Alternatives in conservation, choices in management, are highly dependent on the definition of habitat. The implications of a resource-based definition of habitat are explored for species conservation and site management. Habitat
is defined as the co-occurrence of essential resources within the exploratory range of individuals. As such, habitats can extend both over different vegeta- tion types and over different physical structures, or comprise subsets of veg- etation classes, dependent on the scale of movement of the organism. Thus, habitats are not synonymous with vegetation units. Practical advice is given as to how to recognize habitats in the field. The role of habitat is explored in relation to three strategies in conservation: the species versus ‘habitat’
approach, the ‘habitat’ (= patch) versus entire landscape approach and the sin- gle (= rare) species versus multispecies approach. The role of indicator organ- isms is examined in the context of habitat and landscape changes. Arguments are made for moving towards a focus on multispecies and whole landscape conservation. Key issues to this end are: the resources occurring in the matrix;
search by species for resources within the matrix; the complexity and diver- sity of resources used by species and the interchangeability of habitat and matrix for different organisms. We advocate management for substrate and resource diversity and dynamics as an immediate remedy to the biodiversity crisis current and in prospect; we urge the development of new techniques for determining species’ resource use, the development of new principles of resource impact on species’ populations beyond patch area and isolation and the development of more sophisticated spatial models than those currently based on metapopulation patchworks.
Acknowledgements
The Species Recovery Programme projects have been a partnership of com- mitment between organizations and individuals, too many to list in total but all deserving of the greatest praise. Our grateful thanks to Robert J. Wilson for allowing us to cite his unpublished work on the Creuddyn Peninsula, North Wales, to Adrian Fowles for access to unpublished data and to Keith Alexander and an anonymous referee for their most helpful comments.
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