View of SUBTITLE STRATEGIES IN A MOVIE ENTITLED ENCANTO

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JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 | P-ISSN: 2829-0410 E-ISSN: 2829-0534, Page 22-27

SUBTITLE STRATEGIES IN A MOVIE ENTITLED ENCANTO

Elsa Sandra Eprilia^a, Gita Rahmi^b

aFaculty of Letters and Culture, [email protected], Gunadarma University

bFaculty of Letters and Culture, [email protected], Gunadarma University

ABSTRACT

This research aims to analyze translation strategies in Indonesian subtitles of a movie entitled Encanto. The research method of this study was a qualitative method and used Gottlieb (1992)'s theory of subtitling strategies. Data for the study were collected from dialogues and Indonesian subtitles in a movie entitled Encanto, such as: expansion, paraphrase, transfer, imitation, transcription, dislocation, condensation, decimation, deletion, and resignation. Based on th e analysis, the researcher found 8 out of 10 subtitling strategies from 216 data, with transfer as the most used strategy in the movie entitled Encanto . Keywords: subtitle, subtitling strategies, movie

1. INTRODUCTION

Movie is one of the litera ry a nd a rtistic works tha t presents performa nces through sound and a udiovisua l. Besides loca l movies, there a re a lot of movies from foreign countries in Indonesia . To understa nd the plot of foreign movie, the production put the subtitles in the movie a fter it wa s tra nsla ted. One type of movie tra nsla tion is subtitling. Subtitling is the process of tra nsla ting from the source la ngua ge to the ta rget la ngua ge which is written a t the bottom of the film. The tra nsla ted texts tha t a re written on the bottom of the film a re ca lled a s subtitles.

The rea son why resea rcher chose subtitling stra tegies in this resea rch beca use subtitles ca n represent both ta rget la ngua ge a nd source la ngua ge in the sa me time. While the cha ra cter in the movie spea ks with their source la ngua ge, the subtitle will show the tra nsla tion in the ta rget la ngua ge. This sta tement is releva nt with Ga mbier (1993, p.276 cited in Ha stuti, 2015, p.59) tha t sta tes subtitling is one of two possible methods for providing the tra nsla tion of a movie dia logue, where the origina l dia logue soundtra ck is left in pla ce, and the tra nsla tion is printed a long the bottom of the film. It mea ns tha t through subtitling the a udience of the foreign movie ca n enjoy the movie by rea ding the tra nsla ting text on the bottom of the screen without a mbiguous thinking.

Resea rch a bout subtitling stra tegy ha s been done before. Putrilesta ri (2020) conducted resea rch a bout subtitling stra tegy in Percy Ja ckson & the Olympia ns: Lightning Thief Movie, Kusuma wa rda ni (2018) a na lyzed Wonder Woma n movie, a nd Nurha ya ti (2018) a na lyzed Finding Dory. Different from previous resea rch, in this resea rch, resea rcher chose the movie entitled Enca nto a s the source of da ta . Enca nto is a film produced by Wa lt Disney. According to ja ka rta utara.pikira n-ra kyat.com, Enca nto ha s been wa tched over 2 billion minutes on strea ming a pplica tion, Disney+. Also a ccording to kompa s.com, Enca nto got a wa rds as Best Anima ted Fea ture on Osca r 2022 a nd Best Picture Anima ted on Golden Globe Awa rds 2022.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. The Definition of Movie

According to Pra koso (1977: 22), etymologica lly, movie is a moving ima ge, while a ccording to some opinions, movie is a n a rra ngement of ima ges conta ined in celluloid a nd then pla yed using projector technology tha t offers brea th a nd ca n be enjoyed in va rious mea nings. While, Ardia nto (2004: 3) defines movie a s ma ss communica tion event. Another expert, Ha ll (2003) sta tes tha t movie is a representa tion that shows a process in which mea ning is produced using la ngua ge a nd is excha nged between group members in a culture. Representa tion connects concepts in our minds by using la ngua ge tha t a llows us to interpret objects, people, rea l events (rea l), a nd the ima gina ry world of objects, people, objects, a nd events tha t a re not rea l (fictiona l).

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JURNAL JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 pISSN: 2829-0410, eISSN: 2829-0534, Hal. 22-27 Ba sed on the definition of the experts, movie is a ma ss communica tion event a nd representa tion that shows a process in which mea ning is produced using la ngua ge a nd is excha nged between group members in a culture. Representa tion connects concepts in our minds by using la ngua ge tha t a llows us to interpret objects, people, rea l events (rea l), a nd the ima gina ry world of objects, people, objects, a nd events tha t a re not rea l (fictiona l). Then movie ca n be pla yed using projector technology tha t offers bea utiful picture a nd ca n be enjoyed in va rious mea nings.

2.2. The Definition of Translation

Ca tford (1965: 26) sta tes that tra nsla tion is the repla cement of textual ma teria l in one la ngua ge (source la ngua ge) by equiva lent textua l ma teria l in a nother la ngua ge (ta rget la ngua ge). Nida a nd Ta ber (1982: 12) see tra nsla ting a s the process of reproducing in the receptor la ngua ge the closest na tura l equiva lent of the source la ngua ge messa ge, first in terms of mea ning a nd secondly in terms of style. Another expert, Youseff (2000: 13) defines tra nsla tion is only to tra nsfer the idea .

Ba sed on expla na tions a bove, tra nsla tion is a process of tra nsferring the idea from one la ngua ge (source la ngua ge) to a nother (ta rget la ngua ge), in the receptor la ngua ge the closest na tura l equiva lent of the source la ngua ge messa ge, first in terms of mea ning a nd secondly in terms of style.

2.3. The Definition of Subtitle

Ga mbier in Ha stuti (2015:59) expla ins tha t subtitles a re a tra nsla tion of film dia logue tha t is written a t the bottom of the film. While, Shutteleworth a nd Cowie in Widia ni (2012:31) sta tes tha t subtitling is the process of giving a ca ption (writing below the screen) tha t is synchro nized to the dia logue in film a nd other television shows. Another expert, Arboga zt (2008:7) sta tes tha t subtitling is the mostly condensed rendering (written tra nsla tion) of a film dia log which a s written text a ppea rs synchronously with the corresponding spoken dia log on the screen.

Ba sed on expla na tions a bove, subtitle is the tra nsla tion a nd the process of giving a ca ption (writing below the screen) tha t is synchronized to the dia logue in film tha t is synchronized a nd shown in the bottom of the screen of the film.

2.4. Subtitling Strategies

Gottlieb (1992) sta tes there a re 10 stra tegies tha t ca n be used by tra nsla tors in tra nsla ting film subtitles.

These stra tegies a re a s follows:

1. Expa nsion.

Na mely the a ddition, ha s the mea ning of a dding a n expla na tion in the tra nsla tion. This is due to differences in cultura l nua nces or gra mma tica l fea tures or to remove a mbiguity.

2. Pa ra phra se.

In this stra tegy, the tra nsla tor expla ins pa rt of the sentence a ccording to its own understa nding, when the sentence structure in source la ngua ge ca nnot be rea rra nged in ta rget la ngua ge.

3. Tra nsfer.

In this stra tegy, the tra nsla tor tra nsla tes the sentence in source la ngua ge a ccura tely a nd completely into ta rget la ngua ge, without a dditiona l informa tion.

4. Imita tion.

Which is a stra tegy in which the tra nsla tor rewrites the words in the origina l text a s they a re for ma inta in the sa me structure, usua lly for the na mes of people or pla ces.

5. Tra nscription.

This stra tegy is used when there a re terms tha t a re not common in the sourc e la ngua ge, in other words, this stra tegy is to rewrite certa in usa ges to fulfill the textua l function of how the la ngua ge will be used. For exa mple, the wa y a sentence is pronounced in the source la ngua ge ca n be reflected in the subtitling.

6. Disloca tion.

This stra tegy is used when tra nsla tion effects a re more importa nt tha n dia logue content, disloca tion uses the a lterna tive words to tra nsla te a word beca use it is more mea ningful in ta rget la ngua ge.

7. Condensa tion.

This stra tegy a ims to compress the content so tha t the simplicity a nd effectiveness of the subtitles a re ma inta ined, a nd the mea ning is conveyed.

8. Decima tion.

Na mely extreme compression. This stra tegy tends to elimina te mea ning so tha t subtitles ca n still be rea d on fra mes tha t run too fa st.

9. Deletion.

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JURNAL JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 pISSN: 2829-0410, eISSN: 2829-0534, Hal. 22-27 This is a stra tegy tha t elimina tes pa rt or a ll of the text. This is done when the dia logue is considered to be less efficient, a nd the mea ning conta ined in it ca n be obta ined from other a udiovisua l cha nnels such a s ima ges a nd sound.

10. Resigna tion.

Resigna tion is used when no solution for the tra nsla tion is found, a nd the mea ning is lost or ca nnot be obta ined from other a udiovisua l cha nnels or in other words: 'not tra nsla ted'.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

In this resea rch, the resea rcher used a qua lita tive method to a na lyze subtitling stra tegies in the movie entitled Enca nto (2021). Qua lita tive resea rch a ccording to Koentja ra ningra t (1993: 89), is a resea rch design tha t ha s three forma ts. The three forma ts include descriptive resea rch, verifica tion a nd grounded resea rch forma ts. Another expert, Bogda n a nd Ta ylor (1975), sta te tha t qua lita tive resea rch a lso includes the methodology used for resea rch procedures tha t produce descriptive da ta . Mea nwhile Sugiyono (2007: 1) sta tes tha t qua lita tive resea rch is a resea rch tha t used to exa mine the object which is na tura l where the resea rcher is a s a key instrument, technique da ta collection is ca rried out combined, da ta analysis is inductive, a nd qua lita tive resea rch results more tha n mea ning tha n genera liza tion. This study a ims to ga in a genera l understa nding of socia l rea lity from the pa rticipa nt's point of view. Ba sed on those expla na tions from those experts, qua lita tive resea rch is a method with descriptive expla na tion.

The source of the da ta of this resea rch is the dia logue which is shown from the subtitle a nd the movie entitled Enca nto (2021). The movie wa s relea sed in thea ters on November 24^th, 2021, with the dura tion of the movie is 109 minutes. Enca nto tells the story of the Ma driga ls fa mily, who live hidden in the mounta ins of Colombia , ca lled Enca nto. Ea ch Ma driga ls fa mily members ha s a ma gic, but only Mira bel who ha s not a ma gic in their fa mily.

Before dra wing the conclusion of the resea rch, the resea rcher collected the da ta . The resea rcher chose to use the qua lita tive method in this resea rch. The resea rcher went through 6 steps:

1. Wa tching the movie entitled Enca nto (2021).

2. Re-wa tching the movie on Disney+ a pplica tion, so tha t the resea rcher would not miss a ny data for the subtitling resea rch in the movie.

3. Writing down the dia logues a nd subtitles in the movie.

4. Ma king the ta ble of cla ssifica tion of subtitling stra tegies which wa s found in the movie.

This resea rch used 4 steps to a na lyze the da ta a fter the da ta ha ve been obta ined from the source.

They were:

1. Classifying subtitling strategies by using Gottlieb (1992)’s theory in his book entitled Subtitling – A New University Discipline.

2. Ana lyzing the dia logues a nd the subtitles in the movie.

3. Giving expla na tions a bout subtitling stra tegies, supported by releva nt reference theories.

Dra wing conclusions a bout the subtitling stra tegies tha t were displa yed through dia logues and subtitles a s the result of the resea rch.

4. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Findings

From 216 da ta , the resea rcher found 8 out of 10 subtitling stra tegies. More deta il ca n be seen in Ta ble 1.

Ta ble 1. Da ta Findings

No SUBTITLING STRATEGY DATA

1 Tra nsfer 76

2 Pa ra phra se 50

3 Expa nsion 9

4 Imita tion 16

5 Condensa tion 31

6 Resigna tion 12

7 Deletion 14

8 Decima tion 7

Tota l 216

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JURNAL JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 pISSN: 2829-0410, eISSN: 2829-0534, Hal. 22-27 Ba sed on the Ta ble 1, tra nsfer is the most used subtitling stra tegy with tota l 76 Da ta . The second is pa ra phra se with tota l 50 Da ta , followed by condensa tion with 31 Da ta , imita tion with 16 Da ta , deletion with 14 Da ta , resigna tion with 12 Da ta , expa nsion with 9 Da ta , decima tion with 7 Da ta .

4.2 DISCUSSION

Ba sed on the a na lysis the resea rcher found 8 out of 10 subtitling stra tegies in the movie entitled Enca nto. They a re tra nsfer, pa raphrase, expansion, imita tion, condensation, resigna tion, deletion, decima tion.

The following expla na tion conta ins some da ta that represents the da ta findings in this resea rch.

1. Transfer

Ta ble 2. Tra nsfer

Dura tion Source La ngua ge Ta rget La ngua ge

01:41;18 – 01:41;19 Open your eyes. Buka matamu.

The da ta a bove shows tha t Gra ndma told Mira bel to open her eyes. The sentence in source la ngua ge is “open your eyes” a nd the tra nsla tor tra nsla ted it a s “buka matamu” in ta rget la ngua ge without a dding a nother informa tion. For tha t rea son, data 1 is ca tegorized a s tra nsfer. It is line with Gottlieb (1992) tha t sta tes tra nsfer is the stra tegy when the tra nsla tor tra nsla tes the sentence in source la ngua ge a ccura tely and completely into ta rget la ngua ge, without a dditiona l informa tion.

2. Pa ra phra se

Ta ble 3. Tra nsfer

01:41;01 – 01:41;04 This ca ndle holds the mira cle given to our fa mily.

Lilin ini menyimpan kea jaiban ya ng diberika n kepa da kelua rga kita .

The litera ry tra nsla tion of the sentence “this candle holds the miracle given to our family” is “lilin ini memegang keajaiban yang diberikan kepada keluarga kita”. This scene ha ppened when Gra ndma told a bout the ca ndle to Mira bel. The tra nsla tor cha nged the word holds (memegang) into menyimpan, therefore Da ta 1 is pa ra phra se. Gottlieb (1992) sta tes tha t pa ra phra se is the stra tegy when the tra nsla tor expla ins pa rt of the sentence a ccording to its own understa nding. The sentence structure in source la ngua ge ca nnot be rea rra nged in ta rget la ngua ge.

3. Expansion

Ta ble 4. Expa nsion

01:40;16 - 01:40;11

The candle beca me a ma gic flame tha t could never go out.

Lilin ini menja di a pi a jaib yang tak a ka n perna h pa dam.

The litera l tra nsla tion of “the candle became a magic flame that could never go out” in Da ta 1 is

“lilin menjadi api ajaib yang tak akan pernah padam”, but the tra nsla tor tra nsla ted it a s “lilin ini menjadi api ajaib yang tak akan pernah padam”, the tra nsla tor a dded the word ini in the subtitle to remove a mbiguity. This scene is when Gra ndma expla ined a bout the ca ndles tha t holds their fa mily ma gic. Ba sed on this expla na tion, Da ta 1 is expa nsion. Gottlieb (1992) defines expa nsion stra tegy a s the a ddition. This stra tegy ha s the mea ning of a dding a n expla na tion in the tra nsla tion. This is due to differences in cultura l nua nces or gra mma tica l fea tures or to remove a mbiguity.

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JURNAL JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 pISSN: 2829-0410, eISSN: 2829-0534, Hal. 22-27 4. Imitation

Ta ble 5. Imita tion

01:40;51 – 01:40;47

Your a buelo, Pedro a nd I were forced to flee our home.

Ka kekmu, Pedro, da n a ku terpaksa meningga lka n ruma h ka mi.

The sentence “your abuelo, Pedro and I were forced to flee our home” ha s been tra nsla ted as

“kakekmu, Pedro, dan aku terpaksa meninggalkan rumah kami”. The tra nsla tor rewrites the words in the origina l text which is Pedro a s Pedro a nd a lso Pedro is the person’s na me. Th e scene in Da ta 1 ha ppens when Gra ndma tells Mira bel the story a bout her a nd Mira bel’s gra ndfa ther who ha s na me Pedro to flee their home. Therefore, Da ta 1 used imita tion stra tegy. As sta ted by Gottlieb (1992), imita tion is a stra tegy in which the tra nsla tor rewrites the words in the origina l text a s they a re for ma inta ining the sa me structure, usua lly for the na mes of people or pla ces.

5. Condensation

Ta ble 6. Condensa tion

01:39;20 - 01:39;19 That's right. Bena r.

In Da ta 1, the tra nsla tor compressed the simplicity in the subtitles where the word “that’s right” is tra nsla ted into “benar”. The litera l tra nsla tion is “itu benar”. The tra nsla tor reduced the word but the mea ning still conveyed. This scene ha ppens when Gra ndma and Mira bel ta lks a bout Ma driga l’s children who get ma gic. Ba sed on this expla na tion, Da ta 1 is condensa tion. Gottlieb (1992) sta tes condensa tion is the stra tegy tha t a ims to compress the content so tha t the simplicity a nd effectiveness of the subtitles a re ma inta ined, a nd the mea ning is conveyed.

6. Resignation

Ta ble 7. Resigna tion

01:32:59 - 01:32;59

Um …

(Mirabel mengangkat satu tangan dan bahu, berusaha menjelaskan)

The scene in Da ta 1 ha ppens when Mira bel wa s a sked by the children in the villa ge a bout Mira ble who isn’t get a miracle. Mirabel answers it with “um”, but the tra nsla tor didn't tra nsla te it. Therefore, Data 1 is resigna tion. According to Gottlieb (1992), resigna tion is used when no solution for the tra nsla tion is found a nd the mea ning is lost or ca nnot be obta ined from other a udiovisua l cha nnels or in other words: 'not tra nsla ted'.

7. Deletion

Ta ble 8. Deletion

01:39;19 - 01:39;11 And together, our fa mily's Gifts ha ve ma de our new home a pa ra dise.

Bersa ma -sa ma, Ka runia kelua rga kita menguba h ruma h ba ru kita menja di firda us.

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JURNAL JUSHPEN Vol 1 No. 3 Desember 2022 pISSN: 2829-0410, eISSN: 2829-0534, Hal. 22-27 The scene in Data shows Grandma tells a story about Madrigal Family’s home to Mirabel. The tra nsla tor did not tra nsla te the word “and” (dan) a nd elimina ted it in subtitle. Ba sed on the expla na tion, Data 1 used deletion a s stra tegy. Gottlieb (1992) sta tes tha t deletion is a stra tegy tha t elimina tes pa rt or a ll of the text. This is done when the dia logue is considered less efficient.

8. Decimation

Ta ble 9. Decima tion

01:37;39 - 01:37;38 Hey! When is the ma gic Gift happen?

Hei, ka pa n ka runia sihir diberika n?

Da ta 1 show when the children a sk a bout ma gic gift ha ppen, the dura tion is only one second a nd the word “happen” (terjadi) is not being tra nsla ted. Therefore, the tra nsla tor elimina ted the mea ning so that subtitle still a ppea rs on fra mes. Considered from this, Da ta 1 is decima tion. Gottlieb (1992) defines decima tion a s extreme compression. This stra tegy tends to elimina te mea ning so tha t subtitles ca n still be rea d on fra mes tha t run too fa st.

5. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

Ba sed on the a na lysis, Enca nto used subtitling stra tegies ba sed on Gottlieb’s theory. The result shows tha t from 216 da ta, the resea rcher found 8 out of 10 subtitling stra tegies. There a re tra nsfer with tota l 76 Data (35%). The second is pa ra phra se with tota l 50 Da ta (23%), followed by conde nsa tion with 31 Da ta (14%), imita tion with 16 Da ta (7%), deletion with 14 Da ta (6%), resigna tion with 12 Da ta (6%), expa nsion with 9 Da ta (4%), decima tion with 7 Da ta (3%).

The resea rcher found out tra nsfer with tota l 76 Da ta (35%) a s the most used stra t egy in the movie entitled Enca nto. It mea ns that most dia logues in this movie ca n be tra nsla ted correctly a nd a ccura tely into the ta rget la ngua ge.

The resea rcher expects tha t this resea rch ca n be the guida nce for a nother resea rch in the future. Other resea rchers ca n use this resea rch a s their reference a nd exa mple if they wa nt to conduct a simila r study. The other resea rchers ca n use the sa me theory of subtitling stra tegy in this resea rch.

REFERENCES

[1] Arboga st, Gerzymisch H. (2008). Introduction to Multidimensiona l Tra nsla tion Resea rch. In Penerjema ha n Teks Audio Visua l (Subtitling) (p. 157).

[2] Fua di, Choirul. (2018). Pengertia n Subtitle, Subtitling, da n Dubbing.

http://www.tuka ngterjemah.com/2018/07/pengertia n -subtitle-subtitling-da n-dubbing.htmll

[3] Ga mbier, Yves. (1993). Audio Visua l Communica tion: Typologica l Detour. Tea ching Tra nsla tion and Interpreting 2. In An Ana lysis of Subtitling Stra tegies: A Ca se of English a nd Indonesia n La nguage Pa ir (p. 39). Phila delphia : John Benja min.

[4] Gottlieb, H. (1992). Subtitling-a new university discipline. In Subtitling Stra tegy in Question of Directive Speech Act in Jojo Ra bbit Movie (p. 20 -21). John Benja mins.

[5] Ha stuti, E. D. (2015). An Ana lysis on Subtitling Stra tegies of Romeo a nd Juliet Movie.

http://journalregister.ia insa la tiga .a c.id/index.php/register/a rticle/view/324.

[6] Ilya s, et a l. (2019). Penerjema ha n Teks Audio Visua l (Subtitling). Jurna l Educa tio FKIP UNMA, Vol.

5 No.2, 157. Indonesia , Universita s Ma ja lengka