72 Figure 5.3 The entropy index measured for some of the census tracts of the study area. 73 Figure 5.5 Hypothetical land uses for central cell scoring 75 Figure 5.6 Points assigned to 100m x 100m cells for estimation of DI at tract level (Ward 22, AMC) and estimated DI for census tract.
List of Tables
Need for the present study
In a majority of the small Indian cities it can be said that the land use is mixed. For example, people of different socio-economic backgrounds live together within the residential part of the mixed land use.
Objectives and scope
When it comes to the area of application, land use mix at the building level was not considered in this study during the preparation of the land use database. Internal to external trips are also not taken into account as the land use database is not available for the destinations of such trips.
Organization of the Thesis
In the developed countries, discrete choice models are widely used for travel demand forecasting. The first section presents the literature related to the choice set determination in the multimodal choice context.
Choice-set availability
They considered two different approaches, namely the explicit and implicit availability of choice sets for the sampled individuals. Enam and Choudhary (2011) addressed the problem of choice set availability using a probabilistic model for choice set generation.
Socioeconomic variables
2007) found that vehicle ownership has a significant influence on the decision maker's sensitivity to travel time. Pinjari and Bhat (2006) also reported that the taste heterogeneity for LOS variables can be partially explained by the socio-economic characteristics of the individuals interacting with the LOS variables.
Effect of land use on travel behavior
Cervero (1995) concluded that residential density has a greater influence on travel mode choice (excluding walking/cycling) compared to land use mix. Bhat and Gossen (2004) have measured land use mix using an empirical formula given below.
Mode related attributes
Few researchers have estimated the value of travel time in the context of developing countries. They found that using latent travel time had a significant impact on the value of travel time.
Data for model estimation
Mixed logit modeling framework can be used to estimate the random component of the heterogeneity. Bhat and Castelar (2002) have reported that the joint SP-RP estimation can induce state dependence, defined as the influence of actual (revealed) choices on the individual's declared choice.
Summary of Literature review
In most cases, the digitized road and transit/paratransit networks are not available for many of the cities. Some of the important aspects of choice model formulation and estimation, mostly taken from various previous studies, are discussed in this chapter.
Identification of choice set for an individual
Methodology used to identify the choice set available to the sample of individuals is briefly discussed in section 3.1. Choice set availability was also revealed by the individual in the RP survey and it was found that there is a difference between the revealed choice set and the rule-based choice set.
Modeling of the travel behavior
- Handling of SP data in mixed logit framework
In the case of standard logit model, Znj is zero and there is no correlation in utility across the alternatives. Its variance decreases as R increases and is positive so that ln ̂ is defined. The simulated probabilities are inserted into log-likelihood function to get the simulated log-likelihood.
Hybrid choice model
Methods used to collect various data including household travel data, land use data and various key statistics of household data are presented in this chapter. Detailed methodology used for the collection of land use data has also been discussed in detail.
Study area description
In terms of road network and connectivity, the road network follows a grid pattern in the central part of Agartala city. The land use composition of the study area for the year 2010, given in Table 4.2, clearly shows the dominance of residential area in the city.
Land use details of the study area
During land use data collection, a GPS device (Handheld Trimble JUNO-SB) was used to measure the area of major markets, offices and shopping complexes. Raster image of the study area, with municipal boundaries, has been digitized and shown in Figure 4.5.
Network Data
This table also shows the corresponding data of the chosen modes given by the respondents. Furthermore, Figure 4.9 shows the screenshot of the network prepared in TransCAD 5 and shows the road network information.
Questionnaire for the household survey
- Questionnaire for the RP survey
- Questionnaire for the Stated Preference (SP) Survey
- Attitudinal and perception related questions
The purpose of the SP study is to collect the data necessary for effective model estimation with as little bias as possible. Ranking data for a number of attributes such as travel time, cost, comfort, accessibility (in terms of walking distance), convenience, accessibility, flexibility, traffic congestion, poor road conditions, safety and distance were collected as part of the preliminary study. This type of design was considered so that it can improve the realism of the SP task and individuals do not want an unrealistic scenario.
Exploratory analysis of the sample data
- Socioeconomic characteristics of the sample
- Exploratory analysis of the travel related data .1 Purpose of the Trips
- Data related to perception and attitude
In the sample collected, the family size is approximately four people (Figure 4.12). Figure 4.16 (b) shows that a significant proportion of educational trips were made using NMT and public transport (NMT 33% and public transport 27%). As shown in Figure 4.28, the share of walking trips, regardless of family size, is high compared to other modes of transport.
Summary
When choosing a cycling method, socially unacceptable and less comfortable are the two most important reasons for not choosing the bicycle. In the case of the bus, unavailability from home, reliability and less comfort are the reasons people give for not choosing it. Furthermore, when choosing the cycling method, socially unacceptable and less comfort are the two important reasons for not choosing the bicycle.
Analysis and modeling of mixed land use and its effects on travel parameters
Land use mix observed in the study area
Entropy Index
- Limitations of entropy index
The main disadvantage of the entropy index is that it could not represent the intensity of agricultural mixing correctly. The entropy index takes the same value for two different scenarios with different land use patterns if the proportion of the land use mix is the same. To overcome this problem to some extent, the entropy index is measured for each household in the sample instead of the census tract.
Dissimilarity Index (DI)
The central cell is surrounded by three commercial and three service land uses, which are different from the own land use. Thus, DI represents the diversity of neighboring cells, but does not include information on the number of land use types around the central cell. Each census tract cell is assigned a land use type based on the dominant land use observed in that cell.
Mix type index
Area index
The area index for work travel is defined as the ratio of work areas in the buffer zone to work areas in the entire study area, including that in the buffer zone. A ratio when close to 1 indicates that most jobs are in the buffer zone, so more non-motorized trips would be realized. The area index therefore explains the relationship between mode choice behavior and the amount of specific land use area available near the household.
Extraction of Land use data using ArcGIS
When the ratio is close to 0, it indicates that most workplaces are outside the buffer zone and that more motorized travel could potentially be achieved. The attribute table of the fishing net is then exported to MS Excel, where dominant land use was discovered for each uni_id of the fishing net, and a land use code was given for each land use. Using the summary option, all land use areas that fell within the buffer were calculated for each intersected layer.
Results and Analysis
- Effect of mixed land use on trip length
- Effect of land use on mode choice
- Elasticity analysis
As shown in Table 5.5, for shopping trips also land use parameters were found to have a significant effect on trip length. All land use mix parameters were found to be significant when entered into the model separately. There was a significant improvement in the model when the land use parameters entered the single constant model.
Conclusions
All land use variables were negatively correlated with travel time for shopping trips. Land use mix, measured with a slightly different approach, could adequately capture variations in mode choice. This may be due to a fundamental difference in the way the land use mix parameters were quantified.
Estimation of choice models with RP, SP and combined SP-RP data
- Mode choice models estimated with the RP Data
- Result from the models estimated with the RP data
- Models estimated with the SP data
- Summary and conclusions
As can be seen from the previous MNL models estimated with the RP data, some of the mode-specific LOS variables are insignificant. When the RP data were combined with the SP data, there was a significant improvement in the model compared to models estimated with only PS data. The use of NMT modes (Bicycle, Cycle Rickshaw and Walking) and public transport modes/IPT (Bus and MThW) increases significantly in the case of individuals living in a mixed land use locality.
Effect of latent variables on travel behavior
- Mode choice with latent variables
- Specification for structural equation model
- Specification for the measurement equations
- Travel time as Latent variable
- Results and Discussion
- Land use effects on travel behavior
- Mode choice models
- Hybrid choice models
- Research Contribution
For comparative analysis, the same utility functions from the MNL model were used in the hybrid choice model. First, we need to analyze and understand the effect of mixed land use on transport mode choice in the context of smaller Indian cities. The usefulness of non-motorized transport (bicycle, cycle rickshaw and walking) and public transport/IPT modes (bus and MThW) increases significantly when it comes to individuals living in the locality with mixed land use.
Metodiske problemer i udviklingen af modelvalgsmodeller for Dhaka, Bangladesh." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Measuring Land Use Patterns for Transportation Research” Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board. Transitorienteret udvikling i solbæltet." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board.
List of Publications from the present work
How much do you personally pay for
I am willing to switch to walking mode if adequate pedestrian options are available and the journey is short. Journey no. Starting point (Start of trip) Destination (End of trip) The route selected in the trip. Entry walking time and distance for public transport and paratransit Walking time and exit distance for public transport and paratransit Fuel/fare Parking costs.
