.

Gibbons, J.W. 1967. Variation in growth rates in three populations of the painted turtle, Chrysen\ys picta. Herpetologica 23: 296-303.

Gibbons, J.W. 1968. Growth rates of the common snapping turtle, Chelydra serpentina, ina polluted river. Herpetologica 24: 266-267.

Gibbons, J.W., and M.H. Smith. 1968. Evidence of orientation by turtles. Herpetologica 24: 331-334.

Gibbs, E.L., G.W. Nace, and M.B. Emmons. 1971. The live frog is almost dead. Bioscience21: 1027-1034.

Gillis, J.E. 1975. Characterization of a hybridizing complex of leopard frogs. Ph.D. Diss. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Gilmore, R.J. 1924. Notes on the life history and feeding habits of the spadefoot toad of the western plains. Colo. Coll. Publ. Sci. Ser.

13: 1-12.

Glissmeyer, H.R. 1951. Egg production of the Great Basin rattlesnake.

Gloyd, H.K. 1946. Some rattlesnake dens of South Dakota. Chic. Nat.

9: 87-97.

Goldberg, S.R. 1971. Reproduction in the short-horned lizard Phrynosoma douglassi in Arizona. Herpetologica 27: 311-314.

Gosner, K.L., and I.H. Black. 1957. The effects of acidity on the development and hatching of New Jersey frogs. Ecology 38: 256-262.

Gregory, P.T. 1977. Life history observations of three species of snakes in Manitoba. Can. Field-Nat. 91: 19-27.

Gregory, P.T., J.M. Macartney, and D.H. Rivard. 1980. Small mammal predation and preyhandling behavior by the garter snake Thamnophi

s

elegans. Herpetologica 36: 87-93.

(27)

25

Grobman, A. 1941. A contribution to the knowledge of variation in Opheodrys vernalis (Harlan), with a description of a new subspecies.

Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 50: 1-38.

Hall, R.J. 1980. Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: A review. U.S. FishWildl. Ser. Spec. Sci. Rep. 228: 1-12.

Hall, R.J., andE. Kolb. 1980. Bioconcentration of organophosphorus pesticides to hazardous levels in amphibians. J. Tox. Env. Health 6:

853-860.

Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1950. Food of the prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus v.

viridis Rafinesque). Herpetologica 6: 34.

Hammer, D.A. 1969. Parameters of a marsh snapping turtle population, Lacreek Refuge, South Dakota. J. Wildl. Manage. 33: 995-1005.

Hammer, D.A. 1971a. Reproductive behavior of the common snapping turtle. Can. Herpetol. Soc. 1: 9-13.

Hammer, D.A. 1971b. The durable snapping turtle. Nat. Hist. 80:

59-65.

Hammerson, G.A., and D. Langlois (eds.). 1981. Colorado reptile and amphibian distribution latilong study. 2nd ed. Colorado Div.

Wildl., Denver. 24 pp.

Haynes, CM., and S.D. Aird. 1981. The distribution and habitat requirements of the wood frog (Rana sylvatica LeConte) in Colorado.

Colo. Div. Wildl. Spec. Rep. SOTTZT.

Hayward, C.L. 1948. Biotic communities of the Wasatch chaparral, Utah.

Ecol. Monogr. 18: 473-506.

Hayward, C.L., D.E. Beck, and W.W. Tanner. 1958. Zoology of the upper Colorado River basin. I. The biotic communities. Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 1: 1-74.

Heath, A.G. 1975. Behavioral thermoregulation in high altitude tiger salamanders, Ambystoma tigri num. Herpetologica 31: 84-93.

Heatwole, H. 1961. Habitat selection and activity of the wood frog, Rana sylvatica LeConte. Am. Midi. Nat. 66: 301-313.

Heinz, G.H., S.D. Haseltine, R.J. Hall, and A.J. Krynitsky. 1980.

Organochlorineandmercury residues in snakes from Pilot and Spider islands. Lake Michigan ^- 1978. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25:

738-743.

Helff, O.M., and K.I. Stubblefield. 1931. The influence of oxygen tension on the oxygen consumption of Rana pipiens larvae. Physiol.

Zool. 4: 271-286.

Hendricks, F.S. 1973. Intestinal contents of Rana pipiens Schreber (Ranidae) larvae. Southwest. Nat. 18: 99-1T3T:~

Hess, J.B. 1969. Changes in frequency of the green-spot phenotype in piedmont populations of the chorus frog. Ph.D. Diss. Colorado State Univ., Ft. Collins.

Hoger, C.E. 1976. A biogeographic analysis of a Nebraska Sand Hills isolate of the lesser earless lizard, (Holbrookia maculata Girard).

Diss. Abst. Int. B. 37: 3245.

Holcomb, CM., and W.S. Parker. 1979. Mirex residues in eggs and livers of two long-lived reptiles (Chrysemys scripta and Terrapene ornata)

in Mississippi, 1970-1977. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. TT.

369-371.

Howard, R.D. 1978a. The influence of male-defended oviposition sites on early embryo mortality in bullfrogs. Ecology 59: 789-798.

(28)

26

Howard, R.D. 1978b. The evolution of mating strategies in bullfrogs, Rana catesbeiana. Evolution 32: 850-871.

Hoyer, R.F. 1974. Description of a rubber boa (Charina bottae)

population from western Oregon. Herpetologica 30: 275-283.

Hjdson, G.E. 1972 (1942). The amphibians and reptiles of Nebraska.

Univ. Nebr. Conserv. Surv. Div., Nebr. Conserv. Bull. 24. 146 pp.

Jackson, C.G., Jr., CM. Holcomb, S. Kleinbergs-Krisans, and M.M.

Jackson. 1974. Variation in strontiun-90 exoskeletal burdens of turtles (Reptilia: Testudines) in southeastern United States.

Jacob, J.S., and C.W. Painter. 1980. Overwinter thermal ecology of Crotalus viridis in the north-central plains of New Mexico. Copeia

1980: 799"^BTJF:

Johnson, C.R., and J.E. Prine. 1976. The effects of sublethal concentrations of organophosphorus insecticides and an insect growth regulator on temperature tolerance in hydrated and dehydrated juvenile western toads, Bufo boreas. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 53A:

147-149.

Johnson, D.R. 1966. Diet andestimated energy assimilation of three Colorado lizards. Am. Midi. Nat. 76: 504-509.

Jones, K.B. 1981. Effects of grazing on lizard abundance and diversity in western Arizona. Southwest. Nat. 26: 107-115.

Jones, S.M., and D.L. Droge. 1980. Home range size and spatial distributions of two sympatric lizards (Sceloporus undulatus,

Holbrookia maculata) in the Sand Hills of Nebraska. Herpetologica 36: 127-132:

Kaplan, H.M., and J.G. Overpeck. 1964. Toxicity of halogenated hydrocarbon insecticides for the frog Rana pipiens^. Herpetologica 20: 163-169.

Kaplan, H.M., and L. Yoh. 1961. Toxicity of copper for frogs.

Kerfoot, C.W. 1968. Geographic variability of the lizard, Sceloporus qraciosus Baird and Girard, inthe eastern part of its range. Copeia 1968: 139-152.

Klauber, L.M. 1972. Rattlesnakes. Their Habits, Life Histories, and Influence on Mankind. 2nd ed. Univ. of Calif. Press, Berkeley.

1533 pp.

Knowlton, G.F. 1934. Lizards as a factor in the control of range insects. J. Econ. Entomol. 27: 998-1004.

Knowlton, G.F. 1944. Some insect food of Rana pipiens^. Copeia 1944:

119.

Knowlton, G.F. 1953. Some insect food of Sceloporus g. graciosus.

Herpetologica 9: 70.

Korschgen, L.J. 1970. Soil-food-chain-pesticide wildlife relationships in aldrin-treated fields. J. Wildl. Manage. 34: 186-199.

Kramer, D.C. 1973. Movements of western chorus frogs, Pseudacris triseriata, tagged with CO^O. j. Herp. 7: 231-235.

Kramer, D.C. 1974. Home range of the western chorus frog, Pseudacris triseriata. J. Herp. 8: 245-246.

(29)

27

Lagler, K.F. 1943. Food habits and economic relations of the turtles of Michigan with special reference to fish management. Am. Midi. Nat.

29: 257-312.

Lande, S.P., and S.I. Guttman. 1973. The effects of copper sulfate on the growth and mortality rate of Rana pipiens tadpoles.

Lang, J.W. 1969. Hibernation and movements of Storeria occipitomaculata in northern Minnesota. J. Herp. 3: 196-197.

Legler, J.M. ^1960. Natural history of the ornate box turtle, Terrepene ornata ornata Agassiz. Univ. Kans. Acad. Sci. 73: 96-117.

Licht, L.E. r5F5. Comparative breeding behavior of the red-legged frog

(Rana aurora aurora) and the western spotted frog (Rana pretiosa pretTosa) in southwestern British Columbia. Can. J. Zool. 47:

1287-1299.

Licht, L.E. 1971. Breeding habits and embryonic thermal requirements of the frogs, Rana aurora aurora and Rana pretiosa pretiosa in the Pacific NorTFTwest. Ecology b2: 11'5^T74.

Linzey, D.W. 1967. Food of the leopard frog, Rana p. pipiens, in central New York. Herpetologica 23: 11-17.

Livo, L.J. 1981. Leopard frog (Rana pipiens) reproduction in Boulder County, Colorado. M.A. Thesis, Univ. of Colorado, Denver.

Lynch, J.D. 1978. The distribution of leopard frogs (Rana blairi and Rana pipiens; Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) in Nebraska"! J. Herp. 12:

157^62.

Martin, R.F. 1973. Reproduction in the tree lizard (Urosaurus ornatus)

in central Texas: drought conditions. Herpetologica 29: Zl-TT.

Martof, B.S. 1970. Rana sylvatica. Cat. Am. Amphib. Rept.: 86.1-86.4.

Martof, B.S., and R.L"7~Humphries. 1959. Geographic variation in the wood frog, Rana sylvatica. Am. Midi. Nat. 61: 350-389.

Maslin, T.P. 1947. ~Rana sylvatica cantabrigensis Baird in Colorado.

Copeia 1947: 158-TF?r

Maslin, T.P. 1956. Sceloporus undulatus erythrocheilus ssp. nov.

(Reptilia, Iguanidae), from Colorado. Herpetologica 12: 291-294.

Maslin, T.P. 1957. Notes on the lizard Eumeces multivirgatus gaigae from Colorado and Utah. Herpetologica 13: 87-90.

Maslin, T.P. 1959. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of Colorado. Univ. Colo. Stud. Ser. Biol. No. 6. 98 pp.

Maslin, T.P. 1964. Amphibians and reptiles of the Boulder area. Univ.

Colo. Mus. Leafl. 13: 75-80.

Matthews, T.C. 1971. Geneticchanges in a population of boreal chorus frogs (Pseudacris triseriata) polymorphic for color. Am. Midi. Nat.

85: 208'^?2T":

McAuliffe, J.R. 1978. Seasonal migrational movements of a population of thev/estern painted turtle, Chrysemys pieta belli: (Reptilia, Testudines, Testudinidae). J. Herp. 12: 143-149.

Mecham, J.S. 1957. The taxonomic status of some southwestern skinks of themultivirgatus group. Copeia 1957: 111-123.

Mecham, J.S. I9bu. "Eumeces multivirgatus. Cat. Am. Amphib. Rept.:

241.1-241.2.

Meeks, R.L. 1968. The accumulation of 36ci ring-labeled DDT in a freshwater marsh. J. Wildl. Manage. 32: 376-398.