AN ANALYSIS FOR CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL IN TERMS OF SAFETY AWARENESS SYSTEM IN CIVIL ENGINEERING PROJECT
Ashish Shukla
Research Scholar, Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya Bhopal (M.P.) Prof. Rajesh Joshi
Rajiv Gandhi Proudyogiki Vishwavidalaya Bhopal (M.P.)
Abstract- Building locales are viewed as conditions with elevated degrees of threats to the utilized laborers. They are viewed as a typical spot of perils because of higher frequencies of deadly mishaps. A few examinations have shown that the majority of the mishaps at building locales happen essentially during the material exchange processes. To diminish the quantity of mishaps, locales carry out various wellbeing measures to keep a protected climate to the specialists and safeguard them from wounds. Be that as it may, those actions are not adequate, as the vast majority of the laborers who work material dealing with hardware don't know about the conceivable work environment dangers. For the most part, these wild events are a consequence of ill-advised security estimates prompting minor or significant wounds and harms. To diminish these events, different components should be consolidated in the advanced development apparatus like hardware, asset allotment, and in general administration. Security the executives at these building locales require an effective wellbeing structures and qualified experts with sound information. This exploration work studies and examinations different wellbeing the executives frameworks in building locales method for poll reviews with representatives, explicitly alluding to somewhere safe of material taking care of gear. The study was directed among each of the three kinds of building destinations, little, medium-and huge scope. In view of the consequences of the poll overviews, two building destinations were chosen for a security schooling program focusing on laborer wellbeing connected with material taking care of gear. The program comprised of three modules zeroing in on broad security of laborers, examination of gear and material dealing with wellbeing. Information levels of the specialists were assembled when the program and the outcomes got were exposed perfectly test examination to check importance level of the directed security schooling system and proposals are recommended for improving the general wellbeing in the building destinations.
Keywords: Hazard; risk; designing control; material taking care of; development wellbeing;
security the executives framework.
1 FACTORS AFFECTING SAFETY OF INDIAN CONSTRUCTION SITES
India has laid out countless development units, both in the private and public area since the 1950s. A large number of these have succeeded concerning development, speculation, efficiency and nature of the items. The efficiency of any building site relies on a few factors, for example, item, plant and gear, innovation, work strategy, the board style. Monetary assets, human and humanistic factors likewise assume a significant part in the exhibition of any building site. Of this multitude of variables, the human element assumes a vital part in the development and creation and nature of the item. A building site is portrayed by individuals who work at various levels, viz, the Chairperson, Managing Director, Board of Directors, Manager, Supervisor and the Workers.
Their physical and psychological wellness is a significant element for the soundness
of the building site. Individuals who are protected and solid and gave palatable states of climate will actually want to perform as well as could be expected and produce quality items.
Presently, let us consider the job of building site according to the society’s perspective. Individual people take up development work for various individual reasons, the overwhelming explanation being to bring in cash to meet their own requirements. The capacity of building site in general is the creation of labor and products which society expects, with a base misuse of assets. In this bigger setting, creation and efficiency must ought to be viewed for of accomplishing an end. The means are the utilization of all potential means to expand the stockpile of labor and products, pay and recreation, all together that everything
individuals can work on their way of life and partake in the advantages, which these outcomes can bring, to the making of a more full and more palatable life. If, in the accomplishment of this, the path becomes covered with setbacks who are killed or mangled, intellectually or truly or who are permitted to experience the ill effects of wounds, it demonstrates disappointment with respect to the development the executives to release its excellent social obligation of delivering proficiently. Development the executives' great obligation to the country is that it shouldn't waste the most valuable of assets - men. Plus, the weighty expense because of mishaps is a waste which, in these long periods of merciless contest we can sick manage. Like different types of waste, it is a significant reflection on the norm of generally speaking proficiency of those associations where the mishap rate perseveres at an undeniable level. It is subsequently vital that endeavors taken by building locales to guarantee security and strength of the laborers.
1.1 Construction Accidents Involving Workers
HR comprise a fundamental part for the development, improvement and efficiency and any remaining parts of the building site. The idea of the responsibilities to be done, highlights of the hardware and the necessities of their establishments, the workplace and, surprisingly, the demeanor of the specialists make building site inclined for mishaps. Mishaps maybe are a vital part of any building site. They appear to be inescapable parts of building site. They are inborn in it. It's not possible for anyone to guarantee that mishap won't ever happen in a building site.
Building site are taking on and adjusting new and imaginative cycles and approaches considering advances and the need to utilize new materials. This normally gets complex hardware which works at high velocity; perplexing and rotating machines loaded with perils. For instance, the taking care of and assembling of dangerous synthetic substances have brought to concentrate wellbeing, wellbeing and government assistance of individuals. Over development creation, an unfortunate viewpoint in the development unit is mishaps. The experiencing caused to the
casualties of the mishaps, the strain, both useful and mental, to which the victims‟
family is oppressed, the misfortune underway time add together to the expense of mishaps. In the event that the casualty passes on in a mishap, the building site is shy of gifted, prepared and experienced worker. Subsequently, wellbeing programs are executed to lessen the gamble for laborers by eliminating dangers where conceivable, and where it isn't, by empowering laborers to utilize safe practices. Different contextual investigations and explores demonstrate that each association, where security measures are set up, shows a decent improvement in benefit as well as in labor. Antonio et al. (2013), Arularasu (2004), Bansal (2011) and Chan et al.
(2010) examined the different mishaps and control estimates that can be applied actually to forestall such mishaps.
2 SAFETY AT INDIAN CONSTRUCTION Wellbeing of material taking care of hardware (MHE) that are being utilized in building locales require constant and broad examinations to further develop its security controls. Every single gear has a few implicit security highlights varying from one producer to the next. Further, the quantity of infringement of administrative security necessities in Indian building locales is on the increment by laborers absence of information on appropriate wellbeing, damaged hardware activity and sporadic upkeep techniques. Likewise, human elements assume a fundamental part in mishaps brought about by material taking care of gear.
To lessen the quantity of mishaps, administrations execute a few security measures to keep a protected climate to the specialists and safeguard them from wounds. In any case, those actions are not adequate, as the greater part of the laborers who work MHE don't know about the potential perils around them and the important moves expected to be made to forestall those dangers.
2.1 Problem Statement and Methodology
Mishap rates in Indian building destinations are not kidding regardless of the generally descending pattern of mishaps as of late, Elangovan et al.
(2005). Execution and reinforcing of security the executives of MHE is an extreme errand and those MHE being utilized in building locales require rigid and powerful measures to enhance their activity wellbeing. This examination work is to study and break down the security the board and the use level of designing controls in the building destinations through method for wellbeing polls for laborers with explicit reference to the material taking care of gear in building locales. To instill the reason for security, a preparation program covering all the wellbeing perspectives connected with the material taking care of gear was directed to 38 specialists of two building destinations. Twelve security modules from wellbeing the board framework and designing controls for the pre-program poll were thought of. Afterward, three spellbinding modules zeroing in on development security were ready and introduced to the laborers from which they were addressed again after the program to figure out their wellbeing information level. The outcomes got, were then measurably tried for importance through a t-test investigation.
2.2 Objectives of the Research
The point of this exploration work is to recognize the perils and hazard appraisal of security frameworks and designing intercessions for the MHE laborers, for example, crane administrators and associated laborers working the MHE at building locales and make training of wellbeing through an intricate wellbeing instructive program. since, building destinations are the most impacted because of security related mishaps, just the specialists from the building locales are chosen. The fundamental goals of the exploration are as per the following:
I. To determine the view of a chose gathering of laborers on the connected workspaces including, versatile crane activity, tower cranes, forklifts, weighty vehicles and its partnered laborers of various building locales in India.
II. To lead a Hazard and Risk Assessment (HIRA) of security the executives and designing intercessions for the designing controls at the building destinations.
III. To recognize accumulations in different security the executives frameworks and the degree of the board responsibility in keeping up with appropriate wellbeing frameworks for the specialists.
IV. Lead poll overviews among laborers, compute and examine the information level of laborers about the standard security systems.
V. On the off chance that the information level is underneath the necessary level, the specialists of those building locales are to be associated with an intricate security training program.
3 REVIEW OF SAFETY SYSTEM IN INDIA
Concurring the Mouley (1964), the review of the writing is a pivotal part of arranging of the review and the time spent in such an overview constantly is a shrewd speculation. Survey of the connected writing, other than permitting the analyst to familiarize himself with flow information in the field or region in which he is leading his exploration, fills the accompanying explicit needs:
i. It empowers the analyst to characterize the restrictions of his area of exploration. It assists the specialist with delimiting and characterize the issue. The information on related writing welcomes the scientist modern on the work which others have done and express the targets obviously.
ii. It empowers the scientist to keep away from unfruitful and pointless trouble spots.
iii. It empowers the analyst to keep away from any worldwide duplication of deep rooted discoveries.
iv. It provides the scientist with a comprehension of the exploration system which alludes to how the review is to be directed. It likewise empowers the scientist to give understanding in to factual techniques through which legitimacy of results is to be laid out.
v. The last and significant explicit justification behind evaluating the connected writing is to be aware of
the suggestions of past scientists recorded in their examinations for additional exploration.
4 RESEARCH TOOL
The device for this exploration work has been arranged in view of the different administration components on wellbeing the executives frameworks and designing mediations. The device is ready in such a manner to mirror the accessibility of the wellbeing the executives framework in medium and limited scope building locales.
4.1 Development of the Research Tool Favor and Smith (2004) called attention to that the primary point of the examination apparatus is to acquire data from each part in the example. To get precise data, the exploration instrument ought to be clear, straightforward and ought to keep the respondents intrigued and roused. He suggested the accompanying rules for the improvement of the examination device.
I. Be all around as brief as could be expected.
II. Utilize basic inquiries liberated from complex language or question structure.
III. Stay away from uncertain inquiries.
These inquiries are connected and allude to more than one subject in a similar sentence ;and
IV. Utilize explicit selection of replies.
To set up the surveys extraordinary consideration must be paid to set up each inquiry and cautious consideration had was expected to think about the configuration and design of the inquiries.
The exploration instrument utilized with the end goal of this examination was built to meet the above measures.
5 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The execution of security measures for laborers working with MHE at the chose little and medium-scale building locales through the wellbeing training program was finished incorporating movements of every sort of the schooling program, including the issuance of the poll overviews and assortment of its outcomes when the security instruction program.
Beforehand, consents were looked for and acquired from the administrations of the building destinations that were chosen.
Appropriate clarification with examination
reports must be given to the administrations to getting the consent to direct the security instructive program.
On breaking down the outcome results of the HIRA done in the 28 little and 28 medium-scale destinations, the mean, standard deviation and connection coefficients were arranged and observed that the standard deviations were high and relationship coefficients showed for the most part bad qualities. This anticipated that the information level of the development laborers isn't to the normal level and the elevated expectation deviation level show that they don't know on the greater part of the wellbeing necessities.
To instill security mindfulness among the development laborers, two building locales, one from limited scope and the other from medium-scale that got the relationship coefficient was chosen for a wellbeing training program. Also, to know the viability of the wellbeing schooling program, two polls were ready and given to laborers, one preceding the security instruction and the other after the wellbeing training program. The reactions were gathered from the specialists and the outcomes were classified as displayed consequently.
5.1 Pre-Program Questionnaire &
Result Outcomes
The schooling program for laborers associated with MHE was planned taking the elements showed up through the HIRA review. The planned wellbeing instruction program was executed among all the working staff of the chose little and medium building locales. A sum of 38 staff connected with MHE who joined in, where bestowed wellbeing schooling program. A pre-program poll overview was led before the security instruction program and information was gathered and examined to show up at the viability of the wellbeing schooling program.
Around 120 inquiries with 40 inquiries each in the security the executives and the designing controls have been presented and expected on be replied by the laborers. They were expected to address all inquiries and each question conveyed 0.25 point. The pertinent and right responses were set apart with 0.25 point and generally zero.
In this manner, the all out right
responses were counted and its score was set apart for the specific sub-division. The mean score of all laborers in each sub- division is displayed in Table 5.1. Site 1 alludes to limited scope laborers and site 2 alludes to medium-scale laborers.
Table 5.1 Points obtained by workers before training
5.2 Post-Program Questionnaire &
Result Outcomes
After the wellbeing instruction program, to all specialists of the chose building locales, one more arrangement of post- program polls were given to the laborers.
This poll set comprised of totally new inquiries covering the talked about three modules of wellbeing. There are three sub-divisions for every module with ten inquiries for each sub-division, to talling to 120 inquiries. These were moreover
"yes"or "no" type questions and had arrangements for giving comments.
Indeed, even in this, all questions must be addressed and each question conveyed 0.25 point. Then, at that point, normal of points of all laborers for each sub-division was determined. The score acquired by everything laborers after the schooling program is displayed in Table 5.2. Site 1 alludes to limited scope laborers and site 2 alludes to medium-scale laborers.
Table 5.2 Points obtained by workers after training
5.3 Major Findings of Hira Study
The HIRA study was directed for the MHE used in 28 small-scale and 28 medium- scale building destinations with explicit spotlight on teaching designing controls and security schooling among development laborers. Significant discoveries of the HIRA investigation of MHE are given as follows.
i. No arrangement is finished machine monitoring to the power transmission frameworks, including electrical engines, axles, shaft, gear box, belt drives and grasp plates.
ii. Lack of fencing to the safe working area of MHE. Consequently the functioning work force of the destinations are harmed because of the mishaps.
iii. The administrators, bosses and architects are not as expected prepared for security the board with MHE.
iv. Lack of work force defensive gear utilization in the building locales and sporadic support of MHE.
v. Improperly laid and dangerous access streets for MHE development.
vi. Unsafe upholds and moving of MHE.
vii. Non show of safe working burden and on occasion surpassing allowed safe weight limit values.
viii. Contractor's security the board framework not followed, as a large portion of the MHE utilized in building locales are claimed by project workers.
ix. Non-consistence to guidelines and absence of definite assessment of MHE, consequently undermining its primary and mechanical trustworthiness.
5.4 Analysis of Worker Safety Knowledge Level
On evaluating helpfulness of the directed security schooling program on MHE, the outcomes accomplished were significantly great as the information level of wellbeing showed significant improvement in the concentrated regions. The weaknesses in wellbeing strategies at the two sorts of building locales were moved toward cautiously to further develop the laborers security cognizance. Likewise, results for the survey showed unequivocal enhancements in the normal focuses acquired by laborers of every building site after the program. The consequences of the schooling program were superior to the work in Anilkumar et al. (2013).The Figure 5.1 and figure 5.2 show the normal of the all out focuses got when the program by little and-medium-scale destinations individually.
Figure 5.1 Points obtained by workers of small-scale site
Figure 5.2 Points obtained by workers of medium-scale site
The preparation modules pushed upon the significance of security in working environment by addressing regions generally pertinent to day to day workers‟
exercises as well as teaching designing and regulatory controls measures for keeping away from risks. This strategy for schooling has had its assumptions fulfilled as the positive relationship coefficient upsides of 0.53 and 0.56 for little and medium-scale locales, separately demonstrated expansion in the security attention to laborers in the two destinations.
An expansion in mean worth from 7.46 to 13.61 for limited scope site and that of 10.21 to 15.92 are a distinct improvement. Likewise, the standard deviation has decreased from 2.45 to 1.85 for limited scope and 2.62 to 1.85 for medium-scale destinations. On contrasting the little and medium-scale locales, the mean increment is somewhat better for medium-scale site albeit the rate increment is no different for the two destinations.
5.4.1 Significance Analysis
At last, to figure out the importance in information improvement of the laborers of all the little and medium-scale building destinations, a two-followed t-test examination was performed. The incentive for limited scope site is 8.79 and that of the medium-scale site is 7.74 for a 0.05 importance level. Additionally, the t-test an incentive for limited scope locales is well-over the basic worth of 2.0596 for 0.05 importance level. In the medium- scale destinations, for an importance level of 0.05, the t-test esteem is well-over the
basic worth of 2.0484. The Table 5.3 shows the general mean, standard deviation and the t-test values for both the small and medium-scale building locales.
Table 5.3 Result analysis of the safety education program
From the above tests and examination, obviously the instruction of laborers about wellbeing with the MHE at numerous areas and has been really drawn closer. The security training program ended up finding lasting success in conquering the information deficiency of laborers at the 56 chose building locales and would actually forestall any mishaps in future while working with MHE.
6 CONCLUSION
The wellbeing the executives framework and designing intercessions are the two foundations of destinations for their successful working. These administration frameworks are fundamental due to the expanded gamble in destinations combined with state funded schooling and cost towards remuneration against harms. There are huge scope upgrades in the comprehension of wellbeing the board framework and designing controls all around the world, specifically, in western nations. It becomes basic on Indian destinations regardless of the size to embrace the security the executives framework components and designing mediations as an action towards social responsibility, legitimate consistence for meeting provider and end-client prerequisites. It is likewise similarly critical that the two frameworks ought to go together, connected at the hip, in an agreeable way to accomplish the target of more secure destinations with negligible gamble to the general public overall.
As of now, the reception of wellbeing the executives framework and designing controls have turned into a self- consistence measure to show the capacity of associations in guaranteeing their working in a protected way. The corporate social obligation, self-consistence exercises, review system and guidelines codes and practices are a portion of the accessible measures in guaranteeing the administration components on wellbeing training working among every one of the partners, for example, representatives, business and government are fundamental for the fruitful execution of the security schooling program. Likewise, the administration responsibility is a pre- essential for the progress of the execution of the wellbeing the executives framework and designing controls in locales, which is additionally impelled by the social responsibility and corporate morals.
REFERENCES
1. Adams, E 1976, “Accident causation & the management system”, Professional Safety, pp.
26-29.
2. Alkass, S & Harris, F 1988, “Expert system for earthmoving equipment selection in road construction”, Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, vol. 114, no. 3, pp. 426-440.
3. Anilkumar, CN, Krishnaraj, R, Sakthivel, M &
Arularasu, M 2013, “Implementation of safety education program for material handling equipment in construction sites and its effectiveness analysis using t-Test”, International Journal of Applied Environmental Sciences, vol. 8, no. 15, pp.
1961-1969.
4. Annan, K 2009, “Disaster management as part of curriculum for undergraduate &
postgraduate courses: The Symbiosis model”, Indian Journal of Occupational &
Environmental Medicine, vol. 13, no. 2, pp.
57-59.
5. Antonio, RS, Isabel, OM, Gabriel, PSJ &
Angel, UC 2013, “A proposal for improving safety in construction projects by strengthening coordinators” competencies in health & safety issues”, Safety Science, vol.
54, pp. 92-103.
6. Arscott, PE & Armstrong, M 1976, Employer's Guide to Health & Safety Management, Littlehampton Book Services Ltd, UK.
7. Arularasu, M & Mohan, R 2002, “Design of Monitoring Device for Decreasing Accident Rate in Roads”, Proceedings of National Seminar on Infrastructure Development:
Retrospect & Prospects, Seventeenth Indian Engineering Congress, pp. 147-152.
8. Arularasu, M 2004, “Industrial Safety:
Present Trends & Scenario”, Proceedings of International Seminar on Emerging trends in Global Business: Challenges & Opportunities for Developing Countries, p.177.
9. Arunraj, NS & Maiti, J 2009, “Environmental risk management & decision making”, International Journal of Environmental Pollution Control and Management, vol. 1, pp. 25-40.
10. Ashford, NA 1979, Crisis in the Workplace:
Occupational Diseases & Injury, MIT Press,Cambridge, p.612.
11. Bansal, VK 2011, “Application of geographic information systems in construction safety planning”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 29, no. 1, pp. 66-77.
12. Barki, BG & Arularasu, M 2003, “Modelling &
Simulating Safety Education in Manufacturing Sites”, Proceedings of International Conference on DAMS2003, pp.
60-61.
13. Batra, GS & Dangawal, RC 1999, Industrialization New Challenges, Deep &
Deep Publication Private Limited, New Delhi.
14. Bellamy, LJ, Geyer, TAW & Wilkinson, J 2008, “Development of a functional model which integrates human factors, safety management systems and wider organisational issues”, Safety Science, vol.
46, no. 3, pp. 461-492.
15. Benjaoran, V & Bhokha, S 2010, “An integrated safety management with construction management using 4D CAD model”, Safety Science, vol. 48, no. 3, pp.
395-403.
16. Bird, FE & O, Shell, HE 1973, “Incident recall”, National Safety News, vol. 100, no. 4, pp. 58–60.
17. Blair 1997, Occupational Safety Management Competencies as perceived by Certified Safety Professionals & Safety Educators” Doctoral dissertation, Kentucky.
18. Blair, EH 1996, “Achieving a total safety paradigm through authentic caring &
quality”, Professional Safety, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 24-27.
19. Blank, A, Laflamme, L & Andersson, R 1997,
“The impact of advances in production technology on industrial injuries: A review of the literature”, Safety Science, vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 219-234.
20. Bless & Smith 2004, Fundamentals of social research methods: An African perspective, Creda communications, Cape Town.
21. Bottani, E, Monica, L & Vignali, G 2009,
“Safety management systems: performance differences between adopters and non- adopters”, Safety Science, vol. 47, no. 2, pp.
155-162.
22. Brody, B, Létourneau, Y & Poirier, A 1990,
“An indirect cost theory of work accident prevention”, Journal of Occupational Accidents, vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 255-270.
23. Burns, TE 2002, Serious Incident Prevention:, Second Edition: How to Sustain Accident-Free Operations in Your Plant or Company, Gulf Professional Publishing, p.216.
24. Carbonari, A, Giretti, A & Naticchia, B 2011,
“A proactive system for real-time safety management in construction sites”, Automation in Construction, vol. 20, no. 6, pp. 686-698.
25. Cardillo, P & Girelli, A 1984, “The Seveso case
& the safety problem in the production of 2,4,
5-Trichlorophenol”, Journal of Hazardous Materials, vol. 9, no. 2, pp. 221- 234.
26. Chan, DWM, Chan, APC & Choi, TNY 2010,
“An empirical survey of the benefits of implementing pay for safety scheme PFSS in the Hong Kong construction site”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 41, no. 5, pp. 433-443.
27. Chan, FTS, Ip, RWL & Lau, H 2001,
“Integration of expert system with analytic hierarchy process for the design of material handling equipment selection system”, Journal of Material Processing Technology, vol. 116, no. 2-3, pp. 137-145.
28. Chang, JI & Lin, CC 2006, “A study of storage tank accidents”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industrial, vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 63- 74.
29. Chittratanawat, S 1999, “An integrated approach for facility layout, P/D location &
material handling system design”, International Journal of Production Research, vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 683-706.
30. Choi, SD 2008, “Investigation of ergonomic issues in the Wisconsin Construction site”, Journal of Safety Health and Environmental Research, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 1-19.
31. Clarke, S & Cooper, CL 2004, Managing the Risk of Workplace Stress, Routledge, UK.
32. Cooper, D 1998, Improving Safety Culture: A Practical Guide, John Wiley & Sons, England.
33. Cooper, MD 1999, Mitigating the Adverse Impact of Some Workplace Stressors with Behavioral Safety, Industrial Safety Management, USA.
34. Costella, MF, Saurin, TA & Guimarães, 2009,
“A method for assessing health and safety management systems from the resilience engineering perspective”, Safety Science, vol.
47, no. 8, pp. 1056-1067.
35. Crawford, L 2005, “Senior management perceptions of project management competence”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 7-16.
36. Creber, FL 1967, Safety for Industry, ROSPA.
37. Dawson, S, Willman, P, Bamford, M &
Clinton, A 1988, Safety at Work: The Limits of Self-regulation, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
38. Dedobbeleer, N & German, P 1987, “Safety practices in construction site”, Journal of Occupational Medicine, vol. 29, pp. 863-868.
39. DGFASLI 1948, The Factories Act, Government of India, India. 40. Economic Survey of India, Annual Report. 2004-2005.
India.
40. Elangovan, RK 2003, Effectiveness of Safety Education Program & Ergonomic Design of Safety Helmet for Industrial Workers, Karaikudi.
41. Elangovan, RK, Mohammed, KP & Mohan, S 2005, “Effectiveness of the designed safety education programme modules by their implementation in selected sites”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industrial, vol.
18, pp. 553-557.
42. El-Mashaleh, MS, Al-Smadi, BM, Hyari, KH &
Rababeh, SH 2010, “Safety management in the Jordanian construction industry”, Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, Vol. 4, no. 1, pp.
47-54.
43. Erik, H 2004, Barriers & accident prevention, Ashgate Publishing Ltd, USA, p.226.
44. Fang, DP, Xie, F, Huang, XY & Li, H 2004,
“Factor analysis-based studies on construction workplace safety management in China”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 22, pp. 43-49.
45. Fellner, DJ & Sulzer-Azaroff, B 1984,
“Increasing industrial safety practices and conditions through posted feedback”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 7-21.
46. Fernandez-Muniz, B, Montes-Peon, JM &
Vazquez-Ordas, CJ 2007, “Safety management system: development and validation of a multidimensional scale”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 52-68.
47. Fisher, EL, Farber, JB & Kay, MG 1988,
“MATHES: An expert system for material handling equipment selection”, Engineering Costs & Production Economics, vol. 14, no. 4, pp. 297-310.
48. Florio, AE, Alles WF, WF & Stafford, GT 1979, Safety Education, McGraw-Hill,United States of America, p.516.
49. Florio, AE, Stafford, GT & Alles, WF 1979, Safety Education, McGraw-Hill Companies The Blacklick, OH, USA.
50. Fonseca, DJ, Uppal, G & Greene, TJ 2004, “A knowledge-based system for conveyor equipment selection”, Expert Systems with Applications, vol. 26, pp. 615-623.
51. Formoso, CT, Soibelman, L, Cesare CD &
Isatto, EL 2002, “Material waste in building site: Main Causes & Prevention”, Journal of Construction Engineering & Management, vol. 128, no. 4, pp. 316-325.
52. Fung, IWH, Tam, VWY, Lo, TY & Lu, LLH 2010, “Developing a risk assessment model for construction safety”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 28, no. 6, pp.
593-600.
53. Geller, ES, 2005, People-based safety: The source. D. Johnson (Ed.). Virginia Beach, VA:
Coastal Training Technologies.
54. Gillen, M, Baltz, D, Gassel, M, Kirsch, L &
Vaccaro, D 2002, “Perceived safety climate, job demands, and coworker support among union and nonunion injured construction workers”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 33, no. 1, pp. 33-51.
55. Glendon, AI, Clarke, S & McKenna, E 2006,Human safety and risk management, CRC Press.
56. Goldenhar, LM, Moran, SK & Colligan, M 2001, “Health & safety training in a sample of open-shop construction companies”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 32, no. 2, pp. 237- 252.
57. Gupta, AK 2006, Industrial Safety Environment, Laxmi publications Ltd., New delhiv.
58. Häkkinen, K 1978, “Crane accidents and their prevention”, Journal of Occupational Accidents, vol. 1, no. 4, pp. 353-361.
59. Häkkinen, K 1993, “Crane accidents and their prevention revisited”, Safety Science, vol. 16, no. 3-4, pp. 267-277.
60. Hale, AR, Guldenmund, FW, Loenhout, V &
Oh, 2010, “Evaluating safety management &
culture interventions to improve safety:
Effective intervention strategies”, Safety Science, vol. 48, no. 8, pp. 1026-1035.
61. Hale, D 1984, “Dip-moveout by Fourier transform”, Geophysics, vol. 49, no. 6, pp.
741-757.
62. Heinrich, HW 1931, Industrial Accident Prevention: A Scientific Approach, McGraw- Hill, India.
63. Heinrich, HW 1959, Industrial Accident Prevention, McGraw–Hill Publishers, New York.
64. Helander, MG 1991, “Safety hazards and motivation for safe work in the construction industry”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 205-223.
65. Hopwood, D & Thompson, S 2006, Workplace Safety: A Guide for Small & Mid-sized Companies, John Wiley & Sons, USA.
66. Indian Labor Statistics, Annual Report. 2000- 2003. India.
67. Jannadi, MO & Assaf, S 1998, “Safety assessment in the built environment of Saudi Arabia”, Safety Science, vol.29, no.1, pp. 15- 24.
68. Jannadi, MO 1995, “Impact of human relations on the safety of construction workers”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 13, no. 6, pp. 383-386.
69. Kaila, HL 2008, Behavior Based Safety in Organizations A Practical Guide, K International Pvt. Ltd, India.
70. KALAM, APJA 2003, Ignited Minds:
Unleashing the Power Within India, Penguin Books India.
71. Kaplan, S 1973, “Cognitive maps, human needs and the designed environment”, Dowden, Hutchison and Ross, pp. 275-283.
72. Kerr, NL & Tindale, RS 2004, “Group performance and decision making”, Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 55, pp. 623-655.
73. Khan 2003, Determinants of occupational safety and health performance in small and medium manufacturing settings, Ph.D Thesis, Sintok, Kedah.
74. Khan, FI & Abbasi, SA 1999, “Major accidents in process sites & an analysis of causes &
consequences”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industrial, vol. 12, no. 5, pp. 361- 378.
75. Kjellén, U & Larsson, TJ 1981, “Investigating accidents and reducing risks – A dynamic approach”, Journal of Occupational Accidents, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 129-140.
76. Kjellen, U 2000, Prevention of Accidents through Experience FeedBack, Taylor &
Francis, London.
77. Kletz, TA 1998, What Went Wrong?: Case Histories Of Process Plant Disasters, Gulf Professional Publishing, Houston, USA.
78. Kletz, TA 2001, Learning from Accidents, Taylor & Francis, New York, p.352.
79. Kurzman, D 1987, A Killing Wind: Inside Union Carbide & the Bhopal Disaster, McGraw Hill, India.
80. Lack, RW 2002, Safety, Health, & Asset Protection, CRC Press, USA.
81. Lai, DNC, Liu, M & Ling, FYY 2011, “A comparative study on adopting human resource practices for safety management on construction projects in the United States &
Singapore”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 29, no. 8, pp. 1018-1032.
82. López-Alonso, M, Ibarrondo-Dávila, MP, Rubio-Gámez, MC & Munoz, TG 2013, “The
impact of health and safety investment on construction company costs”, Safety Science, vol. 60, pp. 151-159.
83. Makin, AM & Winder, C 2008, “A new conceptual framework to improve the application of occupational health and safety management systems”, Safety Science, vol.
46, no. 6, pp. 935-948.
84. Manu, P, Ankrah, N, Proverbs, D & Suresh, S 2013, “Mitigating the health & safety influence of subcontracting in construction:
The approach of main contractors”, International Journal of Project Management, vol. 31, no.7, pp. 1017-1026.
85. Marhavilas, PK 2010, “Risk estimation in the Greek constructions' worksites by using a quantitative assessment technique and statistical information of occupational accidents”, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Review, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 51- 55.
86. Marsh, TW, Davies, R, Phillips, RA, Duff, AR, Robertson, IT, Weyman, A & Cooper, MD 1998, “The role of management commitment in determining the success of a behavioral safety intervention”, Journal of the Institution of Occupational Safety & Health, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 45-56.
87. McAfee, RB & Winn, AR 1989, “The use of incentives/feed-back to enhance workplace safety: A critique of the literature”, Journal of Safety Research, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 7-19.
88. McKinnon, RC 2000, Cause, effect, & control of accidental loss with accident investigation kit, CRC Press, USA, p.282.
89. McSween, TE 2003, The Values-Based Safety Process, John Wiley & Sons Inc publication, New Jersey.
90. Mearns, K, Whitaker, SM & Flin, R 2003,
“Safety climate, safety management practice
& safety performance in offshore environments”, Safety Science, vol. 41, pp.
641-680.
91. Miller, I & Cox, S 1997, “Benchmarking for loss control”, Journal of the Institute of Occupational Safety & Health, vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 39-47.
92. Mitchison, N & Papadakis, GA 1999, “Safety management systems under Seveso II:
Implementation and assessment”, Journal of Loss Prevention in the Process Industries, vol.
12, no. 1, pp. 43-51.
93. Mouley, G.J 1964, The Science of Educational Research, Eurasia Publishing House, New Delhi, India.
94. Mouton, J 2001, “A methodological manifesto. Education as change”, Council of Europe, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 3-16.
95. Mueller, LM, DaSilva, N, Townsend, JC &
Tetrick, LE 1999, “An empirical investigation of competing safety climate measurement models”, 14th Annual Meeting of the Society for Industrial and Organizational Psychology.
96. Neitzel, RL, Seixas, NS & Ren, KK 2001, “A review of crane safety in the construction industry”, Applied Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, vol. 16, no. 12, pp.
1106-1117.
97. Osborne, E& Vernon, HM 1922, “The influence of temperature and other conditions on the frequency of industrial accidents”, Her Majesty's Stationary Office, London.
98. Paquet, V, Punnett, L & Buchholz, B 1999 1999, “An evaluation of manual materials handling in highway construction work”, International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 431-444.
99. Park, CS & Kim, HJ 2013, “A framework for construction safety management &
visualization system”, Automation in Construction, vol. 33, pp. 95-103.
100. Paswan & Mukhopadhya 2008, Safety Measures in steel plant- A case study, Jamshedpur, India.
