Volume 277

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11/24/22, 1:41 PM IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 277, 2019 - IOPscience

https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1755-1315/277/1 1/7

Preface

Papers

Green Materials and Process

Volume 277 2019

Previous issue Next issue

3rd International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2018 1–2 November 2018, Tangerang, Indonesia

Accepted papers received: 16 April 2019 Published online: 11 June 2019

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011001 OPEN ACCESS

3rd International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2018 View article PDF

Open abstract

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011002 OPEN ACCESS

Peer review statement

View article PDF Open abstract

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012001 OPEN ACCESS

Preliminary study of the degradation of biocellulose based film using soil fungi Aspergillus unguis TP3 and Paecilomyces marquandii TP4 producing cellulose

Y Srikandace, D G S Andayani and M Karina View article PDF Open abstract

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012002 OPEN ACCESS

Evaluation of the strength of coconut shell aggregate concrete block for parking area

A Ridwan, A D Limantara, B Subiyanto, E Gardjito, D Rahardjo, A Santoso, B Heryanto, H L Sudarmanto, H Murti, A G Sari et al

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Waste Treatment and Management

012003 OPEN ACCESS

Screening of polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)-producing bacteria from soil bacteria strains D Ratnaningrum, V Saraswaty, S Priatni, P Lisdiyanti, A Purnomo and S Pudjiraharti

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012004 OPEN ACCESS

Utilization of dahlia tuber chips for preparation of difructose anhydride III (DFA III) by enzymatic reaction using inulin fructotransferase (IFTase)

E S Endah, D Ratnaningrum, W Kosasih, V Saraswaty, S Priatni and S Pudjiraharti View article PDF

Open abstract

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012005 OPEN ACCESS

Antioxidant activity of biocellulose-based films incorporated with powder of soursop leaves (Annona muricata L)

Y Srikandace and Indriyati

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012006 OPEN ACCESS

Isolation and characterization of Boso fish (Oxyeleotris marmorata) oil and their recovery using enzymatic reaction

W Kosasih, S Priatni, E Saepudin, R T Rosmalina, S Nurasiah and E S Endah View article PDF

Open abstract

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012007 OPEN ACCESS

Preliminary study of biodegradability of starch-based bioplastics using ASTM G21-70, dip- hanging, and Soil Burial Test methods

R C Nissa, A K Fikriyyah, A H D Abdullah and S Pudjiraharti View article PDF

Open abstract

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012008 OPEN ACCESS

Performance of Single Chamber Microbial Fuel Cell (SCMFC) for biological treatment of

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Green Energy

M Andrianto and Fahriansyah

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012010 OPEN ACCESS

Performance of the three-stages anaerobic tofu wastewater treatment during the second start- up process

L Sriwuryandari, Widyarani, E A Priantoro, Muchlis, U Hamidah, T Sembiring and N Sintawardani View article PDF

Open abstract

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012011 OPEN ACCESS

Removal of Hg, Fe and Cr from Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) analysis waste by hydroxide precipitation method

Djaenudin and L R Wiyani

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012012 OPEN ACCESS

Distribution of protein fractions in tofu whey wastewater and its potential influence on anaerobic digestion

Widyarani, E S Butar Butar, F Dara, U Hamidah, L Sriwuryandari, H R Hariyadi and N Sintawardani View article PDF

Open abstract

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012013 OPEN ACCESS

Re-development of a city-scale waste bank assessment index: Case studies Bandung and Cimahi Cities

M Pranaditya and I Juwana

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012014 OPEN ACCESS

Removal of fluoride ion from fertilizer industry wastewater to recover ammonium and phosphate using a five-compartment electrodialysis system

G S Arum and A Y Bagastyo

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012015 OPEN ACCESS

The performance analysis of a pico-hydro pump as turbine power plant D L Zariatin, Shulhanuddin, F Danuriyanto and A Suwandi

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Socio-Technological Assessment on Green Production

Life Cycle and Environmental Monitoring

The performance of the modified pump motor as a generator on the Pump as Turbine (PAT) power plant

D L Zariatin, S N Fitria, Y Dewanto, Ismail and D Rahmalina View article PDF

Open abstract

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012017 OPEN ACCESS

Design of conventional mixer for biogas digester Fahriansyah, M Andrianto and Sriharti

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012018 OPEN ACCESS

Biogas development: Dissemination and barriers S Dyah and Sriharti

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012019 OPEN ACCESS

Low volume liquid-liquid extraction for the determination of benzene, toluene, and xylene in water by GC-FID and HPLC-UV

R Yusiasih, R Marvalosha, S D S Suci, E Yuliani and M M Pitoi View article PDF

Open abstract

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012020 OPEN ACCESS

Preliminary study for 9,10-anthraquinone residue analysis in tea-based functional beverage:

GC-ECD optimization and method development M M Pitoi, M Ariyani, T A Koesmawati and R Yusiasih

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012021 OPEN ACCESS

Simultaneous determination of deltamethrin and 4 other pyrethroids residues in infusion tea:

Preliminary study

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S Wijonarko, B H Sirenden, T Maftukhah, D Rustandi, N T E Darmayanti and D Qiyaman View article PDF

Open abstract

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012023 OPEN ACCESS

Determination of carbamate insecticide in soil by SPE reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)

R T Rosmalina and A E Persulessy

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012024 OPEN ACCESS

Health Benefit Value of Selenium (HBV-Se) of mercury from consumption of fishes from Tual, Indonesia

A Kusnadi, S Oktaviyani and Suratno

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012025 OPEN ACCESS

Total mercury of marine fishes in Natuna Islands area, Indonesia: Risk assessment for human consumption

Suratno, R Puspitasari, R Rositasari and S Oktaviyani View article PDF Open abstract

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012026 OPEN ACCESS

A study on ecolabeling and Life Cycle Assessment for food products in Indonesia: Potential application to improve the competitiveness of the tea industry

A A R Setiawan, A Sulaswatty, M S Haq, T H A Utomo, A Randy, O Arutanti, E Agustian, E I Wiloso and A Haryono

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012027 OPEN ACCESS

Analytical performance for determination of synthetic pyrethroids residue in Indonesian fermented cocoa using GC-ECD

T A Koesmawati, M M Pitoi, M Ariyani and R T Rosmalina View article PDF Open abstract

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012028 OPEN ACCESS

The use of oxidation reactor for water sample preparation in the total phosphate determination using Segmented Flow Analysis

Ardeniswan, S A Janetasari, Muchlis, E A Priantoro and T Sembiring View article PDF

Open abstract

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Environmental Nanotechnology

Pollution load of Cisangkan River: The domestic sector R R Hikmat and I Juwana

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012030 OPEN ACCESS

Assessment of seasonal trophic state of tropical man-made lake, The Cirata Reservoir M Ariyani, M Agustian, G S Maharani and Sunardi

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012031 OPEN ACCESS

Natural iron sand-based Mg Ni Fe O nanoparticles as potential adsorbents for heavy metal removal synthesized by co-precipitation method

W B K Putri, E A Setiadi, V Herika, A P Tetuko and P Sebayang 1-x x 2 4

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012032 OPEN ACCESS

Etched and non-etched polystyrene nanoballs coated with AuNPs on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) electrode as H O sensor

G M A Saputra, A Purwidyantri, C-M Yang, B A Prabowo and C-S Lai 2 2

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012033 OPEN ACCESS

Remediation of Ni in a nickel-contaminated water sample using magnetic nanoprobes prepared via green process by Psidium guajava leaves extract

R Y Capangpangan, M J B Corpuz and A C Alguno 2+

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012034 OPEN ACCESS

SERS hotspots growth by mild annealing on Au film over nanospheres, a natural lithography approach

A Purwidyantri, C-H Hsu, B A Prabowo, C-M Yang and C-S Lai

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Cites per document Year Value Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2010 0.000 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2011 0.250 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2012 0.563 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2013 0.108 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2014 0.320 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2015 0.333 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2016 0.498 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2017 0.362 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2018 0.476 Cites / Doc. (4 years) 2019 0.461 Total Cites Self-Cites

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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

Pollution load of Cisangkan River: The domestic sector

To cite this article: R R Hikmat and I Juwana 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 277 012029

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

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Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

3rd International Symposium on Green Technology for Value Chains 2018 IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 277 (2019) 012029

IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/277/1/012029

1

Pollution load of Cisangkan River: The domestic sector

R R Hikmat^* and I Juwana

Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Planning, Institut Teknologi Nasional Bandung, Jl. PHH Mustopha No.23 Bandung 40124, West Java, Indonesia

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. Cisangkan Sub-watershed is one of the watersheds located in Cimahi City and is part of the Citarum Watershed. In 2018, the water quality of Cisangkan Sub-watershed was in severe condition. The domestic sector is one of the sectors which has the potential to contribute to the pollution of the river. These conditions explain that a study is needed to calculate the pollution load from the domestic sector in Cisangkan Sub-watershed. The purpose of this research was to study the pollution load from the domestic sector of Cisangkan Sub-watershed based on its existing population condition and projection for the next 5 years. The pollution load calculations used domestic waste emission factor, city equivalent ratio, and load transfer coefficient. The results show that the pollution load of the Cisangkan Sub-watershed in existing conditions are 5967.92 kg/day BOD; 8205.89 kg/day COD; 5669.52 kg/day TSS; 290.94 kg/day Total-N; and 31.33 kg/day Total-P and as for the projected conditions are 6149.94 kg/day BOD; 8456.17 kg/day COD; 5842.45 kg/day TSS; 299.81 kg/day Total-N; and 32.29 kg/day Total-P.

1. Introduction

The Cisangkan Sub-watershed is one of the watersheds located in Cimahi City, West Java, Indonesia and is part of the Citarum Watershed. Based on regular monitoring by the West Java Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), most water quality parameters of the rivers in West Java are below the standard values set by provincial and national governments [1]. The quality of surface water in West Java mostly polluted by domestic, agricultural, and industrial activities [2], while water in rivers is often used to fulfil human needs and other living things [3]. Currently, many rivers become the disposal sites for domestic, agricultural, livestock and industrial sectors that causing pollution [4], which consequently causes the degradation of water quality [5]. Naturally, there is a self-purification process in water bodies, but its capacity can be exceeded due to the heavy pollution load [6].

Based on the Information Document of Environmental Management Performance of Cimahi City in 2018, the water quality of Cisangkan Sub-watershed is classified as class II (water for which the designation can be used for recreational infrastructure/facilities, cultivation of freshwater fish, livestock, water to irrigate crops) according to the Government Regulation No. 82 of 2001 on Management of Water Quality and Water Pollution Control. However, the results of a study conducted by the Cimahi City Environmental Agency in 2017 indicate that the water quality in the Cisangkan Sub-watershed has exceeded class IV (water for which the designation can be used to irrigate crops) of the quality standard, so it is concluded to be in a severe polluted condition.

The pollution that occurs in Cisangkan Sub-watershed has the potential to contribute to the pollution of Citarum Watershed of Dayeuh Kolot-Nanjung segment [7]. The Citarum Watershed supplies water to three reservoirs which were built to supply water for domestic, agricultural, power plant, and

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fishery [8]. That explanation shows the importance of Citarum Watershed for living creatures in West Java because there exist domestic, agricultural, livestock, and industrial activities that are sources of pollution. The domestic sector is predicted to be the main source of pollution due to the dominant domestic area as compared to the other sources.

The above-mentioned conditions provide enough reasons to study the pollution load from the domestic sector. The pollution load could be calculated by taking into account the domestic waste emission factor, city equivalent ratio, and load transfer coefficient on existing population condition and projection for the next 5 years. In this way, the acceptable pollutant load to Cisangkan Sub-watershed from domestic sector can be known.

2. Methodology 2.1. Data collection

The data used in this research were secondary data, namely data on population, the map of Cisangkan Sub-watershed, the quality of water in Cisangkan Sub-watershed, distribution of domestic sector activity, and document of the spatial and regional plan of Cimahi City. All of the data were obtained from the Environmental Agency of Cimahi City.

2.2. Calculation of the pollutant load

The existing pollutant load was obtained from the domestic sector data of 2017, which was calculated using the following formula [9]:

The domestic sector pollutant load =

Σ Population x Emission factor x City equivalent ratio x Load transfer coefficient

The domestic waste emission factor can be seen in Table 1. City equivalent ratio (Cer) can be seen in Table 2.

Table 1. The domestic waste emission factor.

Parameter Emission (g/person/day)

TSS 38

BOD 40

COD 55

Total-N 1.95

Total-P 0.21

Table 2. City equivalent ratio.

Area Cer value

City 1

Suburbs 0.8125

Rural 0.6250

Table 3. Value of load transfer coefficient ().

Value of  Distance to the river (m) Sanitary pattern

1 0-100 Direct disposal to the river

0.85 100-500 Open canal

0.3 >500 Septic tank

The load transfer coefficient () of each sub-district was calculated by the approach method. The

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3

P. The key parameters were water quality parameters that caused pollution with an occurrence probability of ≥80% [9]. In addition to these two data, the city equivalent ratio and the load transfer coefficient also had to be determined.

The potential pollutant load was calculated with the same principle as the existing pollutant load.

The difference laid in the use of population data, which need to be projected every 5 years as described in Government Regulation No. 82 Year 2001 Chapter III Article 23 Paragraph 2. The projection was done by choosing one of the best methods among arithmetic, geometry, and least square, based on the last 10-years data.

3. Results and analysis 3.1. Existing pollutant load

The data used were population data of each sub-district. The approach method was used to calculate the area of settlement, the percentage of settlements in each sub-district, which could be found using ArcGIS software.

The results of the calculation of population in the Cisangkan Sub-watershed area of 2017 can be seen in Table 4.

Table 4. The recapitulation of total population in Cisangkan Sub-watershed area of 2017.

Sub-district

Total area of settlements

(km²)

Area of settlement of Cisangkan Sub- watershed (km²)

% area of settlements

Total population (person)

Total population in Cisangkan Sub- watershed (person) South Cimahi

(Downstream) 7.11 2.90 40.78 257417 104985

Central Cimahi

(Center) 6.91 3.56 51.59 172591 89033

North Cimahi

(Upstream) 7.11 1.25 17.59 163218 28712

Percentage of settlements in each range in the Cisangkan Sub-watershed area for each sub-district can be seen in Table 5.

Table 5. The percentage of settlements in Cisangkan Sub-watershed.

Sub-District

Area of settlement of Cisangkan Sub-

watershed (km²) Total area of settlement of Cisangkan Sub-

watershed (km²)

The total area of settlement (%)

0-100 m 100-500 m >500 m 0-100 m 100-500 m >500 m

South Cimahi

(Downstream) 0.02 1.77 1.12 2.90 0.63 60.88 38.49

Central Cimahi

(Center) 0.68 1.34 1.54 3.56 19.13 37.65 43.22

North Cimahi

(Upstream) 0.35 0.85 0.05 1.25 27.96 68.28 3.76

The higher the alpha value, the higher the level of water pollution by the domestic sector that could occur. The calculation of load transfer coefficient for each sub-district can be seen in Table 6.

Table 6. Load transfer coefficient.

Sub-District

Area of settlement (%)  Total

0-100 m 100-500 m >500 m 0-100 m 100-500 m >500 m  South Cimahi

(Downstream) 0.63 60.88 38.49

1 0.85 0.3

0.64 Central Cimahi

(Center) 19.13 37.65 43.22 0.64

North Cimahi

(Upstream) 27.96 68.28 3.76 0.87

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Settlement map in the Cisangkan Sub-watershed can be seen in Figure 1.

Figure 1. Settlement map of the Cisangkan Sub-watershed.

Hence the pollutant load for BOD parameter entering the river every day from the domestic sector in South Cimahi Sub-district by 2017 was 2684.58 kg/day. The result of the calculation of the domestic sector by each pollutant load parameter in 2017 can be seen in Table 7. The downstream, center, and upstream sections of the river are represented by the South Cimahi, Central Cimahi, and North Cimahi Sub-districts, respectively.

Table 7. The existing domestic sector pollutant load.

Sub-district The domestic sector pollutant load (kg/day)

BOD COD TSS Total-N Total-P

South Cimahi (Downstream) 2684.58 3691.30 2550.35 130.87 14.09

Central Cimahi (Center) 2.282.73 3138.76 2168.60 111.28 11.98

North Cimahi (Upstream) 1000.61 1375.84 950.58 48.78 5.25

Total 5967.92 8205.89 5669.52 290.94 31.33

The number of population in an area is directly proportional to the pollutant load generated from the

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5

3.2. Potential pollutant load

The calculation of the potential pollutant load from the domestic sector begins with projections of the population. The best population projection method was chosen based on the standard deviation, correlation coefficient, and coefficient of variances. Comparison of the three methods of population projection can be seen in Table 8. The red color shows the best value for each factor.

Table 8. Comparison of the three methods of population projection.

Factors Method

Arithmetic Geometry Least square Standard deviation 14132.673 13651.235 15277.622

Correlation coefficient 0.88 0.89 0.88

Coefficient of variances 0.025 0.024 0.027

A standard deviation is a number that indicates the distribution of data in the sample. The smaller the value, the closer to the actual value, so does the coefficient of variances. A correlation coefficient is a number that indicates the strength of the relationship between variables. The greater the value (close to 1), the stronger the correlation between variables. Based on the calculation, the best method chosen to project the population was geometry method.

The same method was used to project the existing population for the domestic sector in 2022. The area of urban settlement in Cimahi City was assumed not to increase based on the Cimahi City Regulation Number 4 of 2013 on Spatial Plans and Region of Cimahi City Year 2012-2032 article 39, which explains that the development of the residential area in Cimahi City is done by building vertical residences. The recapitulation of the population in the Cisangkan Sub-watershed area in 2022 can be seen in Table 9.

Table 9. The recapitulation of total population in Cisangkan Sub-watershed area of 2022.

Sub-district

Total area of settlements

(km²)

Area of settlement of Cisangkan Sub- watershed (km²)

% area of settlements

Total population (Person)

Total population in Cisangkan Sub- watershed (Person) South Cimahi

(Downstream) 7.11 2.90 40.78 269335 109846

Central Cimahi

(Center) 6.91 3.56 51.59 171524 88482

North Cimahi

(Upstream) 7.11 1.25 17.59 174940 30773

The domestic pollutant load calculation by 2022, which were done for each sub-district, can be seen in Table 10.

Table 10. The result of the domestic sector potential pollutant load calculation.

Sub-district The domestic sector pollutant load (kg/day)

South Cimahi (Downstream) 2808.86 3862.19 2668.42 136.93 14.75

Central Cimahi (Center) 2268.62 3119.35 2155.19 110.60 11.91

North Cimahi (Upstream) 1072.46 1474.64 1018.84 52.28 5.63

Total 6149.94 8456.17 5842.45 299.81 32.29

Hence, the domestic sector pollutant load for each parameter by 2022 can be seen in Table 10. For example, the value for the BOD pollutant load entering the river every day from the domestic sector in South Cimahi Sub-district by 2022 will be 2808.86 kg/day.

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3.3. Comparison of the existing and potential pollutant load

The comparison of domestic sector pollutant loads by 2017 and 2022 can be seen in Table 11.

Table 11. Comparison of pollutant load from the domestic sector.

Year Pollutant Load (kg/day)

2017 5967.92 8205.89 5669.52 290.94 31.33

2022 6149.94 8456.17 5842.45 299.81 32.29

Difference 182.03 250.29 172.92 8.87 0.96

It can be assumed that the increase in population is directly proportional to the increase of pollutant load generated from the domestic sector. Chart of domestic sector pollutant load for the year 2017 and 2022 can be seen in Figure 2.

Figure 2. The chart of the pollutant load from the domestic sector.

For all parameters, pollutant loads from the domestic sector have increased from the upstream to the downstream, both for existing and projected conditions (Table 10). The increase of BOD and COD values from the upstream to the downstream indicates an increase of organic waste discharges to river bodies. The high values of BOD and COD increase the oxygen required by microorganisms to break down organic matter, resulting in a decrease of dissolved oxygen in water bodies. The low content of dissolved oxygen indicates that the water body has been contaminated. Suspended solids also increase from the upstream to the downstream, which may occur due to an increase in domestic waste. Increased suspended solids can cause water bodies to become muddy so that it will inhibit the entry of sunlight into the water column. The contents of phosphates and nitrogen that increase from the upstream to the downstream is a sign of increased decomposition of organic matter due to the increase of domestic

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 9000

BOD COD TSS Total-N Total-P

Pollutant load (kg/day)

2017 2022

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7

Cimahi Sub-district. Results show that pollutant load of Cisangkan Sub-watershed in existing conditions from the domestic sector are 5967.92 kg/day BOD; 8205.89 kg/day COD; 5669.52 kg/day TSS; 290.94 kg/day Total-N; dan 31.33 kg/day Total-P. While in the projected conditions are 6149.94 kg/day BOD;

8456.17 kg/day COD; 5842.45 kg/day TSS; 299.81 kg/day Total-N; and 32.29 kg/day Total-P. There is an increase of pollutant load from existing condition (year 2017) to projection condition (year 2022).

The increasing of population in Cisangkan sub-watershed area is one of the factors that could cause the increase of pollutant load in domestic sector.

References

[1] Juwana I, Muttil N and Perera B J C 2011 West Java Water Sustainability Index – A Case Study on Citarum Catchment (Perth: 19^th International Congress on Modelling and Simulation)

[2] Juwana I, Muttil N and Perera B J C 2009 Conceptual Framework for The Development of West Java Water Sustainability Index (Cairns: 18^th World IMACS/MODSIM Congress)

[3] Juwana I, Muttil N and Perera B J C 2016 Ecol. Indicators 70 401-8

[4] Widyastuti M and Marfa’I M A 2004 Majalah Geografi Indonesia 18 81-97 [5] Kristanto P 2003 Ekologi Industri (Yogyakarta: Andi)

[6] Effendi H 2003 Telaah Kualitas Air (Yogyakarta: Kanisius)

[7] Document Information on Regional Environmental Management Performance of Cimahi 2016 [8] Juwana I, Muttil N and Perera B J C 2016 Ecol Indicators 61 170-8

[9] Iskandar 2007 Panduan Pelatihan Pengelolaan Kualitas Air (Jakarta: Puslitbang Sumber Daya Air Kementerian Pekerjaan Umum)

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