Ragone Plots” of Lithium-Ion Batteries
2.5. Conclusions
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provided charging is performed at the ambient temperature and under relatively low rates.
In overall, on operating lithium ion cells at higher temperatures there is little improvement in efficiency but life time reduces significantly which limits its applications under different climatic conditions. So there is an intense need of development of lithium ion cells which sustain at higher and lower temperatures and shows enhanced efficiency through new electrode materials, electrolytes or electrolyte additives or novel separators.
Fig. 2. 7: Conversion of energy and power density into (a) integrated power -energy, (b) % of power –energy index w.r.t. temperature
Table 2. 3: IPE values of lithium-ion cells w.r.t. temperatures and corresponding PEI values in percentages
Temperature (0C) IPE (Wh kg-1) or W kg-1) PEI (%) -10 554.4 93.34 0 571.09 96.15 10 579.3 97.49 25 594.2 100 35 591.7 99.85 45 594.3 100.06 55 597.1 100.47
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linearly with temperature up to 25 oC and remain almost constant between 25 oC and 55 oC. This suggests that operating these cells close to 25 oC should provide the best trade-off between energy storage performances and cycle life. An increase in PEI with temperature is expected as at low temperatures the performance is controlled by the cell reaction kinetics and by the electrolyte conductivity. The fact that PEI stabilizes above 25 oC is less expected and denotes a tradeoff between the cell reaction kinetics and thermodynamics, which are respectively favorable and unfavorable to the overall energy output.
A decrease in energy density at low temperatures and high rates is mainly due to a decay in discharge voltage rather than discharge capacity. At low temperatures and high rates cells show a voltage delay perhaps due to local heat due to Joule effect.
It is also observed that for the optimum performance of the LIBs at low temperatures, low C-rate applications are most preferable. Either the temperature is too high or too low will result in low electrochemical performance, which means that the life of LIBs will not reach as expected. Consequently, in order to improve the battery performance for practical applications, the LIBs should be heated at low temperature and cooled at high temperature. More work is needed to understand the effect of the cell chemistry and the state of health on the PEI.
The Ragone chart presented in this chapter of same LIB chemistry but different temperatures and rates act as guide for the usage of batteries for different temperature and C rate applications. Moreover, the chart guide us in improving the electrochemical performance of the LIBs at the temperatures where the battery performance is very poor.
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