International Journal of Ecophysiology
Journal homepage: https://ijoep.usu.ac.id
Water Quality Plays An Important Role In The Socio-Economic Condition Of The Local Community: A Study On The Kushiara River Monjur Morshed
1*, Abdullah Al Fatta
2, Binay Kumar Chakraborty
3, Tanvir Rahman
11
Environment, Health and Safety, Departement Max Group, Dhaka, Bangladesh
2Doctor of Philosophy, Graduate Research Assistant at Colorado State University Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
3 Project Director, Departement of Fisheries, Dhaka, Bangladesh
*Corresponding Author: [email protected]
ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT
Article history:
Received 20 December 2023 Revised 11 January 2024 Accepted 16 February 2024 Available online
https://talenta.usu.ac.id/ijoep
E-ISSN: 2656-0674
In Bangladesh around 7.5% of the fish is harvested from the rivers, being one of the main sources of fish in the country. The water quality of the river must be within standard values to maintain aquatic biodiversity. In this study, water quality, available spaces for fish, and socio-economic status of fishermen were analyzed to find their relationships in Kushiara River, Fenchuganj, Sylhet. Samples of water quality and fish species were collected from August 2017 to September 2021. At the same time, fishermen were surveyed to find out their economic status. The water quality analysis showed all the parameters analyzed (pH, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)) are within the range of international and Bangladesh standards for surface water. The pH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS was respectively 7.1 - 7.99, 5.5 mg/l to 8.4 mg/l, 1 to 4.6 mg/l, 17 to 32 mg/l, 30 to 70 mg/l. Where the local standard is 6.5 - 8.5, more than 5 mg/l, less than 6 mg/l, 17 to 32 mg/l for pH, DO and BOD. The international standard is less than 34.2 mg/l.
and 30 to 70 mg/l for COD and TDS in that order. A total of 40 species of fish are recorded in 2017 and 49 in 2021. The average income of a fisherman was 3 USD to 15 USD in the off pick season (December- February), and 7 USD to 30 USD in the peak season (September-November). The fish merchant's daily income was 4 USD to 20 USD in the off-peak season and 7 USD to 30 USD in the peak season.
It is concluded that the water quality was adequate for fish diversity and to sustain the socioeconomic condition of the fishermen and fish traders in the Kushiara River Keyword: Water Quality, Fish Diversity, Socio-economic
How to cite:
Morshed, M., Fatta, A.A., Chakraborty, B.K., Rahman, T.
(2024). Water Quality Plays An Important Role In The Socio- Economic Condition Of The Local Community: A Study On The Kushiara River.
International Journal of Ecophysiology, 6(1), 1-27.
ABSTRAK
Di Bangladesh, sekitar 7,5% ikan dipanen dari sungai, yang merupakan salah satu sumber ikan utama di negara tersebut. Kualitas air sungai harus berada dalam batas standar untuk menjaga keanekaragaman hayati perairan. Dalam penelitian ini, kualitas air, ketersediaan ruang untuk ikan, dan status sosial ekonomi nelayan dianalisis untuk mengetahui hubungannya di Sungai Kushiara, Fenchuganj, Sylhet.
Sampel kualitas air dan jenis ikan dikumpulkan pada Agustus 2017 hingga September 2021. Pada saat yang sama, nelayan juga disurvei untuk mengetahui status ekonominya. Analisis kualitas air menunjukkan seluruh parameter yang dianalisis (pH, Oksigen Terlarut (DO), Permintaan Oksigen Biokimia (BOD), Permintaan Oksigen Kimia (COD) dan Total Padatan Terlarut (TDS)) berada dalam kisaran standar permukaan internasional dan Bangladesh. air. PH, DO, BOD, COD, TDS masing-masing sebesar 7,1 – 7,99, 5,5 mg/l hingga 8,4 mg/l, 1 hingga 4,6 mg/l, 17 hingga 32 mg/l, 30 hingga 70 mg/l. Dimana standar lokalnya adalah 6,5 - 8,5, lebih dari 5 mg/l, kurang dari 6 mg/l, 17 hingga 32 mg/l untuk pH, DO dan BOD. Standar internasionalnya kurang dari 34,2 mg/l. dan 30 hingga 70 mg/l untuk COD dan TDS secara berurutan. Sebanyak 40 spesies ikan tercatat pada tahun 2017 dan 49 pada tahun 2021. Pendapatan rata-rata seorang nelayan adalah 3 USD hingga 15 USD pada musim off pick (Desember-Februari), dan 7 USD hingga 30 USD pada peak season ( September-November). Pendapatan harian
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International.
10.32734/ijoep.v6i1.13644
pedagang ikan adalah 4 USD hingga 20 USD di luar musim sibuk dan 7 USD hingga 30 USD di musim puncak. Disimpulkan bahwa kualitas air cukup untuk keanekaragaman ikan dan menopang kondisi sosial ekonomi para nelayan dan pedagang ikan di Sungai Kushiara.
Keyword: Kualitas Air, Keanekaragaman Ikan, Sosial-ekonomi
1. Introduction
As Bangladesh is one of the largest freshwater fish producing countries in the world, there are large wetlands, rivers, lakes, ponds which are suitable for fish production. According to [1], Bangladesh becomes the 2nd largest freshwater fish producing country in the world. Fish production is a 3.61% contributor to the Bangladesh National GDP. The Kushiara River is one of the many distributary rivers between Bangladesh and India. It is created as a branch of the Barak River on the Bangladesh-India border where the Barak were divided into the Kushiara River and the Surma River. The Kushiara river water originate in the Nagaland state in India and pick up tributaries from different state of India like Asam, Miziram, and Monipur. Kushiara River is also one of the important fish sources in the Sylhet region of Bangladesh. Study shows that water quality is an essential part for fish production [2]–[4]. According to Bangladesh Environmental Rules 1997, the water pH level should be 6.5 to 8.5 for fish production. The other important river water quality parameters are BOD, COD, DO, and TDS [5]. A study from Davis, et al.,[6] asserted that freshwater fish require high-quality water to thrive. Water quality requirements for finely suspended particulates and pH values; water temperature;
ammonia effect; phenolic wastes, dissolved oxygen; chlorine chemistry and toxicology; and zinc, copper, and cadmium toxicity are some of these features [7]. Standard surface water quality parameters is suitable for aquatic biodiversity by Sun, F. et al., [8]. So, surface water quality is very important for fish and fisheries industries. Some people are engaged for craft and gear selling to fisherman. The fisherman, fish traders, and craft traders’ income is directly linked with fish production quantity in the river. Those people are earning money and maintain their family expenditure. They are contributing to the family and society development.
Without fish production those people cannot earn money and they cannot contribute to their family and society.
So, family will face trouble for arranging food, medical, education, and many other vital elements of life. It will affect the development of the local society. Some unethical activity include theft, smuggling, kidnap will be increased. Thus, fish production is very important for the society. According to a study conducted by Islam et el. [9] about fisheries in the Kushiara River, total 34 kind of fishes has been recorded. On the bank of the Kushiara River, there are many people lives who are engaged for fishing, fish trading and craft and gear making. In this study, we tried to identify the economic condition of people who are connected with fish related profession. On the same time, river water quality was measured for four years period and compared with local and international standard of surface water quality. We tried to find out a relation between river water quality and socio- economic condition of a local community. Without fish production, those people will lose their earning source, and it will create a negative impact on the local community.
Numerous studies have been done on issues such as water pollution, river water quality, fish species, and the social effects of fish production locally and globally. A study conducted by Islam et al. [10] found that the Kushiara river water quality metrics including dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature, turbidity, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, and sodium chloride are within the acceptable range for supporting aquatic life. Six phytoplankton groups of 19 genera, as well as three zooplankton groups (4 Rotifers genera, 3 Copepod genera, and 5 Cladoceras genera), are recorded in the current study. At the same perspective, this study also find pH, DO, BOD, COD, and TDS value are in acceptable range in the period of August 2017 to September 2021. While, fish species identified 40 and 49 numbers within study time. This suggests that the river water is in good ecological condition. Additionally, nine groups of benthos were discovered in the study, demonstrating a stable environment for benthos in the river [11]. Another study conducted by Shamsuzzaman [12] revealed the economic impact of Bangladesh's fisheries trade and production on the nation. Bangladesh's economy can grow by giving the fisheries sector greater attention.
River and lake provide freshwater, which is essential for human life, rivers serve as the cornerstone of human civilization. One of the key concerns in managing water resources is water quality. Physical, chemical, and biological are the three primary categories that can be used to categorize water quality, and each category has a number of parameters (Swamee and Tyagee, 2007). The water quality of a river, which is impacted by contaminants, determines the river's health. A variety of parameters that express the physical, chemical, and biological composition of water are typically used to evaluate the quality of water [13]. One of the most
pressing issues that humanity has been dealing with since the beginning of the industrial revolution is the degradation of river water quality [14]. Chemicals are among the most significant pollutants because of their detrimental effects on ecosystems and human health, which worry regulatory bodies, protection organizations, and the general public [14]. Various hazards effect to the peoples health and freshwater ecosystems contaminate numerous metals, metalloids, and solutes, such arsenic and sulfates [15]–[17]. Water temperature and pH are additional crucial physical factors since they serve as indications of the ecological health of rivers [18]. Development has been widely acknowledged as a significant factor in the decline of aquatic habitats and water quality in the Pacific Northwest [19]. It was observed that there was no study conducted to identify impact of Kushiara river water quality in the fisherman and fish trader community.
The key objective of this study is to observe impact of river water quality on socio-economic status of fishermen at the study area. To address the objectives of this study, we conducted the field study to access the presence of different types of fishes including critical habitats. River water quality for 4 years was analyzed and identification of the fish quantity and fish quality with seasonal variation in the study area was conducted.
Also, available fish spaces in the study area and the socio-economic condition of fishermen, fish trader and craft seller in the dry and wet season were identified. Finally, we tried to find the link between water quality, fish species, and socio-economic impact in the local community.
2. Materials and Method
2.1. Study Area and Sampling Period
This study was conducted in the Kushiara River on Fenchuganj Upazila which is under Sylhet District of Bangladesh. The sampling point was nearby Shahajalal Fertilizer Factory jetty. The place is about 3.5 km from Sylhet-Moulvibazar Road to the west, about 28 km south-east of Sylhet and about 8 km road from Fenchuganj Upazila. The sampling location is geographically between 24°41'25.54"N; 91°55'7.80"E to 24°41'25.69"N;
91°55'6.72"E and 24°41'19.28"N; 91°55'6.80"E to 24°41'21.21"N. The study team carried out river water sampling, fish spaces survey, and fisherman survey during 2017 to 2021 and River water sample collected total 8 times from 2017 to 2021, conduct lab test to understand the season deviation effect in the river water quality ArcGIS Pro 2.9.0 was used to create the study map shown in Figure 1. where the yellow solid line indicated the sampling location.
Figure 1. Location map of the study area 2.2. Sampling Procedure
2.2.1 River Water Sampling
New and clean disposable hand gloves were worn during sampling in all different sample points. The hand gloves didn’t contact with media and proper cleanness was maintain at the sample collection time. Sample containers for samples suspected of containing high concentrations of contaminants always stored separately.
All background or control samples were collected and placed in separate ice chests or shipping containers. A sampling team member collected samples, and the other sampling team member wrote down all the
information and took photographs of all sampling as evidence. During sampling time, procedure from American Public Health Association (APHA) was followed. The sampled river water samples were analyzed total 8 times from august 2017 to September 2021 shown in Table 1. It would be better if river water quality sample analysis could be done more frequently. But due to lack of funding, Covid-19 restrictions, and lack of resource it was not possible to conduct more examination. In future, we will try to conduct more rigorous research with sufficient resources.
Table 1. River water sampling date
2.2.2 Sample Handling and Preservation Requirements
Surface water samples are collected by directly filling the container from the surface water body. Then, we placed the sample into appropriate and labeled containers. We made sure that samples collected for VOC analysis did not have any headspace and they were preserved with HCl acid. All our sample containers had built in ullage allowance. We placed the samples in cooler with ice that needed to be kept in lower temperature.
a. pH
The balance between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) in water is represented by pH, which describes the acidity or alkalinity of water. The pH measured scale is within 0 to 14, where 0 is the lowest and 14 is the highest. pH level is less than 7 means Acidic solutions and contain more H+ than OH- ions in the solution. Basic, or alkaline solutions have pH greater than 7 and there are more OH- ions than H+ ions. pH of a solution is 7 means it is neutral, meaning it is neither acidic nor alkaline. It's important to know that the pH scale is logarithmic. Water with pH 5 means there are ten times of H+ ions and ten times more acidic with a pH of 6. Usually, water is used for the various purpose. Several national and international organizations set standard pH value according to purpose of use. Some standards are as follows. Recommended pH standards for drinking, fisheries, irrigation, or industrial cooling water is 6.5 to 8.5 mg/l. In the table 2, there are some national and international organizations mentioned standard pH value for surface water.
b. Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
For most aquatic species, dissolved oxygen (DO) is the most essential gas. Dissolved oxygen, or DO, is needed for respiration of aquatic animals. DO levels below 1 ppm are insufficient to sustain fish; most fish populations need levels of 5 to 6 ppm. The average DO level (6.5mg/l) indicates the river water's average consistency. Standard DO level is different according to purpose of using. Standard for dissolved oxygen for fisheries is mentioned in the following table 2.
c. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
The Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) provides an index for assessing the impact of discharged wastewater on the ecosystem so it is an important water quality metric in a water body. The higher the BOD number indicate there are more organic matter or food for oxygen-consuming bacteria to devour. When the amount of dissolved oxygen (DO) consumed by bacteria exceeds the amount of DO produce by aquatic plant photosynthesis or diffused from the air then an adverse situation arises in the aquatic environment. Surface waters with a BOD of 5 mg/l means there are unpolluted water, but rivers with a lower BOD have higher dissolved oxygen. If the source water has a lot of BOD, especially at high temperatures, microbial growth will be increased. This microbial development and the ensuing breakdown of organic matter would result in the absorption of oxygen. This can cause a lack of oxygen in the river, which can be fatal to fish. BOD has a direct
S.L Sampling Period Sampling Date
01 August 2017 25-08-2017
02 November 2019 23-11-2019
03 June 2020 30-06-2020
04 October 2020 28-10-2020
05 December 2020 26-12-2020
06 March 2021 29-03-2021
07 June 2021 30-06-2021
08 September 2021 28-09-2021
impact on the amount of dissolved oxygen present in rivers and streams. The faster the oxygen in the stream is drained, the higher the BOD. Unpolluted natural water typically has a BOD of 5 mg/l or less. As a result, higher types of aquatic life will have less oxygen available. As a result of high BOD, aquatic animals become stressed, suffocate, and perish. BOD can be found in leaves and woody debris, dead plants and livestock, animal wastes, effluents from pulp and paper mills, wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, and food processing factories, failed septic systems, and urban storm water runoff. The higher the BOD, the faster the oxygen in the river gets depleted [20]. This means that higher stages of the aquatic lifecycle have less oxygen available to them. The consequences of a high BOD are the same as for a low dissolved oxygen level: aquatic creatures become stressed, quash, and die. Leaves and woody fragments, dead animals and plants, animal manure, effluents from paper mills or pulp mills, wastewater treatment plants, feedlots, food processing plants, malfunctioning septic systems, and urban storm water overspill are also sources of BOD.
d. Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)
The chemical oxygen demand (COD) is a measure of water quality that indicate the amount of oxygen consumed by reactions in a measured solution. By COD value we can easily understand quantify of organics in specific water. Application of the COD value is most common in quantifying the amount of oxidizable pollutants found in surface water (e.g., lakes and rivers) or wastewater. The higher the COD value indicate there are more inorganic pollutant for oxygen-consuming bacteria. Surface waters with a COD of 20 mg/l means there are unpolluted water. Surface water for fisheries typically has a COD of 20 mg/l or less. As a result of high COD, aquatic animals become stressed, suffocate, and perish. COD value can be increase if inorganic materials rise in the water body. Most of the case, human waste, high level of decaying plant matter, and industrial wastewater is the main cause of COD increase [20]. The higher the COD value means the river water oxygen faster gets depleted. So, it is very important parameter for river water quality measurement.
e. TDS
The term "total dissolved solids," or "TDS" refers to the total concentration of dissolved materials in water. TDS is primarily composed of inorganic salts, with a trace quantity of organic material. Inorganic salts that are frequently found in water include the cations calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium as well as the anions carbonates, nitrates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and sulfates. Anions have a negative charge while cations have a positive charge. Higher TDS value indicate more concentration in the water. Changes in the number of dissolved solids can be harmful to the fish because the density of TDS determines the flow of water in and out of an organism's cell. Concentrations that are too high or low can affect the fish's growth or cause death. A level of 400ppm is recommended for most freshwater fish.
2.2.3 Standard for pH, DO, BOD, COD and TDS for River Water Body In the table, standard for pH, BOD, COD and TDS are mentioned
Table 1. Standard for pH, DO, BOD, COD and TDS
Parameter Standard (mg/l) Reference
pH 6.5 to 8.5 FAO, 1992
DO Minimum 6 mg/l FAO, 1992
BOD 10 mg/1 ECR 1997, DoE
COD 6 mg/l ECR 1997, DoE
TDS 400ppm (James, 2000)
2.2.4 Fish Species and Fisheries Status Sampling
Fish species sampling entailed collecting samples from various study locations with the
assistance of locals, fishermen, and a trip to the fish market. Fishermen use traditional fishing methods
and a variety of nets, including gill nets, cast nets, and dragnets. Locals were also able to buy fish
from the fishermen on the spot. The study team also visited local fish markets located on the banks of the river to monitor and look for the presence of any species which were not available during our experimental fishing. The study team using some questioner for various information collection. As the study objective is to identify the impact of river water quality among the fisherman and fish traders, the questioner was included how long they are involved in fishing, is they are professional or amateur, how much fish can catch in lean season and peak season, average income in lean season and peak season, family condition on fisherman and fish traders, etc. All questioners are included in the annexure 5.
3. Results
pH value in study area was observed 7.1 to 7.99 in between 2017 to 2021. Bangladesh standard river water quality for fisheries is 6.5-8.5. The study finds that pH value of Kushiara River is within Bangladesh standard and suitable for fish production. In Figure 2, pH values are given as different sampling time between the years of 2017 to 2021.
Figure 2. pH value of Kushiara River
Dissolved Oxygen (DO) value observed in the study area in between 5.5mg/l to 8.5 mg/l. River water quality Bangladesh standard for fisheries is 5mg/l or more. The study find that DO value of Kushiara River is within Bangladesh standard, and suitable for fish production (DoE, water quality standard for fisheries). In the Figure 3, DO values are given as different sampling time between the years of 2017 to 2021.
Figure 3. DO value of Kushiara River
Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) value observed in the study area is 0.1 to 4.6. According to DoE, river water quality Bangladesh standard for fisheries is 6 or less. The study finds that BOD value of Kushiara River is within Bangladesh standard and suitable for fish production. In Figure 4, some BOD values has given as different sampling time between the years of 2017 to 2021.
Figure 4. BOD value of Kushiara River
Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) value observed in the study area is 17mg/l to 32mg/l. River water quality Bangladesh standard for fisheries is undefined. For surface water COD should be within 34.2 mg/l. So, COD value is within range of surface water quality and suitable for fish production. In Figure 5, some BOD values are given as different sampling time between the years of 2017 to 2021.
Figure 5. COD value of Kushiara River
Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) value observed in the study area is 30 to 70. River water quality Bangladesh standard for fisheries is not yet started. The standard value is 165 mg/l. The study finds that TDS value of Kushiara River is within Bangladesh standard and suitable for fish production. In Figure 6, some TDS values are given as different sampling time between the years of 2017 to 2021.
Figure 6. TDS value of Kushiara River
Figure 7. IUCN Fish Species Available in 2017 4.1. Status and Diversity of Fish at the Study Area 2021
During the field visit, a total 49 species of fishes were recorded from the Kushiara River which are shown in annexure 02. The common fish species found were Chapila (Gudisia chapra), Tengra (Mystus tengra), Kalbaosh (Labeo kalbasu), Rui (Labeo rohita), Mrigel (Cirrhinus cirrhosis), Ayre (Sperata aor) etc. The highest catches of species were Poa (Panna microdon), Kavashi Tengra (Mystus cavasius), and Bacha (Eutropiichthys vacha). The catches have been calculated through boat-to-boat survey, FGDs and with relevant respondents.
Kalo Pabda (Ompok pabo) and Baga Ayre (Bagarius bagarius) recorded during market survey
are Considered as Critically Endangered species whereas Pabda (Ompok pabda), Gozar (Channa
marulius), Shal Baim (Mastacembelus armatus), Bengal Loach (Botia Dario), Chital (Chitala chitala)
and Rita (Rita rita) are considered as Endangered species Bangladesh (IUCN Red List of Bangladesh
2015). Chapila (Gudusia chapra), Boal (Wallago attu), Ayre (Sperata aor), Guttum (Lepidocephalus
annandalei), Foli (Notopterus notopterus) and Bamosh (Anguilla bengalensis) are considered as
Vulnerable species. Deshi Sharpunti (Puntius sarana), Gangetic Leaffish (Nandus nandus), Tara Baim
(Macrognathus aculeatus), Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosis), Gang Tengra (Gagata youssoufi) and Gonia
(Labeo gonius) are considered as Near Threatened according to IUCN Red List of Bangladesh (2015).
As per the following Figure 8, the maximum diversity (21) is included as Least Concern (LC), 11 are Near Threatened (NT), 6 Species are Vulnerable, 7 species are Endangered, 2 species are Critically Endangered (CR), 2 species were Data deficient (DD) following the IUCN Red List of Bangladesh (2015).
Figure 8. IUCN Fish Species Available in 2021
After comparison of fish species available during the two surveys in 2017 and 2021 it is identifying that nu`1mber if fish species increase from 40 to 49.
4.2. Socio-economic Condition
September-November (Ashwin-Kartik) is the peak season for fishing while winter (December- February) is the lean season for fishing in the study area. Fishing intensity for Regular fishermen varies for peak season and off- peak/lean season.
The study has completed of the field study covering both peak and lean season. From interviews, consultation, and focus group discussion, group discussion with the fishermen the study team found that fish catch for
regular fishermen ranges from highest of 9 kg to lowest of 3 kg during the peak season resulting an average fish catch of 5 kg at the study area. Associated daily earning during the peak season ranges from 3 USD to 27 USD depending on the type and size of fish. During the lean-season fish catch from the river ranges in between 1 kg to 5 kg with an average catch of 2 kg. Daily earning during the lean- season ranges from 100 to 15 USD.
Almost all the regular fishermen have their own fishing gears e.g., fishing boat, fishing net. Total investment on fishing gears ranges from 25000 to 300 USD. The timing for fish catch starts usually from 3:00-4:00 am till 12:00 pm for majority of the fisherman. Gross income for fishermen during peak season ranges from 400 USD to 864000 with an average of 2380 USD, whereas in lean season that ranges from 300 USD to 1000 USD with an average of 1440 USD. The net income of the fishermen surveyed during the peak-season ranges from 160 USD to 8400 USD, whereas in lean-season that ranges from 148 USD to 1000 USD.
Almost all the fish traders surveyed are full-time fish trader. The mean years of engagement into the fish trading is 14 years among the surveyed fish traders. Out of nine fish traders, six of them (67%) engaged into the fish trading more than 10 years. Usually, the fish traders collect fish from the fishermen or fishermen sell their fish to fish-traders. The nearest fish market is the Fenchuganj Purba-Bazar which is located approx. 2 km upstream from the study area. There is a designated fish selling point in the Fenchuganj Bazar near the MSC Ghat where primarily buying and selling of cultured fishes occur. For buying and selling of fishes caught from the Kushiara River there is no permanent fish trading spot. The traders customarily sit beside the road near the Fenchuganj Purba Bazar and there by sell their fishes. Trading volume varies from peak season to off-peak/lean season. Peak-season identified/reported by fish traders is Ashwin- Kartik in Bengali Calendar which is equivalent as the time period of June to Mid-October in Georgian Calendar. The off-peak/lean season reported by fish traders is Falgun-Chaitra in Bengali Calendar which is equivalent as the time period of March to May in Georgian Calendar. Trading volume deviates from peak-season to lean-season. While in peak- season trade volume reaches maximum close to twenty (20) kg whereas off-peak season’s maximum trade volume reaches a maximum of thirteen (13) kg. Trade price for fish does not vary dramatically from peak-season to lean- season. However, for some fish traders, trading price in peak season reaches a maximum of 7-8 USD/kg whereas in lean-season maximum trading price becomes 4-500 USD/kg.
The maximum difference found in gross income from peak-season to lean-season for fish traders is USD 1540 whereas the minimum difference is USD 60. On an average yearly gross income of fish traders is around USD 2540. Therefore, on an average the yearly net income of surveyed fish traders is USD 2300. Seasonal variation in net income from peak-season to lean-season follows the similar pattern of gross income as shown in the following table 10.
Figure 10. Kushiara River Fish Chain
Table 3. Income and Expenditure Associated with Fishing Craft and Gear Making/Trading Sl. No
Average Monthly Income
Yearly Income
Yearly Expenditure
Yearly Net Income
1 250 3000 428 2571
2 178 2142 142 2000
3 157 1885 357 1528
4 64 771 71 700
5 178 2142 357 1785
6 178 2142 285 1857
7 571 6857 2285 4571
Average 225 2706 561 2144
Maximum 571 6857 2285 4571
Minimum 64 771 71 700
As reported by the fish traders, they don’t have any loan outstanding and except the part-time fish trader no other fish trader have secondary occupation.
4. Discussion
The study shows that the water quality of Kushiara River is within suitable for fisheries [2]. pH found in the river water was within 7.1mg/l to 7.75mg/l. Where Bangladesh standard is 6.5mg/l to 8.5mg/l (According to DoE). DO was found 5.5mg/l to 8.4mg/l. According to DoE Bangladesh standard for fisheries, DO label in water is minimum 5mg/l. BOD was found 0.1mg/l to 4.6mg/l. According to DoE Bangladesh standard for fisheries, BOD label is required 6mg/l or less. The COD value of Kushiara River is found 24.5 mg/l to 32mg/l, though Bangladesh standard of COD value is not yet started. The TDS value of Kushiara River is found 30 to 68. Bangladesh standard of TDS value is not yet started. River water quality is directly associated to fish production in a water body ((Keskin and Unsal, 1998). Fish species found 40 in the year of 2017 and 49 species found the year of 2020. The study represents river water and aquatic environment is suitable for fisheries (Faruk, A.R., Sultana, N. and Kabir, M.B., 2005). There are various types of species as Least Concern (LC), Near Threatened (NT), Vulnerable, Endangered, Critically Endangered (CR), Data deficient (DD) following the IUCN Red List of Bangladesh (2015). In can be noted that another study was conducted in the Kushiara river in the year 2015 to 2016 (Hossen M et al, 2018). The study also found a total of 74 fish species in the Kushiara River. Local people are engaged for professional fishing and amateur fishing both. Some people are professional fisherman, and they earn money from the river by catching fish. Their yearly income is around 1372 USD to 2268 USD. Fish trader also related to fish from Kushiara River. Their monthly income is 138 USD to 952 USD. The craft and gear manufacturer and trader also related to the fish production [21]. Their average income is monthly 65 USD. The fish from Kushiara River have a great impact in the local economy.
Many people are involved in fishing which is a very important in their daily life. Not only that many people are involved in the fish trading at the local market.
Along with these, some people are engaged for craft selling, boat making and repairing. People involved in all these works, earning money for their daily needs and they can maintain their family expense. There are a great impact in the local community and socio economic condition [22]. All of those activity is directly related to fish production as well as river water quality. Fish production sector is a contributor in the economy growth in Bangladesh [10].
5. Conclusion
Fresh water fish is an important contributor as protein source in Bangladesh. The Fish is not only an element in our daily protein intake but also economically important part of our society. The study found that there are 40 to 49 fish species are found in the river so many people are involved in fish catching, fish treading and craft and gear selling. By the fish catching and selling fish they are contributing to their family expenditure average 138 USD to 952 USD depends on peak and off peak season and by selling crafts and gear they are contributing to their family expenditure average 2145 USD yearly and there has an impact in the society.
Without good water quality, aquatic fish cannot survive in a water body. Then people are related to fish catching and trading cannot earn money. It will create an economical problem in the local community. So, we can see that river water quality is directly related to economic and social condition. To keep river water quality as good, we must avoid any pollution in the river and its surrounding area. We must monitor all kind of industrial pollution, wastewater discharge in the water, household waste, and boat waste in river water. Then the river water can be in suitable condition, and it can keep a role in our food intake and socio-economic condition. The concern government authority, media, researcher, environmentalist should focus on this and should keep our aquatic environment is suitable for fish and flora and fauna.
Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are available on request from the corresponding author.
The data are not publicly available due to their containing information that could compromise the privacy of research participants.
Conflict of Interest
The authors whose names are listed certify that they have NO affiliations with or involvement in any organization or entity with any financial interest (such as honoraria; educational grants; participation in speakers’ bureaus; membership, employment, consultancies, stock ownership, or other equity interest; and expert testimony or patent-licensing arrangements), or non-financial interest (such as personal or professional relationships, affiliations, knowledge or beliefs) in the subject matter or materials discussed in this manuscript.
References
[1] FAO, The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture 2020. Rome: Sustainability in Action, 2020. doi: https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9229en.
[2] S. S. F. Dos, A. B. Moreira, M. C. Bisinoti, S. M. N. Gimenez, and M. J. S. Yabe, “Water Quality Index as a Simple Indicator of Aquaculture Effects on Aquatic Bodies,” Ecol. Indic., vol. 8, no. 5, pp. 476–684, 2008.
[3] M. Huet, Water quality criteria for fish life. Biological Problems in Water Pollution. USA:
Public Health Service Publication, 1965.
[4] Z. Svobodova, R. Lloyd, J. Machova, and B. Vykusova, “Water Quality and Fish Health,”
Food Agric. Org, no. 54, 1993.
[5] M. Morshed, M. Hosen, and M. Asaduzzaman, “A Review on ph, DO and BOD of The Sitalakhya River During Last Four Decades,” Asian J. Fish. Aquat. Res., vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 25–
42, 2021.
[6] A. P. Davis and R. H. McCuen, Water Quality Parameters. Stormwater Management for Smart Growth. 2005.
[7] J. S. Alabaster and R. Llooyd, Finely Divided Solids. Water Quality Criteria for Freshwater Fish, Second Edi. London, UK: Butterworth Heinemann, 1982.
[8] F. Sun, Y. Mu, K. M. Leung, H. Su, F. Wu, and H. Chang, “China is Establishing its Water Quality Standards for Enhancing Protection of Aquatic Life in Freshwater Ecosystems,”
Environ. Sci. Policy, vol. 124, no. 6, pp. 413–422, 2021.
[9] M. M. Islam, S. A. Akhi, and M. H. Faruque, “Limnology and Fisheries of the Kushiyara River, Bangladesh.,” J. Sci. Res., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 65–82, 2019.
[10] S. Begum, M. S. Islam, M. Rehnuma, M. H. Kabir, and T. R. Tusher, “Water Quality and Fish Diversity Status in Meghna River at Narsingdi in Bangladesh,” Bangladesh J. Env., vol. 3, no.
7, pp. 25–31, 2019.
[11] M. R. Islam, M. Kunda, D. Pandit, and A. H. A. Rashid, “Assessment of the Ichthyofaunal Diversity in the Juri River of Sylhet district, Bangladesh,” Arch. Agric. Environ. Sci., vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 488–496, 2019.
[12] M. Shamsuzzaman, M. M. Mozumder, S. J. Mitu, A. F. Ahamad, and S. Bhyuian, “The Economic Contribution of Fish and Fish Trade in Bangladesh,” Aquac. Fish., vol. 5, no. 4, pp.
174–181, 2020.
[13] M. Meybeck and R. Helmer, “The quality of rivers: From Pristine Stage to Global Pollution,”
Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclimatol. Palaeoecol., vol. 75, no. 4, pp. 283–309, 1989.
[14] P. J. Landrigan et al., “The Lancet Commision on Pollution and Health,” Lancet, vol. 391, no.
10119, pp. 462–512, 2018.
[15] K. Neumann, H. E. Fischer, and A. Kauertz, “From PISA to Educational Standards: The impact of Large-Scale Assessments on Science Education in Germany,” Int. J. Sci. Math. Educ., vol.
8, no. 3, pp. 545–563, 2010.
[16] L. Harvey, “Employability and Diversity,” Retrieved from www2.wlv.ac.uk/webteam/confs/socdiv sdd-harvey-0602. doc., 2002.
[17] P. L. Smedley and D. G. Kinniburgh, “A Review of the Source, Behaviour and Distribution of Arsenic in Natural Waters,” Appl. geochemistry, vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 517–568, 2002.
[18] D. Caissie, “The Thermal Regime of Rivers : A Review,” Freshw. Biol., vol. 51, no. 8, pp.
1389–1406, 2006.
[19] S. V Gregory and P. A. Bisson, “Degradation and Loss of Anadromous Salmonid Habitat in the Pacific Northwest. In Pacific Salmon & Their Ecosystems,” Springer, pp. 277–314, 1997.
[20] M. S. B. Aziz, N. A. Hasan, M. M. R. Mondol, M. M. Alam, and M. M. Haque, “Decline in 518 Fish Species Diversity Due to Climatic and Anthropogenic Factors in Hakaluki Haor, an Ecologically Critical Wetland in Northeast Bangladesh,” Heliyon, vol. 7, no. 1, 2021.
[21] C. Bene, Small-Scale Fisheries : Assessing Their Contribution to Rural Livelihoods in Developing Countries. Rome: FAO Fisheries Circular No. 1008, 2006.
[22] S. Ahatun, S. Islam, H. Kabir, M. Rehnuma, and E. Hoq, “Water Quality and Fish Diversity in
Korotoa River of Bogura, Bangladesh,” Bangladesh J. Fish., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 60–72, 2020.
Annexure 02
SL
#
Scientific Name
Local name
Fish base name
Availabilit y status
IUCN Bangladesh 2015.
Red List of Bangladesh Volume 5: Freshwater Fishes.
1. Labeo rohita Rui - Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 2. Catla catla Katal - Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 3. Lepidocepha Gutum Guntea loach Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1
lus guntea
4. Puntius sophore Punti Punti Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 5. Clarias
batrachus
Walkig catfish
Magur Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 6. Wallago attu Boal Wallago Rare Vulnerable (VU) A2cd ver 3.1 7. Silonia silondia Shillong Silond
catfish
Rare Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 8. Pangasius Yellowtail
catfish
Pangas Abundant Endangered (EN) A2bcd ver 3.1 9. Eutropiichth Bacha - Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 10. Clupisoma Garu
bacha
Gharua Rare Endangered (EN) A2bcd ver 11. Rita rita Rita Rita Rare Endangered (EN) A2bcd ver 12. Sperata aor Ayre Long
Whiskered
Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1
13. Mystus cavasius
Kabashi tengra
Gangetic mystus
Common Near Threatened (NT) ver 3.1
14. Chitala chitala
Chital Clown knife
Rare Endangered (EN) A2bcd ver
15. Corica soborna
Kachki
Ganges river
spral Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 16. Mastacembelus Baim Zigzag
eel
Abundant Endangered (EN) A2bcd ver 3.1 armatus
17. Rhinomugil Halla - Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 corsula
18. Trichogastes Khalisha Banded Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1
fasciata gourami
19. Anabas testudineu
Koi Climbing
perch
Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 20. Monopterus
cuchia
Cuchia Kunche Rare Vulnerable (VU) A2cd ver 3.1 21. Xenentodon
cancila
Kaikka - Rare Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 22. Channa striatus Shol Snakehead Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1
murrel
23. Channa Lata, Taki Spotted Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1
punctatu snakehead
SL
#
Scientific Name
Local name
Fish base name
Availabilit y status
IUCN Bangladesh 2015.
Red List of Bangladesh Volume 5: Freshwater Fishes.
24. Psilorhynch us sucatio
Titari River stone Common Near Threatened (NT) ver 3.1 25. Salmosto ma Katari Large Rare Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 26. Esomus
danricus
Darka Flying barb
Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 27. Chela laubuca Chela Indian
glassbarb
Rare Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 28. Megarasbora
elanga
Along Bengala barb
Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 29. Danio rerio Anju - Abundant Near Threatened (NT) ver 3.1 30. Chagunius Utti Chaguni Rare Vulnerable (VU) A2cd ver 3.1 31. Labeo gonius Ghainna Karia labeo Rare Near Threatened (NT) ver 3.1 32. Labeo calbasu Kalibaus Orange
fin labeo
Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 33. Labeo angra Kharsa - Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 34. Botia dario Bou
mach
- Rare Endangered (EN) ver 3.1 35. Heteropneuste
s fossilis
Shing - Common Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 36. Macrobrachi
umsp.
Chingri - Abundant Least Concern (LC) ver 3.1 37. Oreochromis
niloticus
Tillapia Tillapia Abundant Not Assessed 38. Barbonem us Sarpunti - Common Not Assessed 39. Hypophthalmi
c hthys molitrix
Silver carp
Common carp
Abundant Not Assessed
40. Ctenopharyng o donidellus
Grass carp
Grass carp Common Not Assessed
Annexure 03
S.N
.
Family Common Name English Name Scientific Name
IUCN Red List Status**
1. Clupeidae Chapila Indian River Shad Gudusia chapra VU
2. Clupeidae Mola Mola Carplet
Amblypharyngodon
mola LC
3. Siluridae Kalo Pabda Pabo Catfish Ompok pabo CR
4. Siluridae Modhu Pabda Pabdah Catfish Ompok pabda EN
5. Cyprinidae Jat Punti Pool Barb Puntius sophore LC
6. Clupeidae Ganges river sprat
Kachki
Corica soborna LC 7. Cyprinidae Deshi Shar Punti Olive Barb Puntius sarana NT 8. Bagridae Menoda catfish
Ghagla, Gang Tengra
Hemibagrus
menoda NT
9. Channidae Taki
Spotted
Channa punctata LC Snakehead
10. Channidae Shoal Striped Snaked Channa striata LC
11. Channidae Gozar Great Snakehead Channa marulius EN
12. Nandidae Meni/Veda Gangetic Leaffish Nandus nandus NT
13. Bagridae Tengra Tengara Mystus Mystus tengara LC
14. Centropomidae Chanda
Elongate Glass-
perchlet Chanda nama LC
15. Bagridae Bagha Air
Long- Whiskered Bagarius
CR
16. Cyprinidae Kalbaosh
Orange Fin
Labeo calbasu LC 17. Mugilidae Bhangan Bata Flathead Mullet Mugil cephalus LC 18. Mastacembel
idae
Tara Baim Lesser Spiny Eel
Macrognathus
NT aculeatus
19. Cyprinidae Cotio Dhela Osteobrama cotio NT
20. Mastacembel idae
Shal Baim Zi-Zag Eel
Mastacembelus
EN armatus
21. Mastacembel idae
Guchi Baim Barred Spinyeel
Macrognathus
LC pancalus
22. Sciaenidae Coitor Poa Panna Croaker Johnius coitor LC
23. Cyprinidae Kalabans Kursha Bangana dero DD
24. Cobitidae Bou Bengal Loach Botia dario EN
25. Cobitidae Rani Gangetic Loach Botia rostrata DD
26. Schilbeidae Vacha Garua Bachcha Clupisoma garua EN
27. Schilbeidae Muri bacha Indus Garua
Eutropiichthys
LC murius
28. Schilbeidae Batchwa vacha Bacha
Eutropiichthys
LC vacha
29. Cyprinidae Rui Rohu Carp Labeo rohita LC
30. Cyprinidae Katol Catla Catla catla LC
S.N .
Family Common Name English Name Scientific Name
IUCN Red List Status**
31. Cyprinidae Mrigel Mrigal
Cirrhinus
NT cirrhosus
32. Siluridae Boal Freshwater Shark Wallago attu VU
33. Notopteridae Chital Clown Knifefish Chiatal chitala EN
Annexure 04
Figure 12. Study Area-Kushira River
Figure 13. Fishing Activity during the Peak-season within the Study Area
Figure 14. Fish Observed in the Local Market
Annexure 05
Focus Group Discussion Participants
Sl. Name of Participant Age Occupation Phone
Number 1 Abdul Jalil 38 Fishing Craft & Gear Maker 8801706996143
2 Imran Ahmed 28 Fisherman 8801742492945
3 Md. Fayez Uddin 60 Fish Trader 8801735521953
4 Chomok Ali 60 Fisherman 8801763502319
5 Asman Mia 65 Fishing Craft & Gear Maker 8801743333541
6 Dulu Mia 52 Fish Trader 8801762455052
7 Md. Janu Mia 46 Fisherman 8801312673804
8 Md. Ziaur Rahman 32 Fisherman 8801759718313
Annecure 06
Introductory Note: Good morning/afternoon. We are conducting a socio-economic study to assess
the fishing related livelihood under the project titled as
“WATER QUALITY PLAYS ANIMPORTANT ROLE IN THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF THE LOCAL COMMUNITY: A STUDY ON THE KUSHIARA RIVER” Based on the outcome of this study, we will be able to assess the impact of the river water quality on the Fisheries and associated livelihood activities. We only seek your responses and opinions regarding some of the issues. We assure that your personal details will be kept confidential. The interview could take no more than 10-15 minutes.
We seek your cooperation in this regard.
May we proceed? ……….. Thank you
Enumerator Details Survey Date (DD/MM/YY)
Name Signature
Section-A [Basic Information]
A-1 Respondent’s Name
Religion (tick the appropriate one)
Buddhism
Christian
Hindu
Muslim
Others Respondent’s ID CL _FS_SEC_
Mobile No. 01
Name of Household Head Wife of/Son of/Others
Household Structure (tick the appropriate one) Nuclear
Joint/Extended Category of the Respondent (tick the appropriate
one)
Fisherman
Fish Trader
Middleman
(Hoarder/Aratdar/Wholesaler)
Craft and Gear Maker
Craft and Gear Trader
Codes to be followed for Module A-2
Gender Marital Status Educational Status Last Level of Education 1. Female
2. Male 3. Others
1. Married 2. Single/Unm
arried 3. Separated 4. Divorced 5. Widowed 6. Abandoned
1. Currently Studying 2. Not School Going 3. Age Completed 4. Currently not studying/discontinuing
1. Primary/Ebtedaye 2. Secondary/Dakhil 3. Higher Secondary/Aalim 4. Graduation/Degree/Hon Fazil 5. Post graduation/Master’s/Kaamil 6. Vocational Training
7. Never been informal EIs Primary & Secondary
Occupation
Skill Set Disability
1. Fishing 2. Fish Trading
3. Fishing Gear & Craft Making/Trading
4. Farming/Crop Cultivation 5. Livestock Rearing/Trading 6. Foreign Employment 7. Agricultural Labor
8. Wage Labor (Non- agriculture)
9. Construction Worker 10. Business/Trade/Shopkeeper 11. Electrician
12. Mechanic 13. Driving
14. Heavy Machinery Operator 15. Professional
16. Private Job 17. Government Job 18. Traditional Medicine 19. Housewife
20. Teaching 21. Rent Collection 22. No Occupation
1. Agro-based Training 2. Cattle Rearing 3. Carpenter 4. Driving 5. Plumbing 6. Electrician 7. Welding 8. Masonry 9. Mechanic 10. Cooking
11. Tailoring/Stitching/Se wing
12. Baking
13. Artisan/Handicrafts 14. None
1. No 2. Eye Sight 3. Mobility 4. Speech 5. Mental
Disability 6. Hearing
specify
A-2 Household Members’ Detail
Sl.
Name
Gender [use code] Age Marital Status [use code] Educational Status [use code] Current/last Level of Education [use Code] Primary Occupation [use code] Secondary Occupation [use code] Skill Set/Training [use code] Owner ship Disability [use code]
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10
Section-B [Livelihood Information]
B-1 [Applicable for Fisherman Only]
B - 1 A
Type of Fisherman [use code*]
B - 1 B
Fishing as Primary Income Source (tick the appropriate one) Yes
No
B - 1 C
Fishing as Secondary Income Source (tick the appropriate one) Yes
No
B-1D Years engaged in fishing
B-1E What is the Peak Season for Fishing?
B-1F What is the Off/Lean Season for Fishing?
B1-G Seasonal Variation
Peak Season Off/Lean Season
Fishing Frequency [use code*]
Fishing Frequency [use code*]
Fishing Intensity [use code*]
Fishing Intensity [use code*]
Available Species
Available Species
Catch (in Kg) Catch (in Kg)
Income (in BDT)
Income (in BDT)
Historical Variation (one/two years before)
Peak Season Off/Lean Season
Fishing Frequency [use code*]
Fishing Frequency [use code*]
Fishing Intensity [use code*]
Fishing Intensity [use code*]
Available Species
Available Species
Catch (in Kg) Catch (in Kg)
Income (in BDT)
Income (in BDT) B1-H What is your yearly gross income from
fishing?
B1-I Fishing Related Expenditures
Name of the Item
Amount (BDT)
B1-J Are you and any other member(s) from your household member of any formal fishermen association (tick the appropriate one)?
Yes
No B1-K Do you have any outstanding loan (tick the
appropriate one)?
Yes
No
If yes in B1-K, then Bank Debt
NGO Debt
Cooperative Debt
Samity
Family/Friends
Informal Money Lenders If there is a current loan, please explain the
reason?
Illness
Home construction/ improvements
Health and treatment
Marriage/Rituals/Cultural/Festiva l
Death Ceremonies/Funerals
Acquisition of property (including vehicles)
Economic activity
Migration
Studies
Other, specify
B1-L Do you have any livestock (tick the appropriate one)?
Yes
No
B1-L Details of Livestock
Type Quantity Usage Product Total Income
Cow Buffalo Goat
Chicken/Poult ry
Duck Others (specify)--
B1-M Do you observe any changes in fishing activities in recent times? Yes
No If yes in B1-M, then provide some details
B1-N Do you observe any impact of the water pollution in your locality (in general)?
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
B1-O Do you observe any impact of the water pollution in your locality (specific to fishing activities)?
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
*Codes B-1A Fisherman Type
1. Full Time 2. Part time/Casual 3. Amateur
B-1F Fishing Frequency 1. Daily
2. Alternate Day
B-1F Fishing Intensity 1. Once
2. Twice 3. Thrice
B-1J Usage 1. Self- consumption 2. Sale
3. Both
3. Weekly 4. Monthly
4. More than thrice
B-2 [Applicable for Fish Trader Only]
B-2A Type of Fish Trader [use code**]
B-2B Fish Trading as Primary Income Source (tick the appropriate one)
Yes
No B-2C Fish Trading as Secondary Income Source (tick the appropriate
one)
Yes
No B-2D Years engaged in Fish
Trading
B-2E What is the Peak Season for Fish Trading?
B-2F What is the Off/Lean Season for Fish Trading?
B-2G Seasonal Variation
Peak Season Off/Lean Season
Trading Frequency [use code**]
Trading Frequency [use code**]
Available Species Available Species
Sell Volume (in Kg) Sell Volume (in
Kg)
Income (in BDT) Income (in BDT)
Historical Variation (one/two years before)
Peak Season Off/Lean Season
Trading Frequency [use code**]
Trading Frequency [use code**]
Available Species Available Species
Sell Volume (in Kg) Sell Volume (in
Kg)
Income (in BDT) Income (in BDT)
B-2H What is your yearly gross income from fish trading?
B-2I What is your yearly gross expenditure related to fish trading?
B-2J Are you and any other member(s) from your household member of any formal fish trading association (tick the appropriate one)?
Yes
No B-2K Do you have any outstanding loan (tick the appropriate
one)?
Yes
No
If yes in B-2K, then Bank Debt
NGO Debt
Cooperative Debt
Family/Friends
Informal Money Lenders If there is a current loan, please explain the reason? Illness
Home construction
Health and treatment
Marriage/Rituals/Cultural/Festival
Death Ceremonies/Funerals
Home improvements
Acquisition of property
Acquisition of vehicle
Economic activity
Family Function
Migration
Studies
Other, specify
B-2L Do you observe any changes in fish trading activities in recent times? Yes
No If yes in B-2L, then provide some details
B-2M Do you observe any impact of the river water pollution in your locality (in general)?
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
B-2N Do you observe any impact of the river water pollution in your locality (specific to fish trading)?
Positive Impacts
Negative Impacts
**Codes B-2A Fish Trader Type
1. Full Time 2. Part-time/Casual
B-2G Trading Frequency 1. Daily
2. Alternate Day 3. Weekly 4. Monthly
B-3 [Applicable for Fishing Gear & Craft Makers Only]
B-3A Type of Fishing Gear & Craft Maker [use code***]
B-3B Fishing Gears & Crafts Making as Primary Income Source (tick the appropriate one)
Yes No B-3C Fishing Gears & Crafts Making as Secondary Income Source (tick
the appropriate one)
Yes No B-3D Years engaged in Fishing Gears & Crafts
Making
B-3E What is your yearly gross income from fishing gears & crafts making?
B-3F What is your yearly gross expenditure related to fishing gears & crafts making?
B-3G Are you and any other member(s) from your household member of any formal fishing gears & crafts making association (tick the appropriate one)?
Yes
No
B-3H Do you have any outstanding loan (tick theappropriate
Ye s
one)? No
If yes in B-3H, then Bank Debt
NGO Debt Cooperative Debt Family/Friends
Informal Money Lenders If there is a current loan, please explain the reason? Illness
Home construction Health and treatment
Marriage/Rituals/Cultural/Festival Death Ceremonies/Funerals Home improvements Acquisition of property Acquisition of vehicle Economic activity Family Function Migration Studies
Other, specify
B-3I Do you observe any changes in fishing activities in recent times? Yes No If yes in B-3I, then provide some details
