A Review on Internet of Things

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Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 135

A Review on Internet of Things

Aditi Rajesh Nimodiya¹ and Shruti Sunil Ajankar² Students, Department of Computer Science and Engineering^1,2

Jawaharlal Darda Institute of Engineering and Technology, Yavatmal, Maharashtra, India Abstract: Today, Internet has become the most important and a revolutionary invention which has touched almost every corner of the world and has affect human life in tremendous ways. IOT, Internet of things is simply an interaction between the physical and digital world. It is a system of interrelated computing devices, mechanical and digital machines, objects, animals or people that are provided with unique identifiers (UIDs). The communication taking place in today's world is basically in the form of human-human or human-machine but IOT has the ability for a great future where communication will take place in the form of machine-machine also. IOT has changed the way of living of people into a high- profile way and has impact in almost various sector which has given a positive impact on world. Also, along with various advantages it has some challenges and disadvantages too. This paper mainly focused on all the importance point related to IOT, how it works, its component, architecture, characteristics, applications, advantages-disadvantages and many more. IOT is overall a vast topic to discuss and talk about.

Keywords: IOT, Internet, IOT Component, IOT Architecture, IOT Characteristics, IOT Applications, Advantages-Disadvantages

I. INTRODUCTION

Internet of Things (IoT) is a network of physical objects or people called "things" that are embedded with software, electronics, network, and sensors that allows these objects to collect and exchange data. The thing in IoT can also be a person with a diabetes monitor implant, an animal with tracking devices, etc. The Internet of Tings (IoT) is an emerging paradigm that enables the communication between electronic devices and sensors through the internet in order to facilitate our lives. IoT use smart devices and internet to provide innovative solutions to various challenges and issues related to various business, governmental and public/private industries across the world. IoT is progressively becoming an important aspect of our life that can be sensed everywhere around us [10].

Internet of Things, IoT alike its name; can be referred to as the Internet of everything. It can also be regarded as an Industrial Internet. It can be defined as the latest technology that has proven its existence worldwide in terms of a network of machines or the devices that can interact with each other. This is the most significant area that needs to be worked on for the future technology and has gradually received a lot of attention from various users and industries [9].

The number of devices availing internet services is increasing every day and having all of them connected by wire or wireless will put a powerful source of information at our finger tips [7].

The recent rapid development of the Internet of Things (IoT) and its ability to offer different types of services have made it the fastest growing technology, with huge impact on social life and business environments. Internet of Things (IoT) devices are rapidly becoming ubiquitous while IoT services are becoming pervasive. Their success has not gone unnoticed and the number of threats and attacks against IoT devices and services are on the increase as well. The Internet of Things (IoT) is an idea that could radically alter our relationship with technology. The promise of a world in which all of the electronic devices around us are part of a single, interconnected network was once a thing of science fiction. But IoT has not only entered the world of nonfiction; it’s taking the world by storm [6].

The market is currently focusing on the vertical domains of IoT since it is in relatively early phases of development.

But IoT cannot be treated as a single thing, or single platform, or even a single technology. In order to achieve the expected rapid growth from IoT opportunities, more focus needs to be put on interfaces, platforms, mobile applications and common/dominant standards [6].

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International Journal of Advanced Research in Science, Communication and Technology (IJARSCT) Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2022

Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 136 www.ijarsct.co.in

Impact Factor: 5.731

IoT in the education sector has already started to make the conventional education system more automated — interactive smart classrooms are helping students learn and participate more, whilst automatic attendance and various student tracking systems could help to make schools more secure. Internet-enabled remote classrooms will be a milestone for developing countries, making deep penetration in areas where setting up a traditional school infrastructure is not possible [6]. Some examples of existing IoT systems are self-driving vehicles (SDV) for automated vehicular systems, microgrids for distributed energy resources systems, and Smart City Drones for surveillance systems [5].

II.HOW DOES IOT WORK

An IoT ecosystem consists of web-enabled smart devices that use embedded systems, such as processors, sensors and communication hardware, to collect, send and act on data they acquire from their environments. IoT devices share the sensor data they collect by connecting to an IoT gateway or other edge device where data is either sent to the cloud to be analyzed or analyzed locally. Sometimes, these devices communicate with other related devices and act on the information they get from one another. The devices do most of the work without human intervention, although people can interact with the devices -- for instance, to set them up, give them instructions or access the data [11].

III.COMPONENTS OF IOT 3.1 Sensors/Devices

Sensors or devices are a key component that helps you to collect live data from the surrounding environment. A device may have various types of sensors which performs multiple tasks apart from sensing. Example, A mobile phone is a device which has multiple sensors like GPS, camera but your smartphone is not able to sense these things.

3.2 Connectivity

All the collected data is sent to a cloud infrastructure. The sensors should be connected to the cloud using various mediums of communications. These communication mediums include mobile or satellite networks, Bluetooth, WI-FI, WAN, etc.

3.2 Data Processing

Once that data is collected, and it gets to the cloud, the software performs processing on the gathered data. This process can be just checking the temperature, reading on devices like AC or heaters. However, it can sometimes also be very complex like identifying objects, using computer vision on video.

3.4 User Interface

The information needs to be available to the end-user in some way which can be achieved by triggering alarms on their phones or sending them notification through email or text message. The user sometimes might need an interface which actively checks their IoT system. For example, the user has a camera installed in his home. He wants to access video recording and all the feeds with the help of a web server.

Figure: Main Components of an IoT System

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The 5-layer architecture model of the Internet of Things (IoT) is an extension and a more detailed version of the 3 Layered Architecture. The 5-layer architecture is considered to be the “The best

4.1 Perception Layer

This is the device layer of IoT which gives a physical meaning to each object. It consists of data sensors in different forms like RFID tags, IR sensors or other sensor networks which could sense

location etc of the objects. This layer gathers the useful information of the objects from the sensor devices linked with them and converts the information into digital signals which is then passed onto the Network Laye

[7].

4.2 Network Layer

The purpose of this layer is receive the useful information in the form of digital signals from the Perception Layer and transmit it to the processing systems in the Middleware Layer through the transmission medium

Wi-Max, Zigbee, GSM, 3G etc with protocols like IPv4, IPv6, MQTT, DDS etc [7].

4.3 Processing Layer

The Processing Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities, analysis, etc. It stores all the data-sets transferred by the perception layer through the network layer and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on the processing and analysis/calculations done on a data-set obtained from sensors.

4.4 Application Layer

This layer realizes the applications of IoT for all kinds of industry, based on the processed data. Because applications promote the development of IoT so this layer is very helpful in the large scale de

related applications could be smart homes, smart transportation, smart planet etc [7].

4.5 Business Layer

This layer manages the applications and services of IoT and is responsible for all the research related to IoT. It generates different business models for effective business strategies [7].

Some most popular characteristics of Internet of things are:

1. Intelligence

DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 IV.LAYER ARCHITECTURE OF IOT

layer architecture model of the Internet of Things (IoT) is an extension and a more detailed version of the 3 layer architecture is considered to be the “The best-proposed Architecture of IoT”.

[3]

This is the device layer of IoT which gives a physical meaning to each object. It consists of data sensors in different forms like RFID tags, IR sensors or other sensor networks which could sense the temperature, humidity, speed and location etc of the objects. This layer gathers the useful information of the objects from the sensor devices linked with them and converts the information into digital signals which is then passed onto the Network Laye

receive the useful information in the form of digital signals from the Perception Layer and transmit it to the processing systems in the Middleware Layer through the transmission medium

Max, Zigbee, GSM, 3G etc with protocols like IPv4, IPv6, MQTT, DDS etc [7].

The Processing Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities, sets transferred by the perception layer through the network layer and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on the processing and

set obtained from sensors.

This layer realizes the applications of IoT for all kinds of industry, based on the processed data. Because applications promote the development of IoT so this layer is very helpful in the large scale development of IoT network. The IoT related applications could be smart homes, smart transportation, smart planet etc [7].

This layer manages the applications and services of IoT and is responsible for all the research related to IoT. It erates different business models for effective business strategies [7].

V.CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT Some most popular characteristics of Internet of things are:

137 layer architecture model of the Internet of Things (IoT) is an extension and a more detailed version of the 3

proposed Architecture of IoT”.

This is the device layer of IoT which gives a physical meaning to each object. It consists of data sensors in different the temperature, humidity, speed and location etc of the objects. This layer gathers the useful information of the objects from the sensor devices linked with them and converts the information into digital signals which is then passed onto the Network Layer for further action

receive the useful information in the form of digital signals from the Perception Layer and transmit it to the processing systems in the Middleware Layer through the transmission mediums like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth,

The Processing Layer has some advanced features like storage, computation, processing, action taking capabilities, sets transferred by the perception layer through the network layer and based on the device address and name it gives appropriate data to that device. It can also take decisions based on the processing and

This layer realizes the applications of IoT for all kinds of industry, based on the processed data. Because applications velopment of IoT network. The IoT

This layer manages the applications and services of IoT and is responsible for all the research related to IoT. It

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2. Connectivity 3. Dynamic Nature 4. Enormous scale 5. Sensing 6. Heterogeneity 7. Security 5.1 Intelligence

IoT comes with the combination of algorithms and computation, software & hardware that makes it smart. Ambient intelligence in IoT enhances its capabilities which facilitate the things to respond in an intelligent way to a particular situation and supports them in carrying out specific tasks. In spite of all the popularity of smart technologies, intelligence in IoT is only concerned as means of interaction between devices, while user and device interaction is achieved by standard input methods and graphical user interface.

Together algorithms and compute (i.e. software & hardware) provide the “intelligent spark” that makes a product experience smart. Consider Misfit Shine, a fitness tracker, compared to Nest’s intelligent thermostat. The Shine experience distributes compute tasks between a smartphone and the cloud. The Nest thermostat has more compute horsepower for the AI that make them smart.

5.2 Connectivity

Connectivity empowers Internet of Things by bringing together everyday objects. Connectivity of these objects is pivotal because simple object level interactions contribute towards collective intelligence in IoT network. It enables network accessibility and compatibility in the things. With this connectivity, new market opportunities for Internet of things can be created by the networking of smart things and applications. Connectivity in the IoT is more than slapping on a WiFi module and calling it a day. Connectivity enables network accessibility and compatibility. Accessibility is getting on a network while compatibility provides the common ability to consume and produce data. If this sounds familiar, that’s because it is Metcalfe’s Law and it rings true for IoT.

5.3 Dynamic Nature

The primary activity of Internet of Things is to collect data from its environment, this is achieved with the dynamic changes that take place around the devices. The state of these devices change dynamically, example sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including temperature, location and speed.

In addition to the state of the device, the number of devices also changes dynamically with a person, place and time.The state of devices change dynamically, e.g., sleeping and waking up, connected and/or disconnected as well as the context of devices including location and speed. Moreover, the number of devices can change dynamically.

5.4 Enormous Scale

The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The management of data generated from these devices and their interpretation for application purposes becomes more critical. Gartner (2015) confirms the enormous scale of IoT in the estimated report where it stated that 5.5 million new things will get connected every day and 6.4 billion connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, which is up by 30 percent from 2015. The report also forecasts that the number of connected devices will reach 20.8 billion by 2020.

The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will be at least an order of magnitude larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. Even more critical will be the management of the data generated and their interpretation for application purposes. This relates to semantics of data, as well as efficient data handling.

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Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 139 5.5 Sensing

IoT wouldn’t be possible without sensors which will detect or measure any changes in the environment to generate data that can report on their status or even interact with the environment. Sensing technologies provide the means to create capabilities that reflect a true awareness of the physical world and the people in it. The sensing information is simply the analogue input from the physical world, but it can provide the rich understanding of our complex world. We tend to take for granted our senses and ability to understand the physical world and people around us. Sensing technologies provide us with the means to create experiences that reflect a true awareness of the physical world and the people in it. This is simply the analog input from the physical world, but it can provide rich understanding of our complex world.

5.6 Heterogeneity

Heterogeneity in Internet of Things as one of the key characteristics. Devices in IoT are based on different hardware platforms and networks and can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks. IoT architecture should support direct network connectivity between heterogeneous networks. The key design requirements for heterogeneous things and their environments in IoT are scalabilities, modularity, extensibility and interoperability.

The devices in the IoT are heterogeneous as based on different hardware platforms and networks. They can interact with other devices or service platforms through different networks.

5.7 Security

IoT devices are naturally vulnerable to security threats. As we gain efficiencies, novel experiences, and other benefits from the IoT, it would be a mistake to forget about security concerns associated with it. There is a high level of transparency and privacy issues with IoT. It is important to secure the endpoints, the networks, and the data that is transferred across all of it means creating a security paradigm [6].

VI.APPLICATIONS OF IOT

Recently, the IoT technology has appeared as a one of the basics in our lives because it touches a lot of the important sides such healthcare, smart water, transportations, surveillance and so on [2].Most of the daily life applications that we normally see are already smart but they are unable to communicate with each other and enabling them to communicate with each other and share useful information with each other will create a wide range of innovative applications. These emerging applications with some autonomous capabilities would certainly improve the quality of our lives. A few of such applications are already in the market, let’s take the example of the Google Car which is an initiative to provide a self-driving car experience with real-time traffic, road conditions, weather and other information exchanges, all due to the concept of IoT [7].Moreover, there are many applications which have emerged to serve this concept [2].

Some useful applications of Internet of Things (IOT) are:

6.1 Healthcare

Most healthcare systems in many countries are inefficient, slow and inevitably prone to error. This can easily be changed since the healthcare sector relies on numerous activities and devices that can be automated and enhanced through technology. Additional technology that can facilitate various operations like report sharing to multiple individuals and locations, record keeping and dispensing medications would go a long way in changing the healthcare sector [4].A lot of benefits that IoT application offers in the healthcare sector is most categorized into tracking of patients, staff, and objects, identifying, as well as authenticating, individuals, and the automatic gathering of data and sensing.

Hospital workflow can be significantly improved once patients flow is tracked. Additionally, authentication and identification reduce incidents that may be harmful to patients, record maintenance and fewer cases of mismatching infants. In addition, automatic data collection and transmission is vital in process automation, reduction of form processing timelines, automated procedure auditing as well as medical inventory management. Sensor devices allow functions centered on patients, particularly, in diagnosing conditions and availing real-time information about patients’

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health indicators [4].The IoTCloud paradigm has been widely used in the healthcare sector to diagnosis, treatment and tracking the status of the patients remotely [2].

6.2 Smart Environment (Smart City)

IoT starts to cover our cities and improve our cities which we call 'Smart City' [9]. The key idea to gain the smart environment such as smart city or smart home while maintaining the level of service without degradation has relied on the integration between both IoT and cloud computing; over recent year’s escalation of attention toward this integration [2].The environment has a vital role within all aspects of life, from people, to animals, birds and also plants, are all affected by an unhealthy environment in one way or another. There have been numerous efforts to create a healthy environment in terms of eliminating pollution and reducing wastage of resources, but the existence of industries, as well as transportations wastes coupled with reckless and harmful human actions are common place elements which consistently damage the environment. Consequently, the environment requires smart and innovative ways to help in monitoring and managing waste, which provide a significant amount of data that forces governments to put in place systems that will protect the environment. Smart environment strategies integration with IoT technology should be created for sensing, tracking and assessment of objects of the environment that offer potential benefits in achieving asustainable life and a green world. The IoT technology allows observing and managing of air quality through data collection from remote sensors across cities and providing round the clock geographic coverage to accomplish better ways of managing traffic jams in major cities.

Additionally, IoT technology can be applied in measuring pollution levels in water and consequently enlighten decisions on water usage. In waste management, which consists of various types of waste, like chemicals and pollutants being detrimental to the environment and to people, animals, and plants as well, IoT can also be applied. This can be achieved by environmental protection by means of controlling industrial pollution through instantaneous monitoring and management systems combined with supervision in addition to decision making networks. This serves to lessen waste. In weather forecasting, IoT can be used to deliver a significant accuracy and high resolution for monitoring the weather by information sharing and data exchange. Through IoT technology, weather systems can collect information such as barometric pressure, humidity, temperature, light, motion and other information, from vehicles in motion and transmit the information wirelessly to weather stations [4].

IoT will solve major problems faced by the people living in cities like pollution, traffic congestion and shortage of energy supplies etc [6]. Prediction of natural disasters such as flood, fire, earthquakes etc will be possible due to innovative technologies of IoT [7].

6.3 Smart Farming and Water Management

Smart farming is an often overlooked IoT application. However, because the number of farming operations is usually remote and the large number of livestock that farmers work on, all of this can be monitored by the Internet of Things and can also revolutionize the way farmers work. But this idea is yet to reach a large-scale attention. Nevertheless, it still remains to be one of the IoT applications that should not be underestimated. Smart farming has the potential to become an important application field specifically in the agricultural-product exporting countries [6].IoT would allow to control and preserve the quantity of vitamins found in agricultural products and regulate microclimate conditions in order to make the most of the production of vegetables and fruits and their quality.

Furthermore, studying weather conditions allows forecasting of ice information, drought, wind changes, rain or snow, thus controlling temperature and humidity levels to prevent fungus as well as other microbial contaminants. When it comes to cattle, IoT can assist in identifying animals that graze in open locations, detecting detrimental gases from animal excrements in farms, as well as controlling growth conditions in offspring to enhance chances of health and survival and so on. Moreover, through IoT application in agriculture, a lot of wastage and spoilage can be avoided through proper monitoring techniques and management of the entire agriculture field. It also leads to better electricity and water control [4].

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Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 141 6.4 Smart Retail

IoT finds its way to the retail world too. Using IoT, retailers and consumers can be connected. Using sensors in the shopping basket, heat maps can be made and retailers will know which ones are good. So, people can store high-value products in the area. When checking any product, product details can be explained to customers which will be done automatically. Retailers can track products in their respective parts and fill them when the number of products decreases [9].

6.5 Smart Traffic System

Traffic is an important part of a society therefore all the related problems must be properly addressed. There is a need for a system that can improve the traffic situation based on the traffic information obtained from objects using IoT technologies. For such an intelligent traffic monitoring system, realization of a proper system for automatic identification of vehicles and other traffic factors is very important for which we need IoT technologies instead of using common image processing methods.

The intelligent traffic monitoring system will provide a good transportation experience by easing the congestion. It will provide features like theft-detection, reporting of traffic accidents, less environmental pollution. The roads of this smart city will give diversions with climatic changes or unexpected traffic jams due to which driving and walking routes will be optimized. The traffic lighting system will be weather adaptive to save energy. Availability of parking spaces throughout the city will be accessible by everyone [7].

6.6 Connected Cars

The automotive digital technology has focused on optimizing vehicles internal functions. But now, this attention is growing towards enhancing the in-car experience. A connected car is a vehicle which is able to optimize its own operation, maintenance as well as comfort of passengers using onboard sensors and internet connectivity. Most large auto makers as well as some brave start-ups are working on connected car solutions.

Major brands like Tesla, BMW, Apple, and Google are working on bringing the next revolution in automobiles.

Connected Cars Connected car technology is a vast and an extensive network of multiple sensors, antennas, embedded software, and technologies that assist in communication to navigate in our complex world. It has the responsibility of making decisions with consistency, accuracy, and speed. It also has to be reliable. These requirements will become even more critical when humans give up entirely the control of the steering wheel and brakes to the autonomous or automated vehicles that are being successfully tested on our highways right now [6].

VII.ADVANTAGES OF IOT 7.1 Access of Data

The more information is available, the easier it is to make an appropriate decision. You have access to real-time data and information that is far away from your location. Knowing what you get from the supermarket by going out without checking yourself not only saves time but also remains practical. This is only possible because a device network gives a person access to all information in the world. This makes it very easy for people to do their work even when they are not physically present.

7.2 Connectivity

On the network of directly connected devices, better communication is possible, making device communication more transparent and reducing inefficiencies. Processes in which machines have to work with each other become more effective and produce better, faster results. The machines in the production or production unit are the perfect examples.

Another example is in our home, the computers follow both the quality and durability of things. The knowledge that the product ends before consumption increases safety and quality of life. Moreover, you will never run out of anything when you need it at the last minute.

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7.3 Time Saving

By programming the work, whenever needed or required will be completed and doing this will save human valuable time and energy.

7.4 Expenditure Effective

As mentioned above, communication with electronic devices through Internet networks can be easily facilitated. It helps people in their daily work. The transfer of data packets to a connected network saves time and money. The same information that can be transmitted faster can be done less than ever, just by Internet of Things [9].

VIII.DISADVANTAGES OF IOT 8.1 Privacy/Security

Privacy is a big issue with IoT. All information must be encrypted so that you can back up your financial status data.

Nowadays, every device is connected worldwide via the internet. This increases the risk of data loss, which can be important. This is a major disadvantage when exchanging information, as confidential information may not be secure and can easily be damaged by third parties.

8.2 Complexity

A diversified network that connects different devices together is what we call internet things. A hole in the system can affect the entire system. It is by far the most complex aspect of IoT that can have a major impact. There are various destruction options in complex systems. For example, you and your family can receive news that the milk is ready and you can all buy the same. This means that you need different quantities. Or a software error has occurred that allows the printer to order ink multiple times if it only needs one cartridge.

8.3 Dependency

We may not notice it, but we see a large technology transfer and its implementation in daily life. There is no doubt that technology dominates our way of life and reflects human reliability in technology. If there is a malfunction in the system, there is a risk of damaging a connected device. It will affect our daily lives, as we become increasingly dependent on it.

8.3 Business Model

In the following you will find a great impetus to start a business, to invest and to run a business. Without a good and solid business model for the Internet of Things, we have another bubble. This model should fulfil everything that is required for all types of e-commerce. standing markets, tight markets and hypermarkets. However, this category is always a victim of regulatory and legal investigation.

8.4 Society

Understanding the IoT from the consumer's point of view is not an easy thing to do because their needs or requirements change over time, they want new features in existing devices as well as new ones. And that happens at a fast pace; before the solution to the previous problem is found, a new problem appears. And solving problems takes time and resources, leaving a bad picture of the IoT as a whole.

8.5 Regulatory Standards

Regulatory standards for the information market are inadequate for information brokers leading to companies that sell data grasped from different sources. Even if the data seems to be the Internet's motto, there is a lack of transparency in who has access to data and how it is used to improve products or services and to sell it to people, announcers and third parties. Clear guidance on data retention, use and security, including metadata, is required. The European Union has adopted data and data-sharing regulations [9].

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Copyright to IJARSCT DOI: 10.48175/IJARSCT-2251 143 IX.CONCLUSION

1. This paper has sought to highlight the IoT concept in general through various sections namely, how it works, its component, architecture, characteristics, applications, advantages-disadvantages and many more.

2. IoT is a technology that simplifies life and will continue to do so [9].IoT has been an extremely active area of research and development for more than two decades.Although a wealth of exciting activities including standardization, commercial developments and research have been conducted, many challenges still remain open due to the large scale and diversity of IoT devices, the openness of the IoT environment, and the security and privacy concerns [1].

3. We can see IoT devices almost everywhere from our homes, offices, shopping centers, schools, airports, and many other places to provide us with secure and on-demand services. Moreover, IoT systems are implementing different types of useful technological advances in various sectors. Many real-life examples emphasize the severity of the security vulnerabilities associated with using IoT devices [8].

4. The IoT can best be described as a CAS (Complex Adaptive System) that will continue to evolve hence requiring new and innovative forms of software engineering, systems engineering, project management, as well as numerous other disciplines to develop it further and manage it the coming years. The application areas of IoT are quite diverse to enable it to serve different users, who in turn have different needs. The technology serves three categories of users, individuals, the society or communities and institutions. Countless research groups have been, and continue to be, initiated from different parts of the world, and their main objective is to follow through IoT related researches. As more and more research studies are conducted, new dimensions to the IoT processes, technologies involved and the objects that can be connected, continue to emerge, further paving way for much more application functionalities of IoT. The fact that IoT is so expansive and affects practically all areas of our lives, makes it a significant research topic for studies in various related fields such as information technology and computer science [4].

5. The IoT framework is vulnerable to attacks at each layer. Due to lack of security mechanism in IoT devices, many IoT devices become soft targets and even this is not in the victim’s knowledge of being infected [6]. The deployment of IoT requires strenuous efforts to tackle and present solutions for its security and privacy threats [7].

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