No. Caption Page
no.
2.1 Single component adsorption isotherm models. 9 2.2 Different linear forms of pseudo-second-order kinetic model (Source:
Kumar, 2006).
29
4.1 Properties of granular activated alumina (GAA) (Source: M/S Siddhartha Industries, Surat, India)
47
4.2 Characteristics of selected heavy metal ions (Sources: Hawari &
Mulligan, 2007; Pauling, 1960; Sawyer et al., 2003).
48
4.3 Stock solutions of selected metal ions. 48
4.4 Characteristics of de-mineralized water (DMW) used. 49 4.5 Details of combinations of mono-, binary- and ternary-metal ion
systems selected for investigation in the present study.
51
4.6 Preparation of mono-, binary- and ternary-metal ion combinations for metal ion availability in aqueous phase with variation in solution pH.
53
4.7 Input parameters for mono-, binary- and ternary-metal ion combinations for metal ion availability in aqueous phase under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions with variation in solution pH using MINEQL+ software.
55
4.8 Preparation of experimental solution of mono-, binary- and ternary- metal ion combinations for investigation of effect of contact time on variations in metal ion concentration remaining in aqueous phase.
56
4.9 Column operation periods for combinations of mono- and binary- metal ion systems investigated under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
65
4.10 Instrument(s) and equipment(s) used in the present work. 66 5.1 Speciation of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) metal ions from mono-, binary-
and ternary-metal ions systems under controlled pH conditions.
80
5.2 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from mono-metal ion systems investigated.
111
5.3 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal removal in presence of non-target metal under uncontrolled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions.
116
5.4 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal uptake in presence of non-target metal under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions.
117
5.5 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions.
121
5.6 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal removal in presence of non-target metal under uncontrolled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions.
129
5.7 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal uptake in presence of non-target metal under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions.
130
5.8 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cr(III) and Pb(II) ion.
134
5.9 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal removal in presence of non-target metal under uncontrolled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions.
141
5.10 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal uptake in presence of non-target metal under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions.
141
5.11 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions.
144
5.12 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal removal in presence of non-target metal under uncontrolled pH conditions from ternary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
150
List of Tables continued……….
No. Caption Page
no.
5.13 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for target metal uptake in presence of non-target metal under controlled pH conditions from ternary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
150
5.14 Summary of estimated kinetic model parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from ternary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
154
5.15 Metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and metal uptake under controlled pH conditions by virgin GAA loaded once with a target mono-metal ion system and further exposed once to a non-target mono-metal ion system considering M[Cu(0.60)]–M[Pb(0.60)] as combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
160
5.16 Metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and metal uptake under controlled pH conditions by virgin GAA loaded once with a target mono-metal ion system and further exposed once to a non-target mono-metal ion system considering M[Cr(0.60)]–M[Pb(0.60)] as combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
161
5.17 Metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and metal uptake under controlled pH conditions by virgin GAA loaded once with a target mono-metal ion system and further exposed once to a non-target mono-metal ion system considering M[Cu(0.60)]–M[Cr(0.60)] as combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
162
5.18 Metal removal by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under uncontrolled pH conditions from M[Cu(0.60)]–
M[Pb(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
167
5.19 Metal uptake by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under controlled pH conditions from M[Cu(0.60)]–
M[Pb(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
168
5.20 Metal uptake by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under uncontrolled pH conditions from M[Cr(0.60)]–
M[Pb(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
169
5.21 Metal uptake by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under controlled pH conditions from M[Cr(0.60)]–
M[Pb(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
170
5.22 Metal uptake by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under uncontrolled pH conditions from M[Cu(0.60)]–
M[Cr(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
171
5.23 Metal uptake by GAA repeatedly exposed to a target mono-metal ion system followed by exposure only once to a non-target mono-metal ion system under controlled pH conditions from M[Cu(0.60)]–
M[Cr(0.60)] combination of target and non-target mono-metal ion system.
172
5.24 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate and kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with M[Cu(0.60)]
system followed by fourth loading cycle with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
183
5.25 Summary of estimated pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order rate and kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with M[Pb(0.60)]
system followed by fourth loading cycle with M[Cu(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
190
5.26 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate and kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with M[Cr(0.60)]
system followed by fourth loading cycle with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
197
5.27 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate and kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with M[Pb(0.60)]
system followed by fourth loading cycle with M[Cr(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
204
5.28 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under uncontrolled pH conditions.
214
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no.
5.29 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under controlled pH conditions.
215
5.30 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination.
217
5.31 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order rate models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under uncontrolled pH conditions.
227
5.32 Summary of estimated pseudo-first- and pseudo-second-order kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under controlled pH conditions.
228
5.33 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from three loading cycles with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination.
229
5.34 Summary of estimated pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order rate models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)]
combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under uncontrolled pH conditions.
239
5.35 Summary of estimated pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)]
combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under controlled pH conditions.
240
5.36 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination.
242
5.37 Summary of estimated pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order rate models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)]
combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under uncontrolled pH conditions.
251
5.38 Summary of estimated pseudo-first and pseudo-second-order kinetic models parameters for three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)]
combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under controlled pH conditions.
252
5.39 Summary of estimated kinetic parameters for total metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and total metal uptake under controlled pH conditions from three loading cycles with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination followed by fourth loading cycle with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination.
254
5.40 Established mathematical relationships for equilibrium metal removal under uncontrolled pH conditions and estimated adsorption isotherm model parameters under controlled pH conditions for M[Cu(0.60)], M[Pb(0.60)] and M[Cr(0.60)] systems.
263
5.41 Summary of established mathematical relationships for target metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and adsorption isotherm model parameters for target metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary-metal ion system comprising of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions.
268
5.42 Summary of established mathematical relationships for total metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and estimated overall adsorption isotherm model parameters for total metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary- metal ion system comprising of Cu(II) and Pb(II) ions.
273
5.43 Summary of established mathematical relationship for target metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and adsorption isotherm model parameters for target metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary-metal ion system comprising of Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions.
278
5.44 Summary of established mathematical relationships for total metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and estimated overall adsorption isotherm model parameters for total metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary- metal ion system comprising of Cr(III) and Pb(II) ions.
282
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No. Caption Page
no.
5.45 Summary of established mathematical relationships for target metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and adsorption isotherm model parameters for target metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions.
286
5.46 Summary of established mathematical relationships for total metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and estimated overall adsorption isotherm model parameters for total metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for binary- metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II) and Cr(III) ions.
290
5.47 Summary of established mathematical relationship for metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and adsorption isotherm model parameters for metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for ternary-metal ion system comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
293
5.48 Summary of established mathematical relationships for total metal removal at equilibrium under uncontrolled pH conditions and estimated overall adsorption isotherm model parameters for total metal uptake at equilibrium under controlled pH conditions for ternary-metal ion system comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
297
5.49 Estimated parameters for competitive metal uptake models for metal uptakes under controlled pH conditions from selected combinations of binary- and ternary-metal ion systems comprising of Cu(II), Pb(II) and Cr(III) ions.
304
5.50 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
320
5.51 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
321
5.52 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Cu(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
330
5.53 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
334
5.54 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
340
5.55 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
344
5.56 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Cr(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
350
5.57 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Pb(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
354
5.58 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Cr(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
360
5.59 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
361
5.60 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system followed by reloading with M[Cu(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
369
5.61 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with M[Cr(0.60)] system and washed bed reloaded with M[Cu(0.60)] system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
373
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5.62 Column breakthrough results at a glance for fixed flow rate of 2.0 mL/min but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with a mono- metal ion system and washed bed reloaded with another mono-metal ion system under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
376
5.63 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
383
5.64 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)]
combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)]
combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
388
5.65 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
394
5.66 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cu(0.15)+Pb(0.45)]
combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cu(0.45)+Pb(0.15)]
combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
398
5.67 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
404
5.68 Summary of breakthrough results at fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
408
5.69 Summary of mass balance of metal removed by column beds when virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)] combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)] combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
415
5.70 Summary of breakthrough results at a fixed flow rate but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with B[Cr(0.15)+Pb(0.45)]
combination and washed bed reloaded with B[Cr(0.45)+Pb(0.15)]
combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
420
5.71 Column breakthrough results at a glance for fixed flow rate of 2.0 mL/min but varying depths of virgin GAA bed loaded with a binary- metal ion combination and washed bed reloaded with another binary- metal ion combination under uncontrolled and controlled pH conditions.
423
A.1 Kinetic data obtained using GAA for initial Cu(II) conc. of 0.59 meq/L.
450
A.2 Computation table with values of q2t, qt, andqtqt,. 450