Adsorption The process that takes place when a liquid or a gas () accumulates on the surface of a solid (adsorbent), forming a molecular or atomic film The exact nature of the bonding depends on the characteristic nature of the chemical species involved.
Bioconcentration The phenomenon of uptake of substance from the non-living environment rather through the as in the case of biomagnification.
Biomagnification The compounding of concentration of a substance as one moves through the or "up" through each trophic level. For example, though mercury is only present in small amounts in sea water, biomagnification builds it up in the fat tissue of herbivorus fish. Anything which eats these fish also consumes the mercury which it has accumulated. This process explains why predatory fish such as and have higher concentrations of mercury in their tissue.
Biopesticides Certain types of pesticides derived from organisms as animals, plants, bacteria, and certain minerals. For example, Bacillus thuringiensis, a bacterium which is currently being used as biopesticides on a large scale.
Carrier or diluent An inert material used in the formulation of sprays and dust. It is usually combined with a toxicant to dilute or otherwise make the mixed material more suitable for field application.
Chemical breakdown The breakdown of insecticides by chemical reactions in the soil.
The rate and type of chemical reactions that occur are influenced by soil temperature, pH levels, moisture and the binding of insecticides to the soil.
Compatibility The combining or mixing of one or more materials without counteraction or the changing of their usual or predicted effects.
Compressed Air Sprayer (backpack or tank sprayer) The one in which spray is mixed in a small backpack tank and a hand-operated pump supplies pressure during application. A uniform concentration spray can be maintained.
The term used to describe a new method of applying pesticides. Controlled droplet application (CDA) technology produces spray droplets that are relatively uniform in size and permits the applicator to control droplet size and it is a reliable way of applying insecticides at ultra-low volume (ULV) rates of application.
Cross-resistance A specific mechanism which confers resistance to two or more compounds with the involvement of the same gene.
Cytochrome P450 oxidase A generic term for a large number of related, but distinct, in animal . The cytochrome P450 mixed-function oxidases system is an important element of in animals which are responsible for the chemical modification or degradation of chemicals including pesticides, drugs and endogenous compounds.
DDT A and it’s degradation generally occurs slowly. Breakdown products in the soil environment are (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p-dichlorodiphenyl) ethylene) and DDD (1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis(p- chlorophenyl)ethane), which are also highly persistent and have similar chemical and physical properties.
Economic injury level The pest population density sufficient to cause economic losses that are greater than the economic cost of the control action to reduce pest densities.
Eggshell thinning The thinning of egg shells with a consequence of egg breakage or reproductive failure which is caused due to the presence of residue of DDT in the environment. The inhibition of carbonic anhydrase by DDT and its metabolites appears to play a major role.
Emulsifier or emulsifying agent The surface active material which reduces the separation of droplets of one liquid in another.
Environment A of external factors acting on a which must interact with that system in order for it to sustain and develop.
Esterase An that splits into a and an in a with called .
Food chain The feeding relationships between species or the transfer of material and energy from one species to another within an .
Glutathione S-transferase (GST) The family of comprises a long list of , , and which are capable of multiple reactions with a multitude of , both and .
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) The market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in a given period of time.
Hand Duster A kind of pesticide application equipment which consist of a squeeze tube or shaker, a plunger that slides through a tube, or a fan powered by a hand crank.
Infestation The presence of a large number of organisms in an area or field, on the surface of a host or anything that might contact a host, or in the soil.
Insect Resistance The genetic phenomenon to develop tolerance to doses of an insecticide which would prove lethal to the majority of individuals in a normal population of the same species.
Insecticide A used against in all development forms like , etc.
Integrated Pest management (IPM) A pest management system that utilizes suitable techniques and methods against the pests in as compatible manner with the environment as possible and thus, maintaining the pest population levels below those causing economic injury.
kdr (knockdown resistance) gene The recessive gene which is responsible for the resistance.
Leaching A phenomenon of the movement of pesticides (dissolved in water molecules of the soil) through the soil rather than over the surface. It is an concern as it contributes to . As water, from rain or other sources, seeps into the ground, it can dissolve chemicals and carry them into the underground water supply
Lethal damage Those damage to the cell under the effects of which the cell dies.
Microbial breakdown The breakdown of insecticide by microorganisms such as fungi and bacteria.
Minor pest A pest species which is not causing too much harm to the crop yield or in other words it not causing much economic injury.
Minor pest Pests that occasionally cause economic damage on commercial crops.
Persistent Pesticides The pesticides that show resistant environmental degradation through chemical, biological and photolytic processes. Because of this they have been observed to in , are capable of long-range transport, in human and animal , and have potential significant impacts on and the environment.
Pest complex The total number of all the pest species of a particular crop at a particular time present at a particular location.
Pesticide Any substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling, or mitigating any . A pesticide can be a substance or biological agent (such as a virus or bacteria)
Photodegradation The breakdown of insecticides by sunlight. The rate of breakdown is dependent on the intensity of light, length of exposure, and the properties of the insecticide.
Phytotoxic A material which causes damage to plants.
Plant injury The damage caused to plant physiology by pest activity.
Proportioner or Hose-End Sprayer An inexpensive small sprayer, designed to be attached to a garden hose. When the water (mixed with pesticide) is turned on, the suction created by the water passing over the top of the tube pulls the pesticide concentrate up and into the stream of hose water.
Rotary nozzles Normally used to apply pesticides at ultra-low volume (ULV) rates of application or achieve .
Runoff The movement of pesticides dissolved in water or attached to soil particles over a sloping surface.
Selection Pressure The pressure exerted during the natural processes which are ultimately responsible for the origin of new species and the adaptation of organisms to their environments.
Small Power Sprayers Motor-driven sprayers and are lightweight. Power sprayers provide uniform pressure, but are generally expensive.
Solutions The molecules of the toxicants or solute are uniformly mixed with the molecules of the solvent.
Spreader Substance which increases the firmness of attachment of materials to surface.
Sublethal Damage Those damage to cell after the exposure of which the cell can repair itself or in other words, the cell won’t die.
Suspension It is made up of particles of a solid dispersed in a liquid but not dissolved.
Synergy or synergism (from the synergos meaning working together) refers to the phenomenon in which two or more or agents acting together create an effect greater than the sum of the effects each is able to create independently.
Toxic or Toxicity It is referred to the quality, state or degree of being poisonous.
Toxicant The substance in formulation that are intended to kill the intended pests.
Trombone Sprayer A medium-sized, hand-held piece of equipment. The intake tube of the sprayer is inserted into the mixture in the bucket and pump pressure is created