Policy solutions therefore have focused on ways of prioritizing users and limiting demand according to predetermined carrying capacities.
Meritorious users include local residents, ‘serious’ students of art or archi- tecture and high-spending visitors. Policies to favour these at the expense of the others are operationalized through controlling access both to and within the lagoon city, determining the types and costs of tourism facilities available and influencing the flows of information. However, the problem arises because the essential Venice has been defined as the spatially restricted area around Piazza San Marco and the routes across the Accademia and Rialto bridges across the Grand Canal to Piazza Roma.
Venice can be enlarged and more Venices created if this area were to be expanded into the currently largely unvisited, neighbouring ‘campos’, on to other lagoon islands and beyond to the Venetian colonies from Chioggia, through Capodistria, Ragusa and across the Eastern Mediterra- nean. The principal objection to doing this comes from those who argue that there can only be one unique Venice, which is located only where they say it is. Thus, the authenticators of the heritage and the ‘markers’ of the tourism resources claim to be the sole arbiters of what is, or is not, ‘real’
Venice. They therefore restrict, for their own motives, the place-product and then volubly express their concern for the well-being of these products when they are inevitably overused. The conflict has thus been created by the very custodians of the resources of the past who are most vociferous in their complaints about tourism use. If place identities can be created then it follows that places are reproducible and tourism places are more easily replicated than most.
If the answer to the question, ‘which community is using which heritage to shape which identity?’ is ‘many’ then multiple place identities responding to the needs of multiple communities are quite inevitable. Con- flict, however, is neither inevitable nor unresolvable as identities, and the heritage that expresses and supports them, are community creations. That which was created by deliberate intervention can equally be managed by it.
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