View of THE USE OF INDONESIAN AS A COMMUNICATION TOOL BETWEEN SHIP CREWS

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Jurnal Disastri: Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol. 5, No.1, April 2023

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 35

Jurnal Disastri:

Pendidikan Bahasa dan Sastra Indonesia Vol 5, No. 1, April 2023

http://ejournal.unhasy.ac.id/index.php/disastri EISSN:2722-3329, PISSN:2716-411X

THE USE OF INDONESIAN AS A COMMUNICATION TOOL BETWEEN SHIP CREWS Elva Febriana Anggraeny¹, Mudiyanto²

1’2Universitas Hang Tuah, Surabaya

Corresponding Author: ¹[email protected]. id Abstract

Language is an arbitrary and meaningful sound-symbol system used by society. Language is not only sound produced by speech organs, but meaningful sound with a certain structure. This research was carried out on a deep ship in the Surabaya shipping channel. The purpose of this study is to describe the Good and Correct Use of Indonesian as an Intership Communication Tool to Support Shipping Safety. Benefits of research Research that will produce an analysis of the use of good and correct Indonesian as a means of communication between ships which is expected to be the basis for improving the way of communication between ships in the Surabaya shipping channel using good and correct Indonesian. The methodology of this research is qualitative and quantitative methods,

Keywords: Indonesian, communication, shipping safety

Article history Received:

05-01-2023 Revised:

05-02-2022 Accepted:

23-03-2023 Published:

07-04-2023

INTRODUCTION

Language is a sound that is meaningful and has a certain structure. Ho wever, language does not always sound and have meaning. Language has more complex underlying rules. A new meaningful sound will be called language if the meaningful sound can be used to communicate by the people who use it. Language-speaking communities will use the language for various things including for means of communication, means of self-expression, means of social control, to create new creativity. Through language, humans can also convey knowledge, ideas, and information. In other words, people will be able to master or learn a language while living, developing and growing in a community. Language is not just sounds produced by speech organs, but meaningful sounds with a certain structure.(Dardjowidjojo, 2012)The first steps in language construction include conception, formulation, and articulation. The conceptualization stage consists of speakers planning the intellectual framework of their presentation.

This means that language is a meaningful sound symbol produced by humans in the left hemisphere to form information or messages to be conveyed to the other person or recipient of the information. Information will be well received by the recipient of the

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 36 information if the language is well structured, namely prioritizing the choice of words, situations, conditions, and the effectiveness of sentences. Thus, seriousness is needed to receive information and process information in good language so that there are no misperceptions between the sender and receiver of information, especially in busy shipping such as in the western Surabaya shipping channel.

The communication tools on board are regulated in the shipping law article 131 no 17 of 2008(Government of Indonesia, 2008)which states that in accordance with the type, size, and area of travel, every ship passing through said ship must be equipped with equipment and radio communication equipment that meet the criteria. These rules have helped seafarers to communicate with nearby ships and harbor masters to avoid ship collisions or other dangerous situations. However, the more sophisticated technology sometimes makes people ignore the small things around them. As in language in communicating. Communication itself is communication that includes three main things, namely sharing, togetherness or understanding, and messages, thus, communication can be interpreted as a communication that will only occur if there is a message to be conveyed to other parties,(Nurudin, 2017).

Misperceptions can be avoided if communication can run smoothly, because(Nurudin, 2017)Communication includes three main things, namely sharing, togetherness or understanding, and messages, thus, communication can be interpreted as a communication that will only occur if there is a message to be conveyed to other parties, the message is intended so that other parties can receive togetherness or understanding. To support the smooth communication on the ship, a tool is needed to communicate(Thuraya, 2020)on board consisting of 4 types, including telegraph, Marine VHF radio, Hand held-VHF radio, and satellite telephone.

The use of language in communicating on board has been regulated in the IMO SMCP that the standard language for sailors is English. More specifically is Maritime English. Unskilled in using good language, of course, will make the equipment as sophisticated as anything on the ship will reduce its function, therefore special skills and discipline are needed to use standardized language. The West Surabaya shipping lane is one example of a place where many Indonesian-flagged ships can pass. This made the ship's crew prefer to use Indonesian to call other ships. However, the problem is that the language used is not the correct Indonesian. The stages of good and right have their own criteria, that good is not always standard or correct language, and vice versa. Good language is language that adapts to circumstances and environment. However, the correct language is to follow the broad standard of Indonesian spelling guidelines. The language that is good and correct is the language that is compatible, in accordance with the conditions with the rules in accordance with the general spelling standards of the Indonesian language.

Meanwhile, this research was conducted in the Surabaya shipping channel. In line with the law article 17 of 2008 shipping lanes are waters which in terms of depth, width and free from other shipping obstacles are considered safe and secure to be navigated by ships in the sea, rivers or lakes. Shipping lanes are intended to direct ships to harbor pools. Therefore, they have to wade through calm seas against moderate waves and currents. The port authority is obligated to maintain shipping lanes and signs, as well as regulate the use of the lanes. Surabaya shipping lanes are regulated by the ministry of transportation in the Decree of the Minister of Transportation of the Republic of Indonesia Number KP 821 of 2018 concerning Determination of Shipping Lanes, Route Systems, Traffic Procedures, and Ship Docking Areas According to Their Interests. The

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 37 shipping lanes in Surabaya are divided into two, the first is the Surabaya West Shipping Channel (APBS) which is a shipping channel that connects ships that will be anchored at the Port of Tanjung Perak from the North Java Sea. Second, the Surabaya East Shipping Channel (APTS) is a link between the ports in APBS and ports in East Java, including the Ports of Pasuruan, Probolinggo, Panarukan, Kalbut, Branta, Kalianget, and Banyuwangi as well as ports in Central and Eastern Indonesia.

Based on the description above, the researcher is interested in conducting research on "The Use of Indonesian as a Communication Tool Between Ship Crews”With this research, it is hoped that communication on board ships in the Surabaya Shipping Channel can use good and correct Indonesian besides that the ship's crew use the language that has been regulated internationally.

References relevant to this research(Windyandari, 2011)entitled "Challenges to the Marine Communication System in Indonesia as a Supporting Factor for Sailing Safety". In this study discusses communication systems at sea to support shipping safety.

The conclusion of the study is that given the increasing incidence of ship accidents at sea and in ports, Indonesia must strengthen the development of a communication system for ships. Internationally applicable IMO and SOLAS rules must specify whether or not a communication system is automated. AIS (Automatic Identification System), which has been standardized by IMO and applies to Indonesian ships, is one of the creations of a communication system on board. Increasing research on ship communication systems is needed to promote maritime safety. The similarities between this research and the research currently being carried out are that they both discuss onboard communication to support shipping safety. However, in this study it discusses the communication system, while the panel research that will be carried out discusses the language used in communication.

Further relevant research(Guritno, 2017)entitled "The Importance of Implementing IMO Resolution A.918 (22) concerning Standard Marine Communication Phrases for Deck Officers on Ships." This study discusses communication systems at sea to support shipping safety. This journal focuses on communication between ships, also known as Bridge to Bridge Communication, as well as internal vessel in communication which is closely related to ship operations. Where the data comes from a case study of a ship accident caused by a misunderstanding of differences in the language used on the ship itself. Following are the conclusions of the study:

(1) Due to an ineffective crew recruitment system, many ships were staffed by deck officers with poor English skills. (2) The Maritime English Curriculum in maritime education and training has not been modified to accommodate the skills of deck officers, nor has standard exam scores been set. In certain water locations, the use of Maritime English has not been implemented sufficiently, so it requires implementation supervision. (4) There is no agency that aims to improve the quality of Indonesian seafarers by addressing language and cultural issues.

The general objective of this research is to describe the Proper and Correct Use of Indonesian as an Intership Communication Tool to Support Shipping Safety. The research objectives were broken down into two specific research objectives, namely to describe the implementation of the use of Indonesian as a means of communication on board ships in the Surabaya shipping channel and to describe the relationship between the use of Indonesian as a means of communication between ships on shipping safety in the Surabaya shipping channel.

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 38 METHOD

This type of research is a combinatorial research, namely qualitative and quantitative will be used in this study. Qualitative is used to describe the implementation of communication on board, while quantitative is used to calculate the relationship between the use of Indonesian properly and correctly on shipping safety. The object of this research is a shipping company with a fleet of commercial ships based in Surabaya.

This study surveyed 150 sailors who sailed the Surabaya shipping lane. Sampling from a population of 150 respondents is based on the premise that the entire population is homogeneous so that it can be represented by the sample. This study uses stratified random sampling, which is a methodology for selecting samples depending on the number of certain stratifications.

The place where the data was taken for this study was in the Surabaya shipping channel. The Surabaya shipping lane was chosen to be the place of research because to obtain and collect data, researchers conducted research on the Surabaya West Shipping Channel. The research data was taken when communication occurred between ships crossing the Surabaya West Shipping Channel for one month or until the researcher judged that the data obtained was capable of being used to answer the research problem formulation. The collection of research data uses three techniques, namely questionnaires, interviews, and literature study. The interview was chosen to answer the first problem formulation, namely the implementation of the use of the Indonesian language as a means of communication between ships when passing through the west Surabaya shipping channel. Meanwhile, a questionnaire and literature study were chosen to answer the second problem formulation, namely the relationship between good and correct use of the Indonesian language on shipping safety in the western Surabaya shipping channel.

In this study, data collection for the first formulation of the problem was carried out using unstructured interviews, namely independent interviews where the researcher or data collector did not follow a methodical and thorough interview protocol. Thus, researchers or data collectors do not prepare research instruments in the form of written questions(Sugiyono, 2017a). This data collection is intended to answer the first problem formulation, namely the implementation of the use of the Indonesian language in communicating between ships in the western shipping channel of Surabaya.

A questionnaire or questionnaire is a data collection strategy in which participants fill out questions, then return them to the researcher(Sugiyono, 2017b). In this study, researchers offered respondents with a list of closed or open questions in the form of structured and written questions. Researchers review the literature related to commercial shipping management, focusing on issues related to research, both data obtained by companies and other related information. Furthermore, literature study was carried out by means of researchers reading literature related to commercial shipping management, especially those concerning issues related to research, both data obtained from the company and other information related to this research.

This study uses inductive (inferential) statistical analysis, namely an analytical approach that seeks to draw conclusions about all members of the populatio n or to characterize the population under study based on the results of the investigation as a population or sample. Because there is one independent variable and one dependent variable, the Multiple Linear Regression model is used to test the extent of the

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 39 relationship or influence between good and correct Indonesian and shipping safety in the West Surabaya shipping channel.

The similarities are:

Y = a + b1X1 +b2X2 + e Information :

Y = Sailing Safety

a = Intercept coefficient (point of intersection of the curve with respect to the Y axis) b = The coefficient of the dependent variable X1-X2

X1 = Dimensions of INS information services X2 = Dimensions of supporting navigation tools e = error variable

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION

A. Data Analysis and Interpretation 1. Data Validity and Reliability Test

With the help of the computer program SPSS (Statistics Application for Social Solution) version 25, computational results and data processing were obtained. The following factors are considered when using SPSS software:

a. SPSS is a computer application, computing and processing results may be more responsible and accurate

b. Calculation processes and data processing are more efficient than manual calculations, reducing processing and calculation time.

The validity of a questionnaire is determined by validity test. For a questionnaire to be valid, the questions must be able to elicit information that can be quantified by the questionnaire. In this study, the validity test was carried out by determining the correlation between the score of each question and the total score of all questions in a variable. The correlation is calculated using the product moment correlation of the person, using the following criteria:

a. An item is valid if there is a significant correlation shown by α = 0.05 between the questions whose validity is measured and the total score of the questions.

b. A question item is invalid if its significance value exceeds α = 0.05 or there is no significant correlation between the question item and the total score of all question items.

The results of the validity test are presented in the table below. The complete validity test results are seen in the attachment.

Table 3.1 Validity Test Results

Variable Correlation Value Significant Information

X1.1 0.601 0.000 Valid

X1.2 0.886 0.000 Valid

X1.3 0.581 0.000 Valid

X1.4 0.738 0.000 Valid

X2.1 0.748 0.000 Valid

X2.2 0.696 0.000 Valid

X2.3 0.705 0.000 Valid

X2.4 0.538 0.000 Valid

Y1.1 0.792 0.000 Valid

Y1.2 0.665 0.000 Valid

Y1.3 0.806 0.000 Valid

Y1.4 0.585 0.010 Valid

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 40 Based on table 3.1, all question items have a correlation significance value of

<0.05, so it is concluded that all questions are valid and can be tested for reliability.

Reliability test is used to evaluate a questionnaire that serves as an indication of a variable or concept. When a person's response to a statement is continuous or stable over time, it is stated that the questionnaire is reliable.

SPSS offers a tool to measure reliability using the Cronbach Alpha test. A construct or variable is considered reliable if the Cronbach alpha value is > 0.60.

Complete results of the reliability test can be found in the appendix. Its essence is presented in the following table.

Table 3.2

Reliability Test Results Variable Alpha

value

cut off Ket All

Variables 0.888 0.600

0 Reliable

Based on table 3.2 above, it can be seen that the alpha value for all variables is greater than 0.6.

2. Multiple Linear Regression Equation

Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine an excellent and accurate analysisabout the use of Indonesians as a method of communication between ships to improve shipping safety at the port of Tanjung Perak. Table 3.2 displays the results of data processing using computer-assisted SPSS software.

Table 3.3

Simultaneous Testing of Processed Data Results Variable Regression

Coefficient (B) T count Sig. Q Constant

(X1) (X2)

1715 0.086 0.817

1914 0.556 5048

0.058 0.579 0.000 R Square

Double R Sig. F F Count

0.739 0.859 0.000 149,840 Source: Appendix

The purpose of the regression equation is to estimate the variation in the value of the dependent variable caused by changes in the value of the independent variable. Thus in this study, the function of the multiple linear regression equation is to estimate the value of shipping safety, if there is a change in the analysis of the use of Indonesian language services as a communication tool. Based on calculations with the SPSS program, the regression equation in this study is obtained: Y = 1.715 + 0.086 X1 + 0.817 X2

Based on the regression equation, an interpretation of each coefficient value is carried out as follows:

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 41 a. Constant (a) = 1.715

The constant value (a) = 1.715 means that if there are no variables the analysis uses Indonesian as communication on board, then the value of the shipping safety variable (Y) = 1.715

b. Regression coefficient b1 = 0.086

This means that if the variable value uses Indonesian increases by one unit, then the value of the shipping safety variable (Y) will increase by 0.086 assuming the values of the other independent variables do not change or remain the same.

c. Regression coefficient b2 = 0.817

This means that if the value of the communication variable increases by one unit, then the value of the shipping safety variable (Y) will increase by 0.817 assuming the value of the other independent variables does not change or remains the same.

Analysis of the relationship between the use of the Indonesian language as a medium of communication and the dependent variable of shipping safety is determined by using multiple correlation coefficients. Data processing produces a double R value of 0.859. The multiple correlation coefficient shows that the use of Indonesian as a method of communication on board has a very strong relationship with shipping safety variables, as shown

Table 3.4

Guidelines for Providing Interpretation of Correlation Coefficients [9]

Coefficient

Intervals Relationship Level

0.00 – 0.199 Very low 0.20 – 0.399 Low 0.40 – 0.599 Currently 0.60 – 0.799 Strong 0.80 – 1.000 Very strong

The R value of 0.859 is the coefficient of determination showing that X1 and X2 have a strong relationship with the dependent variable Y. & the R Square value is 0.739.

This condition shows that the variables X1 and X2 contribute 73.9 percent to the dependent variable Y.

3. Hypothesis Testing

In order for the results of the regression analysis to be used to draw conclusions about the magnitude of the influence of each independent variable on the dependent variable, the validity of the regression coefficients must be verified by using the F test or t test.

4. Simultaneous Testing with the F test

The F test is used to determine simultaneously (together) whether the independent factors have an influence on the dependent variable. The F test statistic hypothetical is: Ho : b1, b2, b3 = 0, means that the simultaneous use of Indonesian for communication has no effect on shipping safety.

Ho : b1, b2, b30, means that the use of the Indonesian language for communication simultaneously affects shipping safety. Based on the results of data processing using the SPSS program, Fcount = 149,840 is obtained. At a significant level of 5%, the value of Ftable for degrees of freedom for the numerator (df1 = k = 3) and for the degrees of freedom for the divider (df2 = nk-1 = 168.588-3-1 = 164.588), then Ftable 0.05

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 42 (3.209) is 2, 6498 Because Fcount (149,840) > Ftable (2.6498), then H0 is rejected. This means that the use of the Indonesian language for communication simultaneously affects shipping safety. Therefore, the hypothesis which states that there is a simultaneous effect between the use of Indonesian for communication on shipping safety is proven.

0 1 2 Ftable = 2.6498 Fcount = 149,840

B. Implementation of the Use of Indonesian as a Communication Tool on board the Surabaya Shipping Channel

The first discussion of this research is to answer the first problem formulation, namely how to implement the use of Indonesian as a means of communication on board ships in the Surabaya shipping channel? After conducting research on the Surabaya shipping channel, the researchers found data that the answers from the research subjects, namely using the correct rules of communication on board according to the rules.

First, data will be presented that the research subject has used the correct rules when communicating on board, namely when calling the name of the crew, not being called by the crew's real name, but being called according to their position. As the nickname for the captain of the ship is Kapt, 1st mate is Chief, 2nd mate is second, 3rd mate is Third, 4th mate is Fourth. For machine officers called Bas 1, 2, and 3.

When giving rudder instructions it is also according to the rules, for example when giving instructions to the helmsman who according to the rules uses the English language commands in the matrimony studied in the SMCP course while the ship's crew is studying at a sailing school or skills training. The code is like the code "Starboard fifteen" which means fifteen to the right. However, during the observation, it was found that they were more comfortable using Indonesian to give instructions. Like immediately “Left twenty”

not “port twenty” “left ten” not “port teen”. Likewise, when giving instructions "Cikar Right" or sometimes saying "Kright Cikarang" it is not "hard a starboard" which means turning the rudder to the maximum degree. Even if the ship is about to turn right, the instructions given are only "in the middle", "thirty",

Furthermore, when communicating between the deck and the engine, they still use the correct rules, such as "Bas, please dispose of the 5 port ballast tank" even though the rules for using Indonesian refer to good language, the sentences produced are inerative sentences, namely the predicate comes before the subject. . However, in this case the crew,

d a e r a h p e n o l a k a n H o d a e r a h

p e n e r i m a a n H o

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 43 both the deck and the engine, understand each other, so that what they need is that both of them understand both the information provider and the recipient of the information.

When communicating with other ships or with tugboats, if both are Indonesian flags, they will use the Indonesian language, do not use maritime English, such as when communicating with other ships, if the ice on the ship cannot detect the ship's name or the ship does not have ice, then will be called according to the filling detection from the ship's crew, if it looks like the ship to be summoned has an Indonesian flag, then according to the research subject, he will call him a cigarette brand that is favored by the average Indonesian population, such as "MV Gudang Garam" or "KM Samsu or maybe if you can't detect where the ship is from, you will be greeted according to the direction of the ship, such as a ship heading south, you will be called "MV awu". If there is another ship that has ice and knows the name of the ship in question, will be told what the name of the ship. If no one corrects it, then the ship in question will answer and introduce itself, or even the ship in question answers without correcting the name of the ship. Because a term will be formed due to habit and the term can be understood and used by the user even thou gh it is not in the SMCP rules.

Based on these data, it is concluded that communication on board does not require that it must comply with the rules or that it does not have to speak good and correct Indonesian. the most important thing is first, there is an agreement between speakers and hearers in communicating and giving designations. Second, between speakers and speakers understand the context that is being discussed. Third, the principle of being concise and practical by abbreviating sentences that are considered too stiff and too long.

However, it is feared that the continuous use of the Indonesian language will disrupt concentration even a little, then there will be a failure to receive information which will result in a ship accident. So that every time you receive information, the recipient of the information is required to repeat the order so that there are no errors in the transf er of information.

C. The Relationship between the Use of Indonesian Language as a Communication Tool between Ships on Shipping Safety in the Surabaya Shipping Channel

The discussion of these two studies is to answer the second problem formulation, namely how is the relationship between the use of Indonesian as a means of communication between ships on shipping safety in the Surabaya shipping channel?

Data processing produces a double R value of 0.859. The multiple correlation coefficient shows that the use of Indonesian for communication has a high relationship with shipping safety variables. In this study, the most important exogenous variable is the shipping safety communication device. Communication equipment is very supportive in navigating on board. Communication tools include the telegraph, VHF radio to satellite telephone. For the telegraph communication device, the system works by transmitting information from the distributor in the form of Morse code, so that the ship's crew must master Morse signals to translate the contents of the message. With the telegraph,

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The use of Indonesian as a Communication … | 44 messages in the form of electrical impulses can be conveyed even if they are far away. So it is more economical than having to go back and forth on the ship just to communicate.

CONCLUSION

Communication on board does not require that it be in accordance with the rules or that it does not have to be in good and correct Indonesian. the most important thing is first, there is an agreement between speakers and hearers in communicating and giving designations. Second, between speakers and speakers understand the context that is being discussed. Third, the principle of being concise and practical by abbreviating sentences that are considered too stiff and too long. However, there is a concern that th e use of the Indonesian language is continuously disrupted in the slightest concentration, there will be a failure to receive information which will result in a ship accident. The number of respondents is 109 which shows that the use of Indonesian for communication simultaneously affects shipping safety,

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We thank Hang Tuah University for funding the research entitled "The Use of

Indonesian as a Communication Tool Between Ship Crews” and thank you to all port staff and co-workers in the same team and family for their support so that this research can be carried out properly. Hopefully this research is useful for readers.

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