1.The WCR is a human-made pest. Human activities have repeatedly con- tributed to increasing the potential for the WCR to inflict economic damage on commercial maize. WCR populations that became resistant to insecticide in the 1950s were more mobile than previous populations;
increased mobility probably helped the WCR to colonize the eastern US Corn Belt by the early 1980s.
2.Near universal adoption of crop rotation in portions of Illinois imposed selection favouring WCR beetles with reduced ovipositional fidelity to
140 J.L. Spencer et al.
maize fields. WCR became behaviourally resistant to crop rotation by laying eggs in crops like soybean that were growing in annual rotation with maize. An initially isolated problem has now grown to encompass portions of at least four US states (Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Michigan).
3.WCR mobility has contributed to its pest status. Rotation resistance is a problem of movement. Understanding WCR movement patterns and capabilities is crucial to dealing with current management challenges and anticipating future ones.
4.Significant episodes of WCR long-distance movement and local disper- sal occur shortly after adult emergence and mating. Some WCR adults may move 10s of kilometres over several days, others move a few kilo- metres in their entire lifetime. WCR movement between maize and soybean fields has a strong diel periodicity but is subject to limitations imposed by local weather conditions. Beetles in soybean fields consume soybean foliage with a high probability.
5. Soybean herbivory has significant consequences for WCR survival, movement and reproduction. Negative effects of soybean herbivory may be mitigated by subsequent feeding on maize tissues. Soybean herbivory increases WCR activity and stimulates oviposition. Behavioural effects of soybean herbivory may be the proximate mechanism for rotation resistance.
6.Local movement rates of 85–90% of male and female WCR beetles in maize and soybean fields are between 4.6 and 9.1 m/day.
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