AN ANALYTICAL RESEARCH BASED ON ROAD SAFETY ASPECT IN HIGH SPEED AND LONG DISTANCE CORRIDORS IN INDIA
Rahul Kumar Chandel
Research Scholar, Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Eklavya University, Damoh
Raushan Kumar
Civil Engineering Department, School of Engineering, Eklavya University, Damoh Abstract - Street is the overwhelming method of Transport for each Indian resident. In view of its adaptability nature, it guarantees network of all towns with enormous urban areas. Streets offer house to house administration and their development is essential to the monetary turn of events, exchange and social incorporation. India has one of the biggest street networks on the planet. Regardless of the various methods of transport, Road transport is fundamental to the monetary turn of events and social mix of the nation, attributable to its adaptability in coming to every one of the pieces of the nation and its expense. Simple openness, adaptability of tasks, house to house administration and dependability have procured street transport an undeniably higher portion of both traveller and cargo traffic opposite other vehicle modes. The development of Vehicular traffic in India is outstanding which justified numerous improvement to the current street organization. Out of all out length of 33.00 lakhs Kms in India, the current National Highways is of just 2%, which needs to cook 40% of complete thruway traffic.
Subsequently, Government of India is executing many plans for working on the current National Highways by enlarging to four/six paths in view of the traffic in the above streets through National Highways Authority of India under the direction of Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. Steps are additionally taken by Government of India to foster different classifications of the streets in India by different plans, for example, Central Road Infrastructure Development Program, Central Road Fund and Prathaan Manthri Grama Sadak Yojana Schemes through concerned state Governments.
While feeing pleased with the abovementioned, Accidents and Road crashes is pulling the legs of Indian Subcontinent from walking towards improvement by adding a colossal loss of about Rs.75000 crores consistently. In an emerging nation like India, Road is a harbinger of monetary turn of events and flourishing. It is difficult to acknowledge the way that the above figure is comparable to the venture expenses of works finished under NHDP Phase-I and II. Consequently the mishaps and street crashes are one among the significant preventions to advancement of India.
1 INTRODUCTION
According to Road Statistics for the financial year finishing 2014, there are around 1.88 crores of vehicles working in India in which 1.76 crores are of Non Transport vehicles and the equilibrium being the Transport vehicles. The vehicle development rate in India is occurring dramatically while the expansion long of street network isn't comparable to the equivalent. The development of vehicular traffic on streets has been far more prominent than the development of the thruways because of which a large portion of the streets have arrived at immersion and accomplished its full limit.
1.1 Road Safety Scenario in India Ongoing concentrate by Planning Commission had deduced in its report during 2002, misfortune because of Road
mishaps in India is about Rs 55,000 crores each year and it is around 3% of India's GDP. It is incongruity and a severe truth that passing rate because of Accidents in India is around 14%. Among the Accidents happening in the whole Road organization, National Highways contribute around 26% to 32% of complete mishaps in the whole street organization of India while National Highways contribute for 35% to 39.7% of fatalities. The primary justification behind higher mishap rate in National Highways is because of high working velocity. The Highest Accident share had given a disturbing sign for sure fire need for further developing Road Safety.
Legislature of India has laid out National Road Safety Council (NRSC) as the pinnacle body laying out street security
under area 215 of MV Act 1988. The above body will be managed by Minister of Road, Transport and Highways, who will be nodal organization and its panel individuals would be Transport Ministers States/Union Territories, Director General of Police of all States and chosen delegates from the pertinent Ministries/
Departments/ Institution/ NGOs as individuals will form the execution of street wellbeing strategy in the country.
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
Many endeavors has been made by senior Engineers have made broad review at different period, different nations, different situations has laid an excellent stage for this postulation. Since, the extent of this proposition is restricted to multilane National Highways in the territory of Tamilnadu, the different pieces of the past exploration has been taken as and when required. Eventhough, many articles, gathering procedures, books and site were investigated for readiness of this proposal, the articles which gave more information to this postulation are just referenced here and the others are referenced in the references. The subtleties key articles looked into for this postulation are as under.
Public measurements of street auto collisions in India by Ruikar et al.
[2013] which gives a thought of different boundaries which are causing the mishaps on street.
3 DESIGN OF HIGHWAY
Plan life for National Highways and State Highways will be 15 years, while the equivalent for Expressways will be 20 years and 10 years for other class of streets. To change over an alternate classification of vehicles in to a pivot design of standard hub weight, an element called Vehicle Damage factor is being utilized. The equivalent will be shown up by directing hub load overview.
In bsence valuable, the VDF will be taken as 1.5, 3.0 and 4.5 for starting Traffic volume of 0 to 150, 150 to 1500 and more noteworthy than 1500 separately. Vehicle Distribution factor will be 100%, 75% and 40% of the underlying traffic volume in the two headings for Single path street, Two path streets and Four path street with partitioned carriageway separately.
3.1 Accidents Not Considered in Desiging Highway
As of now, the Project Highway doesn't assess Accidents in that stretch.
Misfortune because of mishaps are immense contrasted with the expense of minor upgrades required which would have kept away from certain mishaps in the stretch worried as currently examined in the prelude. To have a thought of the misfortune caused by the sub landmass because of the expansion in development rate, a work has been had to lay out the effect of economy in the accompanying passages.
The precarious development of traffic on the Indian streets lately has caused a sharp expansion in the rate of car crashes. Mishaps make impressive monetary misfortune the country.
Tragically, the money related assessment of the mishap cost is somewhat a troublesome and disputable subject.
Mishap costing is a confounded subject and is loaded with various discussions.
The work done in India so far is of a very restricted nature. The Road User Cost Study, an exploration project as of late finished in India, gave the main chance to managing this disputable subject, through in a restricted way. The outcomes, in any case, ought to end up being very important and convenient to the transportation organizer. Endeavors to refine the discoveries ought to, without a doubt.
4 DEVELOPMENT ACCIDENT
PREDICTION MODEL FOR
DETERMINING THE ACCIDENTS EXPECTED TO OCCUR
For the improvement of Accident Prediction, it has been chosen to recognize the different highlights of street which contribute the Accidents in the Highway segment, since the reasons for an Accident couldn't be credited to a solitary variable yet a blend of many elements at various extent. Despite the fact that, there are many elements of street are adding to a mishap, the commitment of a component shifts every once in a while. Subsequently, Accident Prediction Model will be created so that variety could be made in a couple of elements by keeping different factors consistent. Straight Regression Analysis would be the best one to address which
visualizes that there would be reliant variable which is relies upon the upsides of set of Independent factors. For our situation, we can keep Accidents expected to happen would be Dependent variable and the different street highlights will be Independent factors.
Free factors are the street highlights like street width, path arrangement and so on and the Accidents hope to happen would be Independent variable.
5 INDIAN ROADS
In India, there are four types of road at present, namely
5.1 National Highways (NH)
a) National Highways (NH)- These are the blood vessel streets and are of highway availability, streets interfacing capitals of states with the following significant town.
These streets are straightforwardly heavily influenced by Government of India and being kept up with by Ministry of Road Transport and Highways. The Total length of National Highways in India and Tamilnadu is around 5038 Kms. These National Highways are perpetually of least width of 7.00 m, with the width of single path as 3.50 m. In view of the quantity of paths, these streets are additionally named Two path 7.00 m carriageway width, Two Lane with Paved Shoulders- 10.00 m carriageway width of 10.00 m, Four path streets with separated carriageway(2 x 3.50 m + 1.50 LHS + 2 x 3.50 m + 1.50 RHS and a middle for isolating the above with a base width going from 1.50 m to 6.00 m), Six path streets with partitioned carriageway(3 x 3.50 m + 1.50 LHS + 3 x 3.50 m + 1.50 RHS and a middle for isolating the above with a base width going from 1.50 m to 6.00 m) and Eight path streets with partitioned carriageway (4 x 3.50 m + 1.50 LHS + 4 x 3.50 m + 1.50 RHS and a middle for isolating the above with a base width going from 1.50 m to 6.00 m).
Notwithstanding the abovementioned, Expressways are additionally being built with access control streets.
6 MEASURES TO BE TAKEN TO BRING DOWN THE REDUCTION IN COST DUE TO ACCIDENTS
As currently examined in segment 2, the expense of deadly mishaps are affecting
the economy of the country. On examination of the refreshed expense of mishaps as on 2011, lethal mishaps add to the significant misfortune in the complete portion of the mishap costing, which is obvious from the Table 6.1.
Table 6.1 Updated Cost of Accidents as on 2011 as Per WPI
7 PREAMBLE
In a non-industrial nation like India, street is a harbinger of financial turn of events and flourishing. Street Transport modes can possibly accomplish economies of scale. While transport area overall, represents a portion of 6.5% of India's Gross Domestic Product (GDP), street transport alone adds to 4.8% of nation's GDP, in this manner comprising the prevailing fragment. It is assessed that Indian streets convey practically 60%
of cargo and 85 percent of travelers every year. While public thruways make up just 2% of the general street network by length, they represent around 40% of the street cargo traffic.
7.1 Road Safety Scenario in Tamilnadu The Vehicles are extensively named Transport and Non-Transport Vehicles. As on 31.03. 2014, a sum of 188.09 lakh vehicles containing 11.36 Lakh transport vehicles and 176.73 lakh non-transport vehicles are employing in the State.
Transport Vehicles are the vehicles utilized available or compensation with the end goal of transportation of merchandise or travelers. Auto-cart, Tourist Taxi, Tourist Maxi taxi, stage carriage, products carriages, Omni transport and so on, are a portion of the vehicle vehicles. Non-transport vehicles are the vehicles which are essentially utilized for individual purposes like bikes (Motor cycle/Scooter), Light Motor Vehicle (Motor Car/Three wheeler), Invalid carriage and so on.
State Government of Tamilnadu is resolved to give more secure, cleaner and
more reasonable vehicle frameworks that diminish clog, lower transport energy utilization and give efficient and viable quality administrations to all residents.
Legislature of Tamilnadu is sharp in lessening street mishaps and fatalities and is planning multi-sectoral and multidisciplinary vital activity intends to move towards "Mishap Free State" with unique spotlight on four 'E's of Road Safety viz. (I) Education,(ii) Enforcement, (iii) Engineering (streets as well as
vehicles) and (iv) Emergency care.
Different plans are declared by Government to have control on accident development rate like Road Safety Cell, Road Accident Data Management System (RADMS)- to gather and dissect Accident information, Road Safety Fund created from assortment are being used for further developing Road security, Road Safety Commissioner, Road Safety week is being directed each first seven day stretch of January for mindfulness among public.
Table 7.1 Total Number of Accidents with Respect to Vehicle Growth Rate as on 31 March 2013
7.2 Methodology
Regularly, any improvement to a current stretch are being done in light of the traffic development rate according to past patterns, which is simply founded on the development of vehicles. The expansion in the pace of Accidents are reliable with the increment of vehicle populace. It was chosen to decide the traffic development rate and to foster a connection between the traffic development rate and Accident development rate, which can be utilized for foreseeing the quantity of Accidents comparable to the Vehicle development rate.
7.2.1 Determination of Traffic Growth Rate
Regularly the traffic development rate for concluding any improvement is being made with the past patterns of enlisted Vehicle development rate, traffic projection regarding Per Capita Domestic item and norms distribution by Indian Roads Congress IRC 37. Typically there would be expansion in the prerequisite of Vehicles with expansion sought after resulting to the expansion in Population.
Notwithstanding the abovementioned, the
expansion in prerequisite is additionally settled by the buying limit of individuals.
The buying limit of individuals are chosen by the economy of India and its improvement as for the earlier year. It has been chosen to decide the Vehicle development rate in light of the development of vehicle development rate 7.3.2 Determination of Traffic Growth Rate with Respect to Previous Years From the information accessible in Tamilnadu State Policy note for Accidents for the year 2014, relating to the vehicle development rate, the typical vehicle development not entirely settled as 10.91% each year and the subtleties are classified in table 7.2
Table 7.2 Vehicle Growth Rate
7.2.2 Determination of Traffic Growth Rate with Respect to Per Capita Domestic Product
Since the mid nineties, the Government of India has started various change estimates in different areas to change the economy and make it helpful for quick development. Because of progression, the economy is on the development way reflected by a low expansion rate and developing unfamiliar trade saves, while the majority of the South East Asian nations had experienced serious monetary emergencies because of money break down in the last part of the 1990's. The state has enlisted a solid development rate between 2003-04 and 2005-06.
The Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) of the State from the year 2000-01 to 2005-06 is given underneath in Table 7.3 The NSDP at factor cost at consistent (2000-01) costs in 2005-06 has been assessed at Rs. 15784231 lakhs as against Rs. 14709310 lakhs in 2004-05 appearance a development of 7.31%
during the year finishing in 2005-06.
Table 7.3 Net State Domestic Product (Rs. in lakhs)
At current costs, the NSDP in 2005-06 is assessed at Rs. 19452815 lakhs as against Rs. 17480394 lakhs in 2004-05 appearance a development of 11.28%
during the year. The NSDP, Population and Per Capita Income over the period from 2000 to 2009 was gathered.
Expecting the variety as direct, the subtleties were plotted in a diagram and the conditions are produced for deciding the increment of Population regarding consistently and the conditions showed up are organized as underneath alongside
charts for something very similar. The conditions are classified in Table 7.4
Table 7.4 Relation between Population NSDP & PCDP with Year
The extended pace of increment of populace for the year from 2013 to 2017, 2018 to 2022, 2023 to 2027 and 2028 to 2032 are 1.47 percent, 1.42 percent, 1.37% and 1.33% separately. The extended pace of Increase of Net State Domestic Product (NSDP) for the year from 2013 to 2017, 2018 to 2022, 2023 to 2027 and 2028 to 2032 are 8.51 percent, 7.51
Figure 7.1 Relation Between Increase in Population Over Years
Figure 7.2 Relation Between Net State Domestic Product Over Years
Table 7.5 Relation between Population & Economy
Figure 7.3 Relation Between Per Capita Domestic Product Over Years percent, 6.74% and 6.13% individually and the equivalent for Per Capita Domestic Product (PCDP) for the year from 2013 to 2017,2018 to 2022,2023 to 2027 and 2028 to 2032 are 7.89 percent,7.01 percent, 6.32% and 5.77%
separately.
7.4 Validation of Equation Arrived The condition showed up must be approved to individual streets to guarantee the precision of the situation showed up. Regularly, National Highways street heavily influenced by National Highways Authority of India are having an
excellent record of Accident history.
Accordingly, a few segments of National Highways Under public Highways Authority of India are chosen, where the mishaps are accounted for to me in the better quality. The segments to be specific of Padalur Trichy Section, Ulundurpet to Padalur segment and Tindivanam Uludurpet Section of NH 45 and Krishnagiri Thumbipadi part of NH 7 are distinguished and the mishap information for the year 2011, 20112 and 2013 are gathered and the assessed Accidents are turned out for assessed Accidents in 2012 and 2013. The outcomes showed up are practically same as that of real one, which demonstrates the condition showed up is holding great for those segments.
Table 7.10 Accident Prediction for Ulundurpet Padalur Section of NH 45
for Five years
Table 7.11 Accident Prediction Krishnagiri Thumbipadi Section of NH
7 for Five years
In light of the all out no of Accidents showed up, it is feasible to show up out the portion of mishaps of every class of mishap type in view of the creation of mishap history of a specific segment according to the standard subtleties accessible for the province of Tamilnadu or with that of the specific segment.
8 CONCLUSIONS
For decrease in Accident rate, a public wide level program pointing in doing prompt moderation measures, medium or long haul Road Safety activity plan is a need of great importance for accomplishing significant enhancements in street security and decrease in mishap rate. Targets will likewise be quantifiable alongside a program for improving the in house limit working of the carrying out partners and plan of subsidizing assets for street wellbeing. To accomplish the objective, close coordination and joint effort, utilizing a comprehensive and incorporated approach, across many partners included. During the whole exploration time frame, different issues raised and the equivalent are tended to by numerous specialists which empower the model showed up at this point.
Notwithstanding the abovementioned, numerous normal things arose which would likewise be exceptionally helpful and the equivalent are described as discoveries of this undertaking.
8.1 Findings
i. Causes for Accidents couldn't be added to a solitary component however because of many variables at various extent,
ii. Further, the extent of variables adding to an Accident shift occasionally and all around.
iii. Fatal mishaps make more misfortune the GDP and the decrease will guarantee the drop of
GDP, which thus will build the economy of our country.
iv. Road Accidents Statistics announced during the year 2015 on National Highways in Tamil Nadu :Number of mishaps per Km. are 1.68 and number of Fatalities per Km. - 0.23.
8.2 Limitations
The restrictions of the above approach to foreseeing the Accident rates are as underneath:
i. Accidents are not brought about by a solitary element, which are regularly because of the mix different variables. This model would address the mishaps event because of the Geometric elements of the street, yet different factors, for example, Engineering highlights, Driver conduct, environment, shortcoming of Pedestrians are simply because of the Geometric elements, which might prompt the upgrades more than that of required one. Notwithstanding, any means which diminish or control mishaps are great one.
ii. Indian traffic condition is of heterogenous kind going from fast SUVs to little LCVs and creature drawn vehicles. Indian Roads are more inclined to Accidents because of the carelessness of street rules.
iii. Indian Roads are more inclined to Accidents because of the carelessness of street rules because of absence of implementation and mindfulness. A healthy methodology must be made to change the current disposition of the drivers and street clients.
iv. Concept of street dividing between the street clients in India is changing not even close to the ideal one.
Classification of mishaps are generally under or over announced. For example, harms caused to a vehicle are not considered at the hour of a deadly mishap.
8.3 Scope of Further Study
Taking into account the above realities, the extent of additional concentrate on the above are as definite underneath.
i. Accident Prediction model will be produced for each segment of National Highways to have more exactness.
ii. Based on the expectation of the Accidents in a specific year, the equivalent might be used for assurance of the Accidents expected to happen in the above stretch in the approaching a very long time by extending something similar concerning the normal GDP development rate. Monetary misfortune due to the no of mishaps in the stretch expected to happen sooner rather than later are shown up with cost of Accidents which was additionally refreshed to the time of assurance. With the over, one can conclude the improvement which should be finished to have command over the rising mishap rate.
iii. Accident Analysis will be connected with the GPS arranges for precision and legitimate announcing, which may likewise work with the necessity of enhancements to be made.
iv. Artificial Neural Network Programming will be made to decide the impact of every variable on the mishaps revealed and the factors that are having less/no effect will be eliminated.
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