The genus Teiidlizard Cnemidophorus reaches its greatest diversity in North America, within the borders of the state of New Mexico. Nevertheless, the bibliography is complete; it represents the sum of knowledge about the species of Cnemidophorus found in New Mexico.
HERPETOLOGICA 22('^): 2^1-253
Karyotypes of the parthenogenetic whiptail lizard Cnemidophorus laredoensis and its putative parental species (Sauria, Teiidae). Fatty acid distribution of lipids from carcass, liver and fat bodies of the lizard, Cnemidophorus tigris, prior to hibernation.
BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION 6(3): 179-183
This behavior is seen as the result of the species occupying an essentially two-dimensional habitat. The parthenogenetic species (C_ neomexicanus) is identical to the normal species (C_. inornatus) both in natural histological changes of the fallopian tube and in those induced by hormones.
TEXAS 30URNAL OF SCIENCE 21(1): 95-97
JOURNAL OF MORPHOLOGY 125(3): 367-378
Evidence for endogenous rhythmicity in the reproductive cycle of the parthenogenetic lizard Cnemidophorus uni- parens (Reptilia: Teiidae). The striking feature of the distribution of several species of unisexual Cnemidophorus (exsanguis, neomexicanus, tesselatus, uniparens and y-lox) is the tendency to inhabit floodplains.
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 68(1): 15^^-16'*
The topography and climate of the area are discussed in detail, along with previous herpetoological research. A Changing Environment: Documentation of Lizards and Plants Over a Decade, m TRANSACTIONS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON THE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT REGION, THE UNITED STATES AND MEXICO.R.
AMERICAN MIDLAND NATURALIST 30(2): 510-517
They allow the lizard's belly to touch the moist substrate and its back to remain in contact with the warm, dry surface sand. The loss of approximately half of the individuals in each age group during the year is indicated. There are indications that the two species use mesquite versus clearing habitats differently.
This is the most polymorphic and heterozygous of the 21 lizard species studied so far (35%; mainland species only). Climate and vegetation changes in the area since the last major pluvial (Wisconsin) are discussed in detail. Biogeography, natural history and systematics of Cnemidophorus tigris (Sauria; Teiidae) east of the continental divide.
A comparative study of morphology and plasma proteins of the blood in the lizard species Cnemidophorus tesselatus (Sê) (Reptilia: Teiidae) from Colorado and New Mexico. The latter population differs significantly in the relative proportions of two of the four major plasma protein groups found in this species. A description of the range (vegetation, rainfall) and a brief summary of earlier herpetological surveys conducted in New Mexico are given.
JOURNAL OF THE ARIZONA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 6(2): 162-16^
The very real potential for future evolution of polyploid bisexual species of Cnemidophorus as revealed by the characteristics of the allotetraploids reported here is discussed. The karyotype of the deppei species group appears to be the most primitive among the extant species groups of the genus, and the karyotypes of the other species groups are easily derived from it mainly by central Robertsonian fusions and unequal pericentric inversions. The phylogeny of the genus based on these data is consistent with the general ecological and biogeographical distribution of the species.
The most primitive karyotypic forms occur in older, more tropical habitats, and the most derived karyotypic forms occur in the North American desert. Variation and ontogenetic variation in the species is discussed and the distribution as then known is given. 6 proteins representing at least 9 genetic loci were examined; separate populations of the two forms differ in at least two of them.
Adult and subadult lizards depend on significantly different proportions of the local prey population.
LAND NATURALIST 76: 369-378
SYSTEMATIC ZOOLOGY 17: 219-231
PROCEEDINGS OF THE UNITED STATES NATIONAL MUSEUM A detailed and very interesting inquiry into the following matters; a) which specimen constitutes the type, b) where is the type locality, c) which species in this area can the name be associated with. A description of the type of anditis compared with known species from the area is provided. All species except the exsanguis expanded into unoccupied habitats in 1964, and all species except the tiger increased in population density.
In July, there were more males of the sexual species in the population than females. Seasonal activity is described, with immatures of all four species first appearing in spring, adults appearing in late May and disappearing in late August, and young remaining active through September. It has been suggested that competition between neomexicanus and Tigris is the likely reason that the former is mainly restricted in distribution to the Rio Grande Valley.
The confusion over the type locality of this species is described in detail and is limited herein to "Pueblo, Pueblo County, Colorado: collected on the morning of July 19, 1820 near the mouth of Castle Rock Creek (probably = Fountain Creek)." C.tigrismarmoratus was collected from ^ association.
SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 2(2-3): 105-121
Competition between a species in its preferred habitat and a species that "invades" it (ie, not in the invader's preferred habitat) almost always occurs between sexual and parthenogenetic species. If, as we hypothesize in this study, no species has an advantage, or if there are mutualistic species, it can be predicted that all 5 species will continue to exist in the Chihuahuan Biotic Province, but that weight of numbers or chance will eventually remove all but one of them from which any association in the province. The vegetation of the square is described, which is in short grass and mesquite assemblage at ^600 feet.
Furthermore, no two species appear to occupy the same ecological associations in the same areas, although all 4 species appear to occupy the same ecological niche. The geographic and ecological distribution of whitetails in southwest Texas suggests that although all ^ species can live in most ecological communities of the Chihuahuan Desert, no two species can thrive at the same time. Cnemidophorus tigris increased in density in the ecological community dominated by it in 1952, as well as in communities dominated by the other two species.
Black Gap flagellated lizards after twenty years, in SURVEY OF THE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES SYMPOSIUM.
34;OF THE CHIHUAHUAN DESERT REGION, UNITED STATES AND MEXICO
Interspecific competition for food is one explanation for the rarity of other lizard species in the study areas. The most important components shared by the studied species were macrohabitat, microhabitat, time and food, although there is high overlap in the last three. Does the Chihuahuan Desert exist? A quantitative assessment through the aherpetofaunal perspective, jnTRANSACTIONS OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES OF THECHI-.
It is precisely this complex overlap of fluctuating ecological associations (such as between desert, grassland and pinyon-juniper forests) that may have played a critical role in the origin of hybrid parthenogenetic Cnemidophorus. Cnemidophorus sexlineatus sackii (= exsanguis) was the most frequently seen, if not the most common, reptile in the Guadalupe Mountains. Lizards were kept under (a) food only and (b) no food or water conditions; tigris survived well below (a), supporting the general assumption that desert lizards balance water loss with preformed water in the diet.
Interspecific water loss rates have not yet been determined in Teiidae, but the new pattern for reptiles is a close correlation between loss rate and degree of habitat dryness.
JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY 171(2): 175-18^
Understanding the evolution of sexual reproduction depends on how organisms resolve the conflict between immediate genetic fitness and the maintenance of genetic flexibility. Multivariate analyzes were made on 13 morphological traits of diploid and triploid population samples of Cnemidophorus tesselatus and females of the parental species _C. However, the estimated probability that any given unknown sample of triploid tesselatus actually belongs to one of the parental groups is less than 0.001.
All diploid populations have a probability greater than 0.05 of belonging to one of the parent species when size characteristics alone are considered; looking at the 9 scale marks alone, 17 of the 51 diploid samples have a probability greater than 0.05 of belonging to _C. The triploids appear to consist of three separate sets of chromosomes, rather than a complement resulting from fragmentation of the basic set found in bisexual species. The remainder of the parthenogenetic species can be deduced, although not unequivocally, karyotypically from various combinations of inornatus and tigris.
The utility for use of this character in field studies in light of the lack of other reliable sex-determining mechanisms is discussed, together with variation of the trait.
ETIN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 73(1): 23-32
30URNAL OF HERPETOLOGY 10(1): ^9-52
Photograph of a specimen with fully developed testes and reproductive organs collected on alluvial soil in the Rio Grande Valley 1. Biogeography and Some Ecological Aspects of Teiid Lizards (Cnemidophorus) in Trans-Pecos Texas (August 1971). Natural Hybridization of the Bisexual Teiid Lizard Cnemidophorusinornatus and the Unisexual Cnemidophorus perplexus in Southern New Mexico.
Although they are solid heterozygotes (and thus possibly well buffered against environmental changes), there is no evidence for the advanced age of any of the unisexual species. A field key for the whiptail lizards (genus Cnemidophorus). Part 1: The Whiptails of the United States. BULLETIN OF THE MARYLAND HERPETOLOGICAL SOCIETY iMl): 1-9. Several species of Cnemidophorus (exsanguis, tesselatus, tigris and uniparens) are common in the area's current fauna, but the genus is only moderately represented in the fossil fauna.
Observations of clutch and egg size and evidence of multiple clutches in some lizards of the southwestern United States.
TRANSACTIONS KANSAS ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 75(^): 283-300
Minimizing competition with sympatric lizard species (none of which exist) in various ways is discussed. However, populations of Cnemidophorus tesselatus showed very little fluctuation in density over the five years covered by this study, always remaining at much lower levels than those of C. The total diversity of lizard species for a given year was correlated with rainfall in the previous two years.
Problems regarding the use of the species concept in different ways by biologists with divergent viewpoints (i.e. ecologists and evolutionists) are discussed. Simpson's definition of the 'evolutionary species' is amended to "a species is a lineage of ancestrally descended populations which maintains its identity from other such lineages and which has its own evolutionary tendencies and historical fate". The application of the evolutionary species concept to allopatric demes and to asexual species is discussed.
The thermal characteristics of the microhabitats used by the lizards were measured and correlated with the activity of the lizards during the study period: the first year was optimal, the second too hot and the third too cold.
SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 5(1): 25-36
SOUTHWESTERN NATURALIST 8(1): 56
Variation in meristic traits among sympatric populations of at least two of the species in Arizona, New Mexico, and Chihuahua is discussed. Geographical and ecological characteristics of the three species are discussed, with particular emphasis on sympatric areas. They carry a triploid chromosome complement of 69, consisting of the diploid complement of 46 of the partheno species and a haploid complement of 23 of the paternal sexual species.
The presence of such habitats at the time of the origin of parthenogenetic individuals from hybridization between bisexual species is a critical factor, and features that contribute to the maintenance of parthenospecies are discussed. 252. Sample classes C and D occur in northeastern New Mexico, sometimes sympatrically, northeast of the Pecos River. The E pattern class occurs throughout the rest of the country, except for two isolated populations in Hidalgo County, which refer to the F pattern class.
The most striking feature of variation is the relative homogeneity of lizards of class E (geographically the most widespread class) and the diversity of populations that occupy the minor remaining part of the species range.
