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1.1 Effects of fluoride on human health 8
4.1 Properties of processed wooden charcoal (PWC) and processed sand (PS).
92 4.2 Experimental conditions used for batch studies for removal of
mono-metal ion system of Fe(II) with processed wooden charcoal (PWC) and processed sand (PS).
100
4.3 Experimental conditions used for batch studies for removal of mono-metal ion system of F− with processed wooden charcoal (PWC) and processed sand (PS).
101
4.4 Experimental conditions used for batch studies for removal of mono-metal ion system of As(III) with processed wooden charcoal (PWC) and processed sand (PS).
102
4.5 Experimental conditions used for laboratory scale continuous mode column studies using mono-, binary- and ternary-metal ion systems.
108
4.6 Experimental conditions used for co-precipitation of metal ions with variation in DO levels.
106 4.7 Detailed experimental conditions used to operate laboratory scale
filter units
111
4.8 Instrument(s)/Equipment(s) used 112
5.1 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error analysis of Fe(II) adsorption on PWC and PS.
124 5.2 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model
parameters for Fe(II) adsorption on PWC and PS.
134 5.3 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error
analysis of F− adsorption on PS.
146 5.4 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model
parameters for F− adsorption on PS.
150
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5.5 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error analysis of As(III) adsorption on PWC and PS.
158 5.6 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model
parameters for As(III) adsorption on PWC and PS.
164 5.7 Summary of batch experiment results with mono-metal ion system
comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) ion uptake by PWC and PS.
167 5.8 Comparison of adsorption capacity of PWC and PS for Fe(II), F−
and As(III) uptake from mono-metal ion systems with published results.
168
5.9 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error analysis of Fe(II) and As(III) uptake from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III) by PWC and PS.
177
5.10 Best fit pseudo-second order rate equations representing Fe(II) and As(III) uptake from mono- and binary-metal ion systems by PWC and PS.
179
5.11 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model parameter for Fe(II) and As(III) uptake by PWC and PS from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III).
184
5.12 Best fit Freundlich adsorption equilibrium model representing Fe(II)and As(III) uptake from mono- and binary-metal ion systems by PWC and PS.
188
5.13 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error analysis of Fe(II) and F− uptake by PWC and PS from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F−.
194
5.14 Best fit pseudo-second order rate equations representing Fe(II) and F− uptake by PWC and PS from mono- and binary-metal ion systems.
196
5.15 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model parameters for Fe(II) and F− adsorption on PWC and PS from binary- metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F−.
201
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5.16 Best fit Freundlich adsorption equilibrium model representing Fe(II) and F− uptake by PWC and PS from mono- and binary-metal ion systems.
204
5.17 Summary of estimated kinetics model parameters and error analysis of Fe(II), F− and As(III) uptake by PWC and PS from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
210
5.18 Best fit pseudo-second order rate equations representing Fe(II), F− and As(III) uptake by PWC and PS from binary- and ternary-metal ion systems.
212
5.19 Estimated Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherm model parameters for Fe(II), F− and As(III) adsorption on PWC and PS from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
222
5.20 Best fit Freundlich adsorption equilibrium model representing Fe(II), F− and As(III) uptake by PWC and PS from binary- and ternary-metal ion systems.
225
5.21 Summary of breakthrough results with individual mono-metal ion system operated at fixed bed depths of PWC and PS but varying flow rates.
235
5.22 Summary of breakthrough results with individual mono-metal ion system operated at fixed flow rates but varying bed depths of PWC and PS.
243
5.23 Estimated BDST parameters for Fe(II), F− and As(III) adsorption with PWC and PS beds from individual mono-metal ion system at different flow rates.
244
5.24 Estimated errors involved between predicted and experimental BDST values for metal adsorption with PWC and PS beds from individual mono-metal ion systems.
247
5.25 Summary of breakthrough results with binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III) operated at fixed flow rates but varying bed depths of PWC and PS.
255
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5.26 Summary of breakthrough throughput volumes and amount of metal adsorbed by PWC and PS beds from mono- and binary-metal ion systems comprising of Fe(II) and As(III).
261
5.27 Metal adsorbed by PWC and PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III) till critical breakthrough points with respect to As(III).
262
5.28 Estimated BDST parameters for As(III) adsorption by PWC and PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III).
263
5.29 Estimated errors involved between predicted and experimental BDST values for metal adsorption with PWC and PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and As(III).
265
5.30 Summary of breakthrough results with binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F− operated at fixed flow rates but varying bed depths of PWC and PS.
272
5.31 Summary of breakthrough throughput volumes and amount of metal adsorbed by PWC and PS beds from mono- and binary-metal ion systems comprising of Fe(II) and F−.
278
5.32 Metal adsorbed by PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F− till critical breakthrough points with respect to F−.
279
5.33 Estimated BDST parameters for F− adsorption by PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F−.
280 5.34 Estimated errors involved between predicted and experimental
BDST values for metal adsorption with PS beds from binary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) and F−.
282
5.35 Summary of breakthrough results with ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) operated at fixed flow rates but varying bed depths of PWC and PS.
289
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5.36 Summary of breakthrough throughput volumes and amount of metal adsorbed by PWC and PS beds from- and ternary-metal ion systems comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
300
5.37 Metal adsorbed by PS beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) till critical breakthrough points with respect to F−.
301
5.38 Estimated BDST parameters for F− adsorption by PS beds from
ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III). 302 5.39 Estimated errors involved between predicted and experimental
BDST values for metal adsorption with PS beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
303
5.40 Estimated amount of adsorbents (PWC and PS) required for column preparation for metal adsorption from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) to be operated for 30 days at a flow rate of 3.5 mL/min.
317
5.41 Summary of performance testing of laboratory scale filter units designed for a flow rate of 3.5 mL/min but operated at an enhanced flow rate of 10.5 mL/min for 8 h every day for metal adsorption from synthetic and actual groundwater samples containing ternary- metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
321
A.1 Kinetic data obtained using PWC for initial Fe(II) conc. of 5 mg/L. 362 A.2 Computation table with values of qt2, q′t and qt ×qt′ 363 B.1 Kinetic data obtained for initial Fe(II) conc. of 5 mg/L with PWC. 366 B.2 Computational table for chi square error analysis 367 B.3 Computational table for root mean square error analysis 368 C.1 Equilibrium data obtained for initial Fe(II) conc. of 5 mg/L using
PWC.
370 C.2 Summary of Computational table for chi square (χ2) error analysis 371
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C.3 Computational table for root mean square error (RMSE) analysis 371 D.1 Summary of breakthrough throughput volume and associated
breakthrough time for Fe(II) breakthrough from mono-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) at fixed flow rates but with varying bed depths of PWC
374
D.2 Summary of Bohrat-Adams constants obtained for breakthrough of Fe(II)
by PWC beds from mono-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II). 376 E.1 Summary of breakthrough time for Fe(II) by PWC beds from
mono-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II) at fixed flow rates but with varying bed depths
378
E.2 Summary of predicted breakthrough time for Fe(II) by PWC beds from mono-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II).
380 E.3 Estimated errors involved between predicted and experimental
BDST values for Fe(II) adsorption by PWC beds from individual mono-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II).
381
F.1 Summary of critical breakthrough time with respect to As(III) breakthrough by PWC beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) at fixed flow rates but with varying bed depths.
384
F.2 Summary of predicted critical breakthrough time with respect to As(III) by PWC beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
386
F.3 Summary of critical breakthrough throughput volume and associated critical breakthrough time with respect to As(III) breakthrough by PWC beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III) at fixed flow rates but with varying bed depths
389
F.4 Summary of Bohrat-Adams constants obtained with respect to critical breakthrough of As(III) by PWC beds from ternary-metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
391
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F.5 Best fit Freundlich adsorption isotherm model parameters for Fe(II) and As(III) adsorption by PWC from ternary-metal ion system
394
F.6 Summary of breakthrough time with respect to F− breakthrough by PS beds from mono-metal ion system comprising of F− at fixed flow rates but with varying bed depths
397
F.7 Summary of predicted breakthrough time with respect to F− by PS beds from mono-metal ion system comprising of F− only.
400 F.8 Summary of breakthrough throughput volume and associated
breakthrough time with respect to F− breakthrough by PS bed from mono-metal ion system comprising of F− at fixed flow rates but varying bed depths
403
F.9 Summary of Bohrat-Adams constants obtained with respect to breakthrough of F− by PS beds from mono-metal ion system comprising of F− only.
405
F.10 Best fit Freundlich adsorption isotherm model parameters for F− adsorption by PS from mono-metal ion system
408 G.1 Daily performance testing data of designed laboratory scale filter
units operated at an enhanced flow rate of 10.5 mL/min for 8 h every day for the treatment of synthetic and actual groundwater samples containing ternary–metal ion system comprising of Fe(II), F− and As(III).
411
H.1 Characteristics of groundwater other than Fe(II), F− and As(III) in influent and effluent of designed laboratory scale filter units operated at an enhanced flow rate of 10.5 mL/min for 8 h every day.
415
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