Volume 361

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Preface

Papers

Climate Change

Volume 361 2019

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7th International Conference on Sustainable Future for Human Security in conjunction with 3rd International Conference on Green Development in Tropical Regions "Sustainable Development:

Global Challenges on Environmental Protection and Social Justice" 29–30 October 2018, Padang, West Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Accepted papers received: 26 September 2019 Published online: 09 December 2019

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011001 OPEN ACCESS

Preface

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011002 OPEN ACCESS

7 Sustain Conference in conjunction with 3 ICGDTR 2018^th ^rd View article PDF

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011003 OPEN ACCESS

Peer review statement

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11/24/22, 1:22 PM IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, Volume 361, 2019 - IOPscience

https://iopscience.iop.org/issue/1755-1315/361/1 2/8

Sustainable Built Environment

012002 OPEN ACCESS

Groundwater flow patterns and hydrochemical facies of Kendal groundwater basin, Central Java Province, Indonesia

W Wilopo, D P Eka Putra, H Setiawan and R Susatio View article PDF Open abstract

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012003 OPEN ACCESS

Historical precipitation data in Sumatra and Kalimantan from 1879 to 1900, by using Dutch colonial materials

R Kajita

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012004 OPEN ACCESS

Mitigating simultaneous returning home after large-scale earthquakes: changing tourists' intentions to stay through public support

K Sakai, Y Toyoda and H Kanegae

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012005 OPEN ACCESS

Urban kampung and household energy consumption in Bandung, Indonesia N Prilandita, S U Purwaningati and P N Indradjati

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012006 OPEN ACCESS

Simulation-based framework of bonus zoning to provide public space in Bandung city E Sugiana, T S D Hasan, D Zulkaidi and N Prilandita

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012007 OPEN ACCESS

Management strategy of sustainable urban drainage in Pekanbaru City Komala Sari

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012008 OPEN ACCESS

Study on roadside greenery in Yogyakarta City towards development of productive urban landscape

A Sarwadi, S N R Irwan, R N Utami and A B Raya

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012009 OPEN ACCESS

Low energy measures for residential buildings in tropical regime N A Utama, D Hendriana, R Irawan, M Hadi, T A Bahtiar and F Suhedi

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012010 OPEN ACCESS

Comparison study of beach geometrics and beach sand gradation related to abrasion potential based along the West Sumatra Province

Y Putra, A Hakam, B Istijono, Junaidi and B M Adji View article PDF Open abstract

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012011 OPEN ACCESS

Foundation stability on sandy soil due to excessive pore water pressure: laboratory observations

A Hakam, R Yuliet, Risayanti, H G Putra and Sunaryo View article PDF Open abstract

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012012 OPEN ACCESS

The aspect role of building maintenance on architectural design works (case study: a College Building in West Jakarta)

J Rilatupa

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012013 OPEN ACCESS

Comparative study of community-based composters, a case study in West Bandung Regency, West Java – Indonesia

N H Afifah, I Juwana and M Satori

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012014 OPEN ACCESS

Strategy for developing sustainable ecotourism

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Energy and Environment

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012016 OPEN ACCESS

The implementation of sustainable community-based environmental sanitation development policy (SLBM) in Tebo Regency

B Hidayat, T Ophiyandri and A Tudi

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012017 OPEN ACCESS

A Study of Mechanical Performance of Supplementary Cementitious Material using Hot Water Curing

S Hamzah and E Aprianti

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012018 OPEN ACCESS

The sustainability factors of tourist village (case study: Ngadas Village, Poncokusumo District, Malang Regency)

N Sari, D R Springfield and K E Sari

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012019 OPEN ACCESS

The use of artificial wastewater for water feeding of scrubber for treating coal burning emission

H S Huboyo and Sudarno

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012020 OPEN ACCESS

Recycling of textile sludge for removing textile dye of reactive red 231 on aqueous solution A Rahman, N Kishimoto, T Urabe and K Ikeda

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012021 OPEN ACCESS

Environmental health risk analysis due to PM during 2015's smoke haze pollution in Sawahlunto City

F Goembira, M Amin, T Ihsan and D Djafri

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012022 OPEN ACCESS

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Sustainable Agriculture acid methyl esters

Z Ilham, M I Hakimi, M R A Mansor and F Goembira View article PDF Open abstract

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012023 OPEN ACCESS

Resources-energy-development nexus and its implications for achieving the SDGs in Asia B C McLellan, T Watari, S Ogata and T Tezuka

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012024 OPEN ACCESS

Chemical composition, fiber morphology, and kraft pulping of empty fruit bunch of dura variety (Elaies guineensis Jack)

R Yahya, Y Sariasih, D Silsia, N Nuriyatin, Desmantoro, Mainaswati and O Elveri View article PDF

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012025 OPEN ACCESS

The influence of dietary sources on the biological changes of a subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki

D Tarmadi, I Guswenrivo, M Ismayati, S K Himmi, S Yusuf and T Yoshimura View article PDF

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012026 OPEN ACCESS

Termite assemblage structure in Batam Island, Indonesia

S K Himmi, B Wikantyoso, M Ismayati, A Fajar, D Meisyara, N P R A Krishanti, D Zulfiana, A S Lestari, D Tarmadi, T Kartika et al

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012027 OPEN ACCESS

The mapping of sustainable food agriculture land in Kediri City K E Sari and F V Deswita

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Sustainable Tropical Forest

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012029 OPEN ACCESS

Food security index and livelihood assets of Pandaan District, Pasuruan Regency, Indonesia G Prayitno, N Safitri, A Subagiyo and B Riska

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012030 OPEN ACCESS

Surveillance of ectoparasitic fungi Laboulbeniopsis termitarius thaxt and Antennopsis gallica buchli and heim on subterranean termite reticulitermes spp. in Japan

I Guswenrivo, D Tarmadi, H Sato, I Fujimoto and T Yoshimura View article PDF

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012031 OPEN ACCESS

The improvement of Cipunagara River quality (BOD parameter) based on pollution load analysis of domestic, agriculture, farming and industrial activities

I Juwana and D P Nugroho

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012032 OPEN ACCESS

Role of land cover change to landslides susceptibility in agricultural catchment M C Satriagasa, H Suryatmojo and H N Dewi

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012033 OPEN ACCESS

Landslide risk assessment: human activities influence on an agriculture catchment H N Dewi, H Suryatmojo, Ngadisih and M C Satriagasa

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012034 OPEN ACCESS

Groundwater level response of the primary forest, ex-peatland fire, and community mix plantation in the Kampar peninsula, Indonesia

H Suryatmojo, M A Imron, M S Gasa, D M Saputra and Maryani View article PDF

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012035 OPEN ACCESS

Water in the forest: rain-vegetation interaction to estimate canopy interception in a tropical borneo rainforest

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012036 OPEN ACCESS

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DNA finger print based on nuclear and chloroplast genome, combine analysis on Sulawesi cacao (Theobroma cacao L.)

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PAPER • OPEN ACCESS

The improvement of Cipunagara River quality (BOD parameter) based on pollution load analysis of domestic, agriculture, farming and industrial activities

To cite this article: I Juwana and D P Nugroho 2019 IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci. 361 012031

View the article online for updates and enhancements.

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Content from this work may be used under the terms of theCreative Commons Attribution 3.0 licence. Any further distribution of this work must maintain attribution to the author(s) and the title of the work, journal citation and DOI.

Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd

7th Sustain Conference in conjunction with 3rd ICGDTR 2018

IOP Conf. Series: Earth and Environmental Science 361 (2019) 012031

IOP Publishing doi:10.1088/1755-1315/361/1/012031

1

The improvement of Cipunagara River quality (BOD parameter) based on pollution load analysis of domestic, agriculture, farming and industrial activities

I Juwana¹* and D P Nugroho¹

1Environmental Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Nasional, Bandung

*E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract. In many regions in Indonesia, rivers play a very important role to support the life activities of the communities. One of the rivers in West Java – Indonesia is Cipunagara River, which supports the biggest catchment in Subang Regency, West Java. Past research has shown that growing activities in the catchment area of the river has caused the quality deterioration of Cipunagara River. The importance of the river is multiplied because the river will also be used as the source of water for Sadawarna and Cilame Reservoirs. This paper aims at analyzing the pollution load on Cipunagara River, for the water quality parameter of BOD, from various activities. The analysis was undertaken by selecting the most important segment of the river using several criteria. Once the segment was selected, both existing and projected pollution loads were calculated based on the guidance from the Ministry of Environment and Forestry of Indonesia. Results show that total pollution loads of BOD from livestock, domestic, agriculture and industrial sectors exceed the maximum pollution level in Cipunagara River. The calculated pollution load for BOD parameter is: 6,391.21 kg/d with the maximum pollution load (based on PP 82/2001 Kelas 1) is 2,355.26 kg/d. These results were then used as the inputs in the BOD Model simulations to analyze possible strategies in improving the quality of Cipunagara River.

1. Introduction

In many regions in Indonesia, rivers play a very important role to support the life activities of the communities [1-3]. One of the rivers in West Java – Indonesia is Cipunagara River, which supports the biggest catchment in Subang Regency, West Java. This river originates from Cipunagara spring at the south of Subang Regency and ends at the Java Sea [4, 5]. Currently, the land uses of Cipunagara catchment include forestry, agriculture, domestic, livestock, and industry.

As the population in Cipunagara catchment grows, it has impacted the environmental quality in Cipunagara catchment. According to the statement from the Governor of West Java, Cipunagara Catchment is one of the three catchments vulnerable to natural disasters, particularly erosions and floods. Other problems pointed out by the Major of Subang Regency are the soil sedimentation and pollutions from industries along the river [6-8].

On the other hand, the need for reliable clean water from Cipunagara River increases due to the development plan of Sadawarna and Cilame dams to be used for clean water sources [5, 8]. Thus, further prevention of the pollution, as well as integrated water management in the river, is utmost

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important. In order to properly implement the integrated water management initiatives, information on the river carrying capacity, daily and maximum pollutant load is crucial [9-11]. This paper discusses the importance of such information, and how the information can be used to support the management of Cipunagara River, in particular, the prevention of further river pollution.

2. Methodology

The methodology of this study includes data collection, river segment selection, river status assessment, pollution load calculation and BOD simulation.

2.1. Data selection

Both primary and secondary data were collected for this study. The primary data includes the topography of the catchment, river flow and social conditions surrounding Cipunagara River. As for the secondary data, it includes water quality, map of Cipunagara Catchment, data related to point- source and non-point source pollutants and population in the catchment.

2.2. Segment selection

Cipunagara River covers a very large area (Figure 1), thus to improve the accuracy of the study, the focus was limited to one out of four segments in Cipunagara River. The selection was based on activities in the segments from different sectors, development plan in the area and respective water quality.

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3

2.3. Water quality assessment

This assessment is required to determine water quality status of river segment. The assessment was undertaken using the Pollution Index method as stated in the Environmental Ministry Decree 115/2003 [12].

2.4. Calculation of Maximum Pollutant Load (MPL)

The calculation of maximum pollutant load was done using the following equation:

The maximum allowed concentration was obtained from the Government Regulation on Water Quality Management No. 82/2001 [13-17].

2.5. Calculation of Existing Pollutant Load (PL)

This assessment is required to determine water quality status of river segment. The assessment was undertaken using the Pollution Index method as stated in the Environmental Ministry Decree 115/2003.

2.5.1. Livestock.

The existing pollutant load from the livestock sector, shown in Figure 2, was calculated using the following equation [18]:

Figure 2. Map of livestock sector of segment 3 in Cipunagara catchment

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2.5.2. Domestic

Similar to the livestock sector, the domestic pollutant load was also obtained using the emission factor.

However the calculation follows the equation below [18]:

Where the equivalent ratio represents the city characteristics. It is assumed that if an area follows the city characteristics, then the area will discharge more pollutants to the river. As for the alpha coefficient, it represents the proximity of the pollutant sources to the river. The closer the sources to the river, the higher the alpha coefficients are. The locations of the domestic sector in Segment 3 of Cipunagara Catchment are illustrated in Figure 3.

Figure 3. Map of housings of segment 3 in Cipunagara catchment 2.5.3. Agriculture

Similar to previous sectors, the agriculture pollutant load was also obtained using the emission factor.

However the calculation follows the equation below [18-20]:

PL= Σarea x emission factor x 10%

The 10% value representes the estimation of runoff entering the river from the agricultural sector.

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5

Figure 4. Map of agricultures of segment in Cipunagara catchment 2.5.4. Industry

The industrial sector, unlike other sectors, has a different calculation method due to the availability of data from the industrial sector. There is a certain hierarchy of calculating the pollutant load, as follow [19-21]:

 If monitoring data for concentration and flow of the pollutant is available, the pollutant load is calculated using the concentration and flow data.

 If concentration data is available but the flow is not, then maximum flow data from the government is used

 If concentration and flow are not available, the emission factor approach is used

 If concentration, flow, and emission factor data is not available, then the pollutant load is calculated from similar industry type

The locations of the industries in Cipunagara Catchment are illustrated in Figure 5.

2.6. BOD Model Simulation

Model simulation of BOD was undertaken considering pollutant sources along the river in Segment 3 of Cipunagara Catchment, as illustrated in Figure 6 below. The model simulation was only done to the parameter of BOD due to availability of data, using the Streeter-Phelps approach [22]. This simulation was used to analyze BOD concentration level along the river, as well as the basis to propose strategies for managing pollution in Cipunagara River. Data used for the simulation is shown in Tabel 1 below.

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Figure 5. Map of industries of segment 3 in Cipunagara catchment

Table 1. Data used for simulation.

No Data/Information Approach Taken Source

1 Flow of pollutant sources

Domestic 80% of the domestic needs on clean water

Ministry of Public Works

Agriculture Estimation from agriculture area, 1

Ha = 1 lt/d Iskandar, 2017

Livestock 80% of total clean water needs for livestock (1.000 lt/d)

Padjadjaran University, 2017

2 River flow Cumulative flow

3 Distance between pollutent sources

Calculation using ArcGISs software

4 River temperature Direct sampling

5 River velocity Direct sampling

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7

Figure 6. Schematic maps of pollutant source of segment 3 in Cipunagara catchment

3. Results and Discussion

The methodology of this study includes data collection, river segment selection, river status assessment, pollution load calculation and BOD simulation.

3.1. Segment Selection

As mentioned earlier, the selection of the segments is required to provide better accuracy of the study.

The criteria used for selecting the segments were the total area of the segment, number of population, number of industries, area of agriculture and existing water quality [22].

For each criterion, a 1-5 scale was given based on the ranking for each segment on the criteria, as there are five segments in Cipunagara River. Thus, at the end of the selection, each segment received five values representing all the criteria. The results from the assessment are shown in Table 2 and Table 3.

Based on the comparison in Table 2, the selected segment to be further studied is Segment 3 of Cipunagara River, which catchment includes 13 regions in Subang, Sumedang and Indramayu Regencies, as illustrated in Figure 1.

This segment dominates other segments to be prioritised in this study. It is also important to be noted that in Cipunagara Catchment, the government plans to build Sadawarna dan Cilame Resevoirs which requires the better river quality. These reservoirs will be used as the source of raw water to supply water needs of some cities and regencies in Cipunagara Catchment.

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Table 2. Segments comparison based on the identified criteria Segment

1 2 3 4

Segment (Ha) 3,835 (3) 1,125 (2) 38,406 (5) 19,397 (5) Population 19,887 (3) 5,683 (2) 216,316 (5) 164,737 (4)

Number of Industries 8 (3) - (1) 14 (4) 68 (5)

Agriculture area (Ha) 672 (3) 229 (2) 11,230 (5) 12,877 (4)

Water Quality Lightly

Polluted (2)

Highly Polluted(5)

Highly Polluted (5)

Highly Polluted (5) Total Value for Each

Segment 14 12 24 23

Note: The values in the bracket is the assessment values for each criteria and segment

3.2. Calculation of Maximum Pollutant Load

The maximum pollution load was calculated by multiplying the maximum concentration for respective parameter with its flow. The results of the calculation are shown in Table 3.

Tabel 3. Maximum pollutant load for segment 3 of Cipunagara River.

No Parameter Unit Threshold

Class I

Maximum Pollutant Load (kg/d) Juli Agustus Oktober

1 TSS mg/liter 50 207,792 58,881.6 738,720

2 BOD mg/liter 2 8,311.68 2,355.26 29,548.8

3 COD mg/l 10 41,558.4 11,776.32 147,744

4 Total fosfat as P mg/l 0.2 831.16 235.52 2,954.88

5 Nitrat (NO3-N) mg/l 10 41,558.4 11,776.32 147,744

6 Amonia (NH3-N) mg/l 0.5 2,077.92 588.81 7,387.2

7 Nitrit (NO2-N) mg/l 0.06 249.35 70.65 886.46

8 Flow m³/s -

3.3. Existing Pollutant Load

The example for calculating of existing pollutant load of BOD from the Domestic Sector (Ciater District, Subang Regency) is as follow:

=

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9

Table 4. Pollution loads from all sectors

Sector BOD (kg/d) COD (kg/d) TSS (kg/d)

Total-

N(kg/d) Total-P (kg/d)

Domestic 1,361.35 1,871.86 1,293.29 66.37 7.15

Agriculture 1,265.59 - 2.03 112.47 56.23

Livestock 1,668.76 4,053.74 - 8.72 1.75

Industry 2,095.50 - - - -

Total 6,391.12 5,925.6 1,295.32 187.55 65.13

3.4. Comparison of Calculated Pollutant Load with Respective Maximum Pollutant Load

The calculated pollutant loads from all sectors are then compared with their respective maximum pollutant load, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7. Comparisons of pollution loads for each parameter

In general, the chart shows that for the parameters of BOD, the pollution load in Segment 3 of Cipunagara Catchment in August was above the maximum pollution load. This shows that combination of all the sectors (namely domestic, livestock, industry and agriculture) has given contribution to the pollution of Cipunagara River. Thus, the government and other stakeholders should work together for preventing the pollution in the future.

The figure also shows that in the month of October the pollution to Cipunagara River was below the maximum threshold. This is caused by the fact that during October, there is more rainfall compared to August. Therefore, the maximum threshold is higher as the maximum level was determined by the flow of the river. As the rainfall is higher, the flow of the river also increases.

3.5. BOD Simulation Model

Modeling simulation is carried out by observing the flow of pollutants in every pollution source points for BOD parameters. This modeling use is limited to BOD parameters. After data requirements are

- 20.000,00 40.000,00 60.000,00 80.000,00 100.000,00 120.000,00 140.000,00 160.000,00

TSS BOD COD Total-P

Existing Polllutant Load (kg/d) Maximum August Maximum October

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completed, a schematic description of river pollutant sources is necessary. Figure 8. 26 describes the main river, namely Cipunagara, with 62.7 km in length, has several pollutant sources, contributing to the pollution of the river in every certain distance.

The pollutant sources are from 4 sectors: the domestic, agriculture, farming, and industry sectors.

However, due to the limited data/information on pollutant debit and concentration from the industry sector, this pollutant source is not analyzed in this modeling. The model predicts the pollution condition in 2021, that without control, the river will have pollutant burden that exceeds the capacity, similar to the existing condition in 2016. Only 5 from 15 BOD mixing points correspond with Class 1 water standard. This prediction will be used in pollution control considerations in surrounding areas in which pollution is still exceeding the capacity.

Figure 8. BOD model of segment 3 Cipunagara catchment

3.6. Proposed strategies

In general, the proposed strategies to improve the conditions of Cipunagara River are presented in Tabel 5. Due to limited space, the strategies presented in this paper are related to domestic pollution, while strategies related to other sectors will be discussed in other papers.

Table 5. Proposed strategies for the improvement of Cipunagara River

No Issues Strategies Programs

1 The discharge of domestic waste to the river

Preventing households to discharge wastewater to river without treatment

- Enacting regulations related to river pollution - Dissemination of river

awareness to communities

surrounding the river 2

There is no wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in place

Encouraging the cooperation of

government and households to Initiating community- based project on WWTP -

2,00 4,00 6,00 8,00 10,00 12,00 14,00 16,00 18,00 20,00

BOD (mg/l)

Segments

BOD (mg/l)

Maximum Threshold Class 1

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11

No Issues Strategies Programs

3

River banks are used for settlements (Tanjung Siang Cibogo and Gantar

Regencies)

Law enforcement to restore the river banks

Design the river banks to support the river quality, as well as for recreation areas

4

The rapid growth of population, thus increasing the discharge to the river

Control the population growth, particularly in the areas where pollution is already high

Relocation of population to less-densed areas

4. Conclusion

Segment 3 of Cipunagara Catchment was chosen to be studied in depth, based on several key criteria.

The segment has the most livestock compared to other segment, and also considering the plan to build Sawadarma dan Cilame reservoirs in this segment. Based on the pollution index, this segment was identified as the most polluted segment.

The parameter exceeding its maximum pollution load was BOD, while other parameters (COD, TSS and Total-P) were still below their maximum thresholds. The government and other stakeholders in Cipunagara Catchment should initiate programs to prevent the river from further pollution. Some of the programs might include wastewater treatment plant, relocation of housings on river bank and controlling population growth in the catchment.

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