Programming can be done using any complier. Down load the programs on FPGA/CPLD boards and performance testing may be done using pattern generator (32 channels) and logic analyzer apart from verification by simulation with any of the front end tools.
1. HDL code to realize all the logic gates 2. Design of 2-to-4 decoder
3. Design of 8-to-3 encoder (without and with priority) 4. Design of 8-to-1 multiplexer and 1-to-8 demultiplexer 5. Design of 4 bit binary to gray code converter
6. Design of 4 bit comparator
7. Design of Full adder using 3 modeling styles 8. Design of flip flops: SR, D, JK, T
9. Design of 4-bit binary, BCD counters ( synchronous/ asynchronous reset) or any sequence counter
10. Finite State Machine Design VLSI programs:
Introduction to layout design rules. Layout, physical verification, placement & route for complex design, static timing analysis, IR drop analysis and crosstalk analysis of the following:
1. Basic logic gates 2. CMOS inverter
3. CMOS NOR/ NAND gates 4. CMOS XOR and MUX gates
5. Static / Dynamic logic circuit (register cell) 6. Latch
7. Pass transistor
8. Layout of any combinational circuit (complex CMOS logic gate).
9. Analog Circuit simulation (AC analysis) – CS & CD amplifier
Note: Any SIX of the above experiments from each part are to be conducted (Total 12)
MICROWAVE ENGINEERING LAB
B.Tech. IV Year I Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC704PC 0 0 3 2 Note: Minimum of 12 experments to be conducted
1. Reflex Klystron Characteristics 2. Gunn Diode Characteristics
3. Directional Coupler Characteristics 4. VSWR Measurement of Mached load
5. VSWR mesurement of with open and short circuit loads 6. Measurement of Waveguide Parameters
7. Measurement of Impedance of a given Load
8. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a E plane Tee 9. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a H plane Tee 10. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a Magic Tee 11. Measurement of Scattering Parameters of a Circulator 12. Attenuation Measurement
13. Microwave Frequency Measurement 14. Antenna Pattern Measurements.
OPTICAL COMMUNICATIONS (Professional Elective - V)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC851PE 3 0 0 3 Course Objectives: The objectives of the course are:
To realize the significance of optical fibre communications.
To understand the construction and characteristics of optical fibre cable.
To develop the knowledge of optical signal sources and power launching.
To identify and understand the operation of various optical detectors.
To understand the design of optical systems and WDM.
Course Outcomes: At the end of the course, the student will be able to:
Understand and analyze the constructional parameters of optical fibres.
Be able to design an optical system.
Estimate the losses due to attenuation, absorption, scattering and bending.
Compare various optical detectors and choose suitable one for different applications.
UNIT - I
Overview of Optical Fiber Communication: - Historical development, The general system, Advantages of Optical Fiber Communications, Optical Fiber Wave Guides- Introduction, Ray Theory Transmission, Total Internal Reflection, Acceptance Angle, Numerical Aperture, Skew Rays, Cylindrical Fibers- Modes, V number, Mode Coupling, Step Index Fibers, Graded Index Fibers.
Single Mode Fibers- Cut Off Wavelength, Mode Field Diameter, Effective Refractive Index, Fiber Materials Glass, Halide, Active Glass, Chalgenide Glass, Plastic Optical Fibers.
UNIT - II
Signal Distortion in Optical Fibers: Attenuation, Absorption, Scattering and Bending Losses, Core and Cladding Losses, Information Capacity Determination, Group Delay, Types of Dispersion - Material Dispersion, Wave-Guide Dispersion, Polarization Mode Dispersion, Intermodal Dispersion, Pulse Broadening, Optical Fiber Connectors- Connector Types, Single Mode Fiber Connectors, Connector Return Loss.
UNIT - III
Fiber Splicing: Splicing Techniques, Splicing Single Mode Fibers, Fiber Alignment and Joint Loss- Multimode Fiber Joints, Single Mode Fiber Joints.
Optical Sources- LEDs, Structures, Materials, Quantum Efficiency, Power, Modulation, Power Bandwidth Product, Injection Laser Diodes- Modes, Threshold Conditions, External Quantum Efficiency, Laser Diode Rate Equations, Resonant Frequencies, Reliability of LED
& ILD.
Source to Fiber Power Launching: - Output Patterns, Power Coupling, Power Launching, Equilibrium Numerical Aperture, Laser Diode to Fiber Coupling.
UNIT - IV
Optical Detectors: Physical Principles of PIN and APD, Detector Response Time, Temperature Effect on Avalanche Gain, Comparison of Photo Detectors, Optical Receiver Operation- Fundamental Receiver Operation, Digital Signal Transmission, Error Sources, Receiver Configuration, Digital Receiver Performance, Probability of Error, Quantum Limit, Analog Receivers.
UNIT - V
Optical System Design: Considerations, Component Choice, Multiplexing, Point-to- Point Links, System Considerations, Link Power Budget with Examples, Overall Fiber Dispersion in Multi-Mode and Single Mode Fibers, Rise Time Budget with Examples.
Transmission Distance, Line Coding in Optical Links, WDM, Necessity, Principles, Types of WDM, Measurement of Attenuation and Dispersion, Eye Pattern.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Optical Fiber Communications – Gerd Keiser, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION, 4th Edition, 2008.
2. Optical Fiber Communications – John M. Senior, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition, 2009.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Fiber Optic Communications – D.K. Mynbaev , S.C. Gupta and Lowell L. Scheiner, Pearson Education, 2005.
2. Text Book on Optical Fibre Communication and its Applications – S.C.Gupta, PHI, 2005.
3. Fiber Optic Communication Systems – Govind P. Agarwal , John Wiley, 3rd Ediition, 2004.
4. Introduction to Fiber Optics by Donald J.Sterling Jr. – Cengage learning, 2004.
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS AND NETWORKS (Professional Elective -V)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC852PE 3 0 0 3 Course objectives: The course objectives are:
To provide the students with the fundamental treatment about many practical and theoretical concepts that forms basic of wireless communications.
To equip the students with various kinds of wireless networks and its operations.
To prepare students to understand the concept of frequency reuse, and be able to apply it in the design of mobile cellular system.
To prepare students to understand various modulation schemes and multiple access techniques that are used in wireless communications,
To provide an analytical perspective on the design and analysis of the traditional and emerging wireless networks, and to discuss the nature of, and solution methods to, the fundamental problems in wireless networking.
To train students to understand the architecture and operation of various wireless wide area networks such as GSM, IS-95, GPRS and SMS.
To train students to understand wireless LAN architectures and operation.
To prepare students to understand the emerging technique OFDM and its importance in the wireless communications.
Course Outcomes: Upon completion of the course, the student will be able to:
Understand the principles of wireless communications.
Understand fundamentals of wireless networking
Understand cellular system design concepts.
Analyze various multiple access schemes used in wireless communication.
Understand wireless wide area networks and their performance analysis.
Demonstrate wireless local area networks and their specifications.
Familiar with some of the existing and emerging wireless standards.
Understand the concept of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing.
UNIT - I
The Cellular Concept-System Design Fundamentals
Introduction, Frequency Reuse, Channel Assignment Strategies, Handoff Strategies- Prioritizing Handoffs, Practical Handoff Considerations, Interference and system capacity – Co channel Interference and system capacity, Channel planning for Wireless Systems, Adjacent Channel interference , Power Control for Reducing interference, Trunking and Grade of Service, Improving Coverage & Capacity in Cellular Systems- Cell Splitting, Sectoring .
UNIT – II
Mobile Radio Propagation: Large-Scale Path Loss
Introduction to Radio Wave Propagation, Free Space Propagation Model, Relating Power to Electric Field, The Three Basic Propagation Mechanisms, Reflection-Reflection from Dielectrics, Brewster Angle, Reflection from prefect conductors, Ground Reflection (Two- Ray) Model, Diffraction-Fresnel Zone Geometry, Knife-edge Diffraction Model, Multiple knife-edge Diffraction, Scattering, Outdoor Propagation Models- Longley-Ryce Model, Okumura Model, Hata Model, PCS Extension to Hata Model, Walfisch and Bertoni Model, Wideband PCS Microcell Model, Indoor Propagation Models-Partition losses (Same Floor), Partition losses between Floors, Log-distance path loss model, Ericsson Multiple Breakpoint Model, Attenuation Factor Model, Signal penetration into buildings, Ray Tracing and Site Specific Modeling.
UNIT – III
Mobile Radio Propagation: Small –Scale Fading and Multipath
Small Scale Multipath propagation-Factors influencing small scale fading, Doppler shift, Impulse Response Model of a multipath channel- Relationship between Bandwidth and Received power, Small-Scale Multipath Measurements-Direct RF Pulse System, Spread Spectrum Sliding Correlator Channel Sounding, Frequency Domain Channels Sounding, Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channels-Time Dispersion Parameters, Coherence Bandwidth, Doppler Spread and Coherence Time, Types of Small-Scale Fading-Fading effects Due to Multipath Time Delay Spread, Flat fading, Frequency selective fading, Fading effects Due to Doppler Spread-Fast fading, slow fading, Statistical Models for multipath Fading Channels-Clarke’s model for flat fading, spectral shape due to Doppler spread in Clarke’s model, Simulation of Clarke and Gans Fading Model, Level crossing and fading statistics, Two-ray Rayleigh Fading Model.
UNIT - IV
Equalization and Diversity
Introduction, Fundamentals of Equalization, Training A Generic Adaptive Equalizer, Equalizers in a communication Receiver, Linear Equalizers, Non linear Equalization- Decision Feedback Equalization (DFE), Maximum Likelihood Sequence Estimation (MLSE) Equalizer, Algorithms for adaptive equalization-Zero Forcing Algorithm, Least Mean Square Algorithm, Recursive least squares algorithm. Diversity Techniques-Derivation of selection Diversity improvement, Derivation of Maximal Ratio Combining improvement, Practical Space Diversity Consideration-Selection Diversity, Feedback or Scanning Diversity, Maximal Ratio Combining, Equal Gain Combining, Polarization Diversity, Frequency Diversity, Time Diversity, RAKE Receiver.
UNIT - V
Wireless Networks
Introduction to wireless Networks, Advantages and disadvantages of Wireless Local Area Networks, WLAN Topologies, WLAN Standard IEEE 802.11,IEEE 802.11 Medium Access
Control, Comparison of IEEE 802.11 a,b,g and n standards, IEEE 802.16 and its enhancements, Wireless PANs, Hiper Lan, WLL.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Wireless Communications, Principles, Practice – Theodore, S. Rappaport, 2nd Ed., 2002, PHI.
2. Wireless Communications-Andrea Goldsmith, 2005 Cambridge University Press.
3. Principles of Wireless Networks – Kaveh Pah Laven and P. Krishna Murthy, 2002, PE
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Wireless Communication and Networking – William Stallings, 2003, PHI.
DESIGN OF FAULT TOLERANT SYSTEMS (Professional Elective - V)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC853PE 3 0 0 3 Course Objectives:
1. To provide or broad understanding of fault diagnosis and tolerant design Approach.
2. To illustrate the framework of test pattern generation using semi and full automatic approach.
Course Outcomes:
1) To acquire the knowledge of fundamental concepts in fault tolerant design.
2) Design requirements of self check-in circuits 3) Test pattern generation using LFSR
4) Design for testability rules and techniques for combinational circuits 5) Introducing scan architectures.
6) Design of built-in-self test.
UNIT – I
Fault Tolerant Design: Basic concepts: Reliability concepts, Failures & faults, Reliability and Failure rate, Relation between reliability and mean time between failure, maintainability and availability, reliability of series, parallel and parallel-series combinational circuits.
Fault Tolerant Design: Basic concepts-static, dynamic, hybrid, triple modular redundant system (TMR), 5MR reconfiguration techniques, Data redundancy, Time redundancy and software Redundancy concepts.
UNIT – II
Self Checking circuits & Fail safe Design: Self Checking Circuits: Basic concepts of self checking circuits, Design of Totally self checking checker, Checkers using m out of n codes, Berger code, Low cost residue code.
Fail Safe Design: Strongly fault secure circuits, fail safe design of sequential circuits using partition theory and Berger code, totally self checking PLA design.
UNIT - III
Design for Testability: Design for testability for combinational circuits: Basic concepts of Testability, Controllability and observability, The Reed Muller’s expansion technique, use of control and syndrome testable designs.
Design for testability by means of scan:
Making circuits Testable, Testability Insertion, Full scan DFT technique- Full scan insertion, flip-flop Structures, Full scan design and Test, Scan Architectures-full scan design, Shadow register DFT, Partial scan methods, multiple scan design, other scan designs.
UNIT - IV
Logic Built-in-self-test: BIST Basics-Memory-based BIST,BIST effectiveness, BIST types, Designing a BIST, Test Pattern Generation-Engaging TPGs, exhaustive counters, ring counters, twisted ring counter, Linear feedback shift register, Output Response Analysis- Engaging ORA’s, One’s counter, transition counter, parity checking, Serial LFSRs, Parallel Signature analysis, BIST architectures-BIST related terminologies, A centralized and separate Board-level BIST architecture, Built-in evaluation and self test(BEST), Random Test socket(RTS), LSSD On-chip self test, Self –testing using MISR and SRSG, Concurrent BIST, BILBO, Enhancing coverage, RT level BIST design-CUT design, simulation and synthesis, RTS BIST insertion, Configuring the RTS BIST, incorporating configurations in BIST, Design of STUMPS, RTS and STUMPS results.
UNIT – V
Standard IEEE Test Access Methods: Boundary Scan Basics, Boundary scan architecture- Test access port, Boundary scan registers, TAP controller, the decoder unit, select and other units, Boundary scan Test Instructions-Mandatory instructions, Board level scan chain structure-One serial scan chain, multiple-scan chain with one control test port, multiple-scan chains with one TDI,TDO but multiple TMS, Multiple-scan chain, multiple access port, RT Level boundary scan-inserting boundary scan test hardware for CUT, Two module test case, virtual boundary scan tester, Boundary Scan Description language.
TEXTBOOKS:
1. Fault Tolerant & Fault Testable Hardware Design- Parag K.Lala, 1984,PHI 2. Digital System Test and Testable Design using HDL models and Architectures -
Zainalabedin Navabi, Springer International Edition.
REFERENCES:
1. Digital Systems Testing and Testable Design-Miron Abramovici, Melvin A.Breuer and Arthur D. Friedman, Jaico Books
2. Essentials of Electronic Testing- Bushnell & Vishwani D.Agarwal, Springers.
3. Design for Test for Digital IC’s and Embedded Core Systems- Alfred L. Crouch, 2008, Pearson Education.
BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION (Professional Elective – V)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC854PE 3 0 0 3 Course Objective: Introduction to various Concepts of Medical Instrumentation.
Course Outcome: The student is expected to know the working and design of instruments used in Heath care
UNIT – I
Components of Medical Instrumentation System: Bioamplifier. Static and dynamic characteristics of medical instruments. Biosignals and characteristics. Problems encountered with measurements from human beings.
UNIT – II
Organization of cell: Nernst equation for membrane Resting Potential Generation and Propagation of Action Potential, Conduction through nerve to neuromuscular junction.
Bio Electrodes: Biopotential Electrodes-External electrodes, Internal Electrodes. Biochemical Electrodes.
UNIT – III
Mechanical function: Electrical Conduction system of the heart. Cardiac cycle. Relation between electrical and mechanical activities of the heart.
Cardiac Instrumentation: Blood pressure and Blood flow measurement. Specification of ECG machine. Einthoven triangle, Standard 12-lead configurations, Interpretation of ECG waveform with respect to electro mechanical activity of the heart.
UNIT – IV
Neuro-Muscular Instrumentation: Specification of EEG and EMG machines. Electrode placement for EEG and EMG recording. Interpretation of EEG and EMG.
UNIT – V
Therapeutic equipment: Pacemaker, Defibrillator, Shortwave diathermy. Haemodialysis machine. Respiratory Instrumentation: Mechanism of respiration, Spirometry, Pnemuotachograph Ventilators.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Hand-book of Biomedical Instrumentation – by R.S. Khandpur, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
2. Medical Instrumentation, Application and Design – by John G. Webster, John Wiley.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Principles of Applied Biomedical Instrumentation – by L.A. Geoddes and L.E. Baker, John Wiley and Sons.
2. Biomedical Equipment Technology – Carr & Brown, Pearson.
RADAR SYSTEMS (Professional Elective -VI)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC861PE 3 0 0 3 Course Objectives: This is a system oriented course and needs the knowledge of Signal and Systems, EM Theory and Transmission Lines, Antennas and Wave Propagation, and Microwave Engineering. The main objectives of this course are:
To understand the working principle of a radar, identify the frequency bands, and formulate the complete radar range equation, listing out all the losses to be accounted for.
To identify the need for modulation and Doppler effect; to get acquainted with the working principles of CW radar, FM-CW radar.
To impart the knowledge of functioning of MTI radar and its variants; to establish the DLC features and to bring out the MTI radar performance limitations.
To establish the principle of Tracking Radar and differentiate between different types of tracking radars, identifying their principle of operation with necessary schematics.
To explain the concept of a Matched Filter in radar receiver, and to configure its response characteristics; to impart the working knowledge of different receiver blocks – duplexers, displays, phased array antennas, their requirements and utilities.
Course Outcomes: Having gone through this course on Radar Systems, the students would be able to:
Explain the working principle of a pulse radar and establish the complete radar range equation, identifying the significance and choice of all parameters involved, and solve numerical problems to establish the radar characteristics.
Account for the need and functioning of CW, FM-CW and MTI radars, identifying the complete block diagrams and establishing their characteristics.
Illustrate the DLC characteristics, account for the range gated Doppler filter bank, and estimate the MTI radar performance characteristics and limitations.
Distinguish between Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Monopulse type of Tracking Radars, specify their requirements and compare their characteristic features.
Derive the matched filter response characteristics for radar applications and account for correlation receivers; to distinguish between different radar displays and duplexers.
Account for the electronic scanning principle, and implement the same through phased array antennas, knowing their requirements and utilities.
UNIT – I
Basics of Radar : Introduction, Maximum Unambiguous Range, Simple form of Radar Equation, Radar Block Diagram and Operation, Radar Frequencies and Applications.
Prediction of Range Performance, Minimum Detectable Signal, Receiver Noise, Modified Radar Range Equation, Illustrative Problems.
Radar Equation : SNR, Envelope Detector – False Alarm Time and Probability, Integration of Radar Pulses, Radar Cross Section of Targets , Transmitter Power, PRF and Range Ambiguities, System Losses (qualitative treatment), Illustrative Problems.
UNIT – II
CW and Frequency Modulated Radar : Doppler Effect, CW Radar – Block Diagram, Isolation between Transmitter and Receiver, Non-zero IF Receiver, Receiver Bandwidth Requirements, Applications of CW radar. Illustrative Problems
FM-CW Radar: Range and Doppler Measurement, Block Diagram and Characteristics, FM- CW altimeter.
UNIT - III
MTI and Pulse Doppler radar: Introduction, Principle, MTI Radar with - Power Amplifier Transmitter and Power Oscillator Transmitter, Delay Line Cancellers – Filter Characteristics, Blind Speeds, Double Cancellation, Staggered PRFs. Range Gated Doppler Filters. MTI Radar Parameters, Limitations to MTI Performance, MTI versus Pulse Doppler Radar.
UNIT – IV
Tracking Radar: Tracking with Radar, Sequential Lobing, Conical Scan, Mono pulse Tracking Radar – Amplitude Comparison Mono pulse (one- and two- coordinates), Phase Comparison Mono pulse, Tracking in Range, Acquisition and Scanning Patterns, Comparison of Trackers.
UNIT – V
Detection of Radar Signals in Noise : Introduction, Matched Filter Receiver – Response Characteristics and Derivation, Correlation Function and Cross-correlation Receiver, Efficiency of Non-matched Filters, Matched Filter with Non-white Noise.
Radar Receivers – Noise Figure and Noise Temperature, Displays – types. Duplexers – Branch type and Balanced type, Circulators as Duplexers. Introduction to Phased Array Antennas – Basic Concepts, Radiation Pattern, Beam Steering and Beam Width changes, Applications, Advantages and Limitations.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Introduction to Radar Systems – Merrill I. Skolnik, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION Special Indian Edition, 2nd Ed., 2007.
REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Radar: Principles, Technology, Applications – Byron Edde, Pearson Education, 2004.
2. Radar Principles – Peebles, Jr., P.Z., Wiley, New York, 1998.
3. Principles of Modern Radar: Basic Principles – Mark A. Richards, James A. Scheer, William A. Holm, Yesdee, 2013
4. Introduction to Radar Systems, 3rd edition – M.I. Skolnik, MC GRAW HILL EDUCATION Ed., 2005
CODING THEORY AND TECHNIQUES (Professional Elective - VI)
B.Tech. IV Year II Sem. L T P C Course Code: EC862PE 3 0 0 3
Course Objectives:
To acquire the knowledge in measurement of information and errors.
T study the generation of various code methods.
To study the various application of codes.
Course Outcomes:
Learning the measurement of information and errors.
Obtain knowledge in designing various codes like block codes, cyclic codes, convolution codes, turbo codes and space codes.
UNIT – I
Coding for Reliable Digital Transmission and storage: Mathematical model of Information, A Logarithmic Measure of Information, Average and Mutual Information and Entropy, Types of Errors, Error Control Strategies.
Linear Block Codes: Introduction to Linear Block Codes, Syndrome and Error Detection, Minimum Distance of a Block code, Error-Detecting and Error-correcting Capabilities of a Block code, Standard array and Syndrome Decoding, Probability of an undetected error for Linear Codes over a BSC, Hamming Codes. Applications of Block codes for Error control in data storage system
UNIT - II
Cyclic Codes: Description, Generator and Parity-check Matrices, Encoding, Syndrome Computation and Error Detection, Decoding ,Cyclic Hamming Codes, Shortened cyclic codes, Error-trapping decoding for cyclic codes, Majority logic decoding for cyclic codes.
UNIT – III
Convolutional Codes: Encoding of Convolutional Codes, Structural and Distance Properties, maximum likelihood decoding, Sequential decoding, Majority - logic decoding of Convolution codes. Application of Viterbi Decoding and Sequential Decoding, Applications of Convolutional codes in ARQ system.
UNIT – IV
Turbo Codes: LDPC Codes- Codes based on sparse graphs, Decoding for binary erasure channel, Log-likelihood algebra, Brief propagation, Product codes, Iterative decoding of product codes, Concatenated convolutional codes- Parallel concatenation, The UMTS Turbo code, Serial concatenation, Parallel concatenation, Turbo decoding