2. LITERATURE REVIEW: Building Codes, Rating Systems, And Sustainability
2.3. Introduction To Green Building Rating Systems
2.3.1. Indian Rating Systems
the environmental friendliness of their operations using a life cycle approach. It is the "first of its type in the World."
GreenCo rating implementation offers organizations leadership and advice on making their goods, services, and processes more environmentally friendly.
based approach. The grading method assesses characteristics against ten criteria.
Certification is available for both manufacturing and service sector establishments. The rating is applied at the unit or facility level.
2.3. Introduction To Green Building Rating Systems
The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy (MNRE), Government of India, and TERI developed in 2005. It recognized the Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) as India’s national rating system in 2007 for any finished structure (GRIHA, 2019). It's a tool for assessing and rating a building's environmental performance. GRIHA v.2019 certifies all new construction projects with a built-up area of more than 2500 m2 (excluding parking, basement area, and typical facilities). The projected outcomes determine a structure's worth on its whole lifespan (GRIHA, 2019). It is a three-tiered green building design evaluation method for grading facilities. The 34 criteria of the GRIHA grading system are divided into four sections: site selection and planning, resource conservation and efficient use, building operation and maintenance, and innovation. This version has considered user input, improved ease of implementation and acceptance, and other factors not considered in earlier editions (GRIHA, 2019).
GRIHA's goals align with the realization of SDGs, especially those that affect the scope of sustainable building development. GRIHA was developed to evaluate the environmental performance of all livable spaces, which can be air-conditioned, non-air-conditioned and hybrid, in terms of energy and water consumption, resource use and waste management throughout their life cycle. It can be applied to existing buildings and new buildings. The rating system considers regional climate conditions and provides local solutions considering location constraints. In addition, GRIHA ratings attach great importance to passive planning strategies to lay the foundation for the construction process that contributes to developing economic and resource- saving projects. GRIHA integrates various relevant Indian construction, energy, water, materials and waste management codes to act as a tool to promote the implementation of these codes.
GRIHA v.2019 is divided into ten environmental parts, subdivided into 29 standards, covering all the necessary parameters to consider when creating a "green building". The additional part of
"innovation" is the rating system, which rewards project teams that make more effort to achieve environmental and social sustainability (GRIHA, 2019).
SVAGRIHA is designed as an extension of GRIHA and is specially developed for projects with a floor area of less than 2500 square meters. SVAGRIHA can help plan and evaluate individual apartments, small offices, schools, motels, commercial buildings, etc. The evaluation includes only
14 standards, and the interface consists of a simplified calculator (GRIHA, 2019). The standard weight of GRIHA is shown in Figure 2.6.
Envisioned in 2007, the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), with the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), created an exclusive rating system focusing on the design of green homes and launched it in 2009. The council provides various services, including creating a new green building rating system and certification services (IGBC, 2019). The rating system was designed to address national concerns and stimulate dwellings, including traditional Indian architectural techniques and current technological advancements. Green new/existing buildings, green residential societies, and green residences are included in the IGBC Green Building Rating Systems.
It's a voluntary, consensus-based approach that helps buildings become more efficient and environmentally friendly (IGBC, 2019). The qualification program uses recognized national standards; where local or national standards are not obtainable, appropriate global measures have been considered. The Green Home Rating System addresses critical national priorities, including water conservation, household waste management, energy efficiency, reducing fossil fuel consumption, reducing dependence on the use of new materials, and the health and well-being of residents (IGBC, 2019).
The appraisal system was created considering the Indian climate and housing construction methods and was designed to evaluate new and significant renovations of residential sector buildings. Detailed guidelines for each mandatory requirement and credit allow the design and construction of green spaces of all types. Different levels of certification are given based on the number of credits received. Each house must meet all obligatory and non-negotiable requirements.
Green Homes, developed by the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC), is the first rating system designed specifically for the residential sector in India (IGBC, 2019). It is founded on well- established energy and environmental principles and balances well-established procedures and new ideas. The system is intended to be both comprehensive and straightforward to use. Site Selection and Planning, Water Conservation, Energy Efficiency, Materials & Resources, Indoor Environmental Quality, and Innovation & Design Process are all covered by the IGBC Green Homes rating system. IGBC criteria weightage is shown in Figure 2.7. The International Green
Building Council (IGBC) has also created a green building rating system for Affordable Housing and Green Residents (IGBC, 2019).
LEED is a globally recognized external green building certification program for designing, constructing, and operating high-performance green buildings (USGBC, 2020). It started in 1998 and is an independent initiative of the U.S. Green Building Council to evaluate and rate various buildings. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is the most widely used environmental building rating system globally. It is the Indian Green Business Center (IGBC) under the Confederation of Indian Industry (CII) that has received the LEED rating from the United States Green Building Council (USGBC) (USGBC, 2020).
The certification applies to all building types and construction phases, including new buildings, interior buildings, operations and maintenance, and core and shell buildings. It also issues some country-specific requirements. The latest version of LEED, LEED v4.1, improves building standards, including energy efficiency, water conservation, site selection, material selection, daylight, and waste reduction (USGBC, 2020). It proposes a new housing project approach that draws the most relevant language from BD+C and all housing-related rating systems and combines it with the priorities of the housing market. LEED has developed a specific version adaptable for India, considering the country-specific context. The LEED v4.1 multi-family residential rating system has four main goals: ensuring leadership, improving accessibility, measuring performance, and expanding the market (USGBC, 2020). The weight of the LEED standard is shown in Figure 2.8.