1 AN APPROACH FOR PERFORMANCE COMPARISON STUDY OF SOLAR PANELS FOR
MP STATE WEATHER CONDITION Mr. Lokesh Harinkhede
M. Tech. Scholar Mr. Vivek Kushwaha
Asst. Prof., EE Dept., GGITS, Jabalpur
Abstract: In the recent years, world is moving towards the renewable sources of energy. In this context India is also leading towards the same. Solar energy is the widely used in India from last 2-3 decades. India has widely adopted photovoltaic (PV) technologies for social and economic development. India is the world‘s biggest consumer for small rural solar electric systems used for residential power, refrigeration, irrigation, distance education and hybrid systems. The use of PV systems has increased dramatically from an initial concept pioneered by a few visionaries to many booming businesses throughout the rural regions today. Thus, it is important to compare the available technology for the Indian weather condition. The two best available solar energy conversion technology are based on monocrystalline and polycrystalline technology. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the performance of the most commercially existing PV modules (monocrystalline and polycrystalline) in India; the country in the south-east with wide regions in arid to semi-arid climate conditions and huge potentials for harvesting the solar power. In addition, to provide a endorsement for panel selection to the PV system consumer to choose the panels suitable for different areas in India according to the environmental characteristics in that area. The different parameters are considered for study like module temperature, ambient temperature and solar radiation. Also comparative study of I-V and P-V characteristics is done for different PV modules.
Keywords: Solar PV, Polycrystalline, Monocrystalline, Solar radiation, renewable source,
Matlab simulation.
1. INTRODUCTION
In the field of power sector in these days one of the major concerns is day–by–day increasing more power demand but the quantity and availability of conventional energy sources are not enough resources to meet up the current day‘s power demand. While thinking about future availability of conventional sources of power generation, it is become very important that the renewable energy sources must be utilized along with source of conventional energy generation systems to full fill the requirement of the energy demand. In order torigging the current day‘s energy crisis one renewable method is the method in which power extracts from the incoming sun radiation calling Solar Energy, which is globally free for everyone.
Solar energyis lavishly available on the earth surface as well as on space so that we can harvest its energy and convert that energy into our suitability form of energy and properly utilize it with efficiently. Power generation from solar energy can be grid connected or it can be an isolated or standalone power
generating system that depends on the utility, location of load area, availability of power grid nearby it. Thus where the availability of grids connection is very difficult or costly the solar can be used to supply the power to those areas. The most important two advantages of solar power are that its fuel cost is absolutely zero and solar power generation during its operation do not emanate any greenhouse gases. Another advantage of using solar power for small power generation is its portability; we can carry that whenever wherever small power generation is required. The best preferred standpoint of solar energy as contrasted and different types of energy is that it is perfect and can be provided without ecological contamination. Over the previous century, petroleum products gave the vast majority of our energy, in light of the fact that these were significantly less expensive and more helpful than energy from elective energy sources, and up to this point, natural contamination has been of little concern (Raj Kumar, 2018).
2 The sun's energy has been utilized
by both nature and mankind all through time in a large number of courses, from developing sustenance to drying garments; it has additionally been intentionally bridled to play out various different occupations. Solar energy is utilized to heat and cool structures (both effectively and inactively), heat water for household and modern uses, heat swimming pools, control iceboxes, work motors and pumps, desalinate water for drinking purposes, generate electricity, for chemistry applications, and many more operations. Solar energy is the oldest energy source ever used. The sun was adored by many ancient civilizations as a powerful god. The first known practical application was in drying for preserving food (Kalogirou, 2004).
2. SOLAR RADIATION
One of the basic procedures behind the photovoltaic impact, on which the task of sun powered cells is based, is age of the electron-opening sets because of retention of visible or other electromagnetic radiation by a semiconductor material.
Today we acknowledge that electromagnetic radiation can be depicted as far as waves, which are characterized by wavelength (λ) and frequency (ν), or in terms of discrete particles, photons, which are characterized by energy (hν) expressed in electron volts. The following formulas show the relations between these quantities:
v = cλ ……….. (1.1) hv = hcλ 1q……….. (1.2)
Here, c is the speed of light in vacuum (2.998 × 108 m/s), h is Planck‘s constant (6.625 × 10-34Js), and q is the elementary charge (1.602 × 10-19 C).
Only photons of appropriate energy can be absorbed and generate the electron-hole pairs in the semiconductor material. Therefore, it is important to know the spectral distribution of the solar radiation, i.e. the number of photons of a particular energy as a function of wavelength. Two parameters are utilized to define the solar radiation spectrum, specifically the spectral power density, P(λ), and the photon flux density, Φ(λ) .
The spectral power density is the incident power of solar radiation per unit area and per unit wavelength [W m-2 m-1]. The total power from a radiant source falling on a unit area is also called irradiance. The photon flux density is the number of photons per unit area, per unit time, and per unit wavelength [ph m-2 s-1 m-1].
Vinodet.al. (2018) presents the modeling, simulation and analysis of solar photovoltaic (PV), so that one can understand the behavior and characteristics in real climatic conditions of that location. In the today‘s scenario renewable energy like solar power is doing good. For generating solar energy Photo Voltaic (PV) system is required, before installing these PV system it is good to do modelling and simulation of PV panels.
M. Vinay Kumar et.al. (2017) develops a single diode equivalent circuit model with the stepwise detailed simulation of a solar PV module under Matlab/Simulink environment is presented. I–V and P–V graph of solar PV module offers a lane understanding to researchers, manufacturers and social communities.
The simulated result of the PV module is verified by the manufacturer data-sheet and maximum relative error percentage is found 1.65% which shows a good agreement between manufacturer values and simulated values. Also mathematical modelling of PV cells and analyze the their performance under uniform and non- uniform insolation using Matlab simulation is done.
A. S. Yadav et.al.
(2017)concluded from simulation results hat I-V and P-V characteristics has only one peak during uniform insolation and has got multiple peaks during non- uniform insolation of PV module. More output power produced during non- uniform insolation of PV module. It investigates the improvement in performance in existing solar PV array by doing the reconfiguration of array. Here, different configuration like total cross-tied (TCT), proposed hybrid series parallel - total cross-tied (SP-TCT), bridge link- total cross-tied (BL-TCT), bridge link- honey comb (BL-HC), Magic Square (MS) and MS puzzle pattern based reconfiguration like Re-arranged total-cross-tied (RTCT), Re- arranged series parallel- total-cross-tied (RSP-TCT), Re-arranged bridge link- total
3 cross-tied (RBL-TCT) and Re-arranged
bridge link- honey comb (RBL-HC) of PV array is done.
Karim Menoufi et.al. (2017) presents an empirical review of research concerning the impact of dust accumulation on the performance of photovoltaic (PV) panels. After examining the articles published in international scientific journals, many differences between the studies were found within the context of the PV technologies used, the contribution to this type of study from different countries, and the variety in the representation of the results where each study has its unique parameters, testing equipment, and relevant standards. Due to those variations and differences, it has been found that it is very difficult and impractical to compare between results of the corresponding studies. Hence, in addition to the valuable reviews found in literature, this article demonstrates another new perspective that highlights the gaps in the studies related to the impact of dust accumulation on PV panels. The finishes of this investigation are thought to be the seed for setting up another activity—The Photovoltaic Soiling Index (PVSI)— which would be a marker for the execution of PV boards under presentation to clean at the Standard Test Conditions (STC), and in addition at other working conditions in various areas around the world.
Mohsen Mirzaei et.al. (2017) presents a comparison for investigating the productivity of solar plants in different areas with climatic characteristics similar to the semi-arid region of Iran. Two different, commercially available photovoltaic modules, monocrystalline and polycrystalline, have been monitored outdoors in the semi-arid area of Iran, over a complete year. The values of power output, specific energy yield, normalized power output, efficiency and performance ratio of each module have been analyzed and linked to the climatic characteristics of the site. The result indicates that despite the similar behavior of both PV modules with instantaneous irradiance, the monthly behavior of the modules is different, which is due to different light absorbing and thermal characteristics of each panel. The monthly average module efficiency of monocrystalline module has a
gradual decreasing trend in the months with a higher ambient temperature, while polycrystalline module shows an inverse behavior. The results of monthly performance ratio have also shown that the performance of monocrystalline module decreases with increasing monthly ambient temperature. Monitoring the gross performance of both PV modules shows that the monocrystalline module performed better both regarding maximum efficiency and overall specific energy yield and was found to be more efficient at this site.
As discussed by H.M.S. Hussein et. al. to analyze the performance of PV modules as a power source, their main parameters, such as short circuit current, open circuit voltage, maximum output power and instantaneous efficiency, should be determined. For simplicity, the analysis is based on the following assumptions:
The shunt resistance of the PV modules is infinite. So, the current in the shunt resistance can be neglected. (A shunt resistance is the reason for power losses it is due to manufacturing defects, rather than poor solar cell design.) The short circuit current of the PV modules is assumed to be equal to their light generated current. (The generation of current in a solar cell, is known as the
"light-generated current"). The resistance of the PV module is assumed to be not dependent on the incident solar radiation and the module surface temperature.
2.1 Objective
The objective of this work is to assess the performance of the most commercially available PV modules i.e. monocrystalline and polycrystalline in India; the country in the south-east with widespread regions in arid to semi-arid climate conditions and huge potentials for harvesting the solar power.Distinctive explorers and researchers have dealt with the execution assessment of photovoltaic framework under various climates. The test consequence of execution of monocrystalline and polycrystalline with the assessment of PV board execution, as indicated by the irradiance and encompassing temperature in arid to semi-arid climate condition like India is extremely uncommon.In addition, to
4 provide a reference for panel selection to
the PV system consumer to select the suitable panels for different areas in India according to the environmental characteristics in this area.
3. EXPERIMENTAL FRAME WORK 3.1 Location of Study
The experiments have been carried out in solar site of Gyan Ganga Institute of Technology and Sciences of Jabalpur. The two tested panels were installed on the same stand-alone frames in a similar inclination angle of PV modules. Based on the location of Jabalpur city (23.1815° N, 79.9864° E), the PV modules were placed on a south facing structure at a fixed tilt angle of 10° with the horizontal plane;
this angle is near the yearly optimum tilt angle of Jabalpur for Summer season,
which yields the maximum annual incident solar radiation.
3.2 Experimental Set-Up
The test-bed consisted of two identical open-rack mounted polycrystalline and mono crystalline silicon photovoltaic panels installed side-by-side and tilted at 10° to the ground facing southwards (Figure 1). Both panels experienced the same instantaneous insolation levels, ambient temperatures and wind incidence the experimental set-up for finding the mass of dust settling and its effect on electrical output of the solar panels was performed in the following way.
Experimentation occurred between March 2015 and May 2015.
The design specification of Mono crystalline and Poly crystalline solar panel is given in Table 1 and 2 respectively.
Table Monocrystalline Solar Panel Specifications
Type TSE 220
Nominal power PmppWp 220 Nominal voltage Vmpp (V) 27.09 Nominal current Impp (A) 8.12 Open circuit voltage Voc (V) 34.07 Short circuit current Isc (A) 8.61 Tolerance of Electrical parameters: ±5%
Temperature coefficients (Tc) and permissible operating conditions
Tc of Open circuit voltage (β) -0.35 ±0.01 % /°C Tc of short circuit current(α) 0.05 ± 0.02% /°C Tc of Power(γ) -0.44 ± 0.02% /°C Maximum system voltage 1000 V(TUV),600V(UL)
NOCT 45° C ± 2° C
Temperature range - 40° C to + 85° C Efficiency reduction at
200W/m²,25°C < 5%
Mechanical specification:
Length 1486± 1.5mm
Width 982 ± 1.5mm
Height 36 mm
Weight 16.5 kg
Junction Box IP65, 4 terminal Insertaion type with 3 bypass diodes(15A)
Cable & Connectors 4mm², TUV & UL Certified, 1000 mm mmx2nos black
Front cover High Transmission, Low
Iron,3.2 Tempered Glass
Cells 3BB,156x156mm,54 no's pcs
Poly -crystalline solar cells
5 Cell encapsulation EVA (Ethylene Vinyl Acetate)
Frame ≥17µ Anodize thickness
aluminium frame with twin wall profile
Maximum surface load
capacity According to IEC 61215,
snow load 5400 Pa or 550kg/m &Wind load 2400pa
Holes Mounting hole 4 nos
(ovelshape(9*7mm) and 4mmØ Grounding hole 2 nos
Fig. 1 Circuit Diagram
To measure irradiation on the solar panel, a Lux meter was used (figure 1). For the measurements of voltage and current, ammeter and voltmeter were used in the arrangement as illustrated in Figure 2. The system‘s load was simulated by using different resistors.
Measurements were taken in real time with standard testing condition values.
Standard testing conditions account for the differences in parameters for different testing days including temperature, air mass, wind speed, and sunlight strength.
Fig 2 shows the monocrystalline solar panel consider for the study and Fig 3 shows the polycrystalline structure consider for the study.
Fig. 2 Monocrystalline module
Fig. 3 Poly-crystalline module 3.3 Field Measurements
To begin testing, the battery was turned off as a safety parameter, allowing for safe cleaning. Then the panels were cleaned with water. Water was used to give a more thorough reading since it removes the smallest particles from the panel. Another data is also record like temperature wind velocity and humidity. The following steps are followed with the beginning with short-circuit the output terminals of the PV panel are shorted with a wire. Then the short circuit current and panel output voltage are measured.
A heavy-duty variable resistor is then connected to the panel, starting from lower resistance to higher one so that the panel voltage increases from zero toward open circuit in steps of approximately 2~3V. Voltage and current for each resistor are measured and recorded in the table. The data recorded is used to draw the I-V curve. This procedure is repeated.
4. RESULT ANALYSIS
4.1 Effect of Ambient Temperature on the Efficiency of Solar Panel
The ambient temperature is an important factor in the efficiency of the PV modules, because the temperature of PV module depends directly on the internal and external heat transfer coefficients which can directly or indirectly depends on the
6 ambient temperature and irradiance.To
find out the temperature effect on the performance of the PV module of both monocrystalline and polycrystalline, the module efficiency is considered for some
working conditions during which, the solar radiation is kept constant (G = 700
±10 W/m2) and the ambient temperature varies.
Fig. 4 Variation in Efficiency with respect to Ambient Temperature Fig. 4 shows the variation in Efficiency
while changing the Ambient Temperature.
The R2 value obtained from both the curve fitting is about 0.9953 and 0.9783 for Mono and poly crystalline solar panel shows the close relation in between both the parameters. If both the panels compare on the basis of electrical efficiency at particular ambient temperature the Mono-crystalline solar panel shows higher efficiency compare then other one. But the decrement of electrical efficiency for increment of 17°C temperature from 25°C to the 42°C is less in Polycrystalline solar panel i.e. 9.52%
and more in Monocrystalline solar panel i.e. 11.5%.
The equation obtained after curve fitting are as
Electrical Efficiencymonocrystalline = −0.1008 × Ambient Temperature+ 17.048………… (4.1)
Electrical Efficiencypolycrystalline = −0.0739 × Ambient Temperature+ 14.045…. (4.2) 4.2 Effect of Solar Radiation on the Module Temperature
Fig. 5 shows the relation between the module's temperature and the intensity of solar radiation. It can be observed that the relationship between module temperature and the irradiance is linear in both modules; the proportionality factor in the results obtained during the experiments is about 0.039°C/W/m2 and 0.053°C/W/m2 for both modules i.e.
Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline modules respectively.The linear regression constant R obtained is about 0.95 and 0.85 respectively for Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline modules, which shows good relation among the parameters.
Fig. 5 Variation in Module Temperature with respect to Solar Irradiation
7 The equation obtained after curve fitting
are as
Module Temperaturemonocrystalline = 0.0396 × Ambient Temperature+ 16.467 ……….. (4.3)
Module Temperaturepolycrystalline = 0.0536 × Ambient Temperature+ 24.705………….. (4.4)
From the fig. 5 It is obvious that the module temperature increment or heating is maximum in Polycrystalline module compare then monocrystalline
module, thus more cooling is required for the Polycrystalline module and it is also the reason for lower efficiency at same ambient temperature.
4.3 Effect of Solar Radiation on the IV Characteristics of Module
To find out the performance of both the solar module the IV characteristics has been find out at three different solar radiation.
Fig. 6 IV curve for Monocrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 690 W/m2
Fig. 7 IV curve for Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 690 W/m2
Fig. 8 IV curve for Monocrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 645 W/m2
8 Fig. 9 IV curve for Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 645 W/m2
Fig. 10 IV curve for Monocrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 590 W/m2
Fig. 11 IV curve for Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 590 W/m2 The IV curve has been drawn while
optimizing the three solar radiation conditions i.e. 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2. It can be observed from the figure that for monocrystalline solar panel the maximum power obtained are 53- Watt, 50-Watt and 40-Watt for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively. While considering the polycrystalline solar panel the maximum power output reduced and
about 48.5-Watt, 45 Watt and 38-Watt power is obtained for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively. The power reduction obtained about 8.4%, 10% and 5% for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively. Thus, it can be concluded that monocrystalline solar panel is producing more power compare then polycrystalline solar panel.
9 4.4 Effect of Solar radiation on the Current and Voltage Characteristics of Module
Fig. 12 Voltage and Current curve for Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 690 W/m2
Fig. 13 Voltage and Current curve for Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 645 W/m2
Fig. 14 Voltage and Current curve for Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline Solar Module at Solar Irradiation 590 W/m2
To find out the performance of both the solar module the current and voltage characteristics has been find out at three different solar radiation same as previous part. The relation between current and voltage has been drawn while optimizing the three solar radiation
conditions i.e. 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2. It can be observed from the figure that for monocrystalline solar panel the maximum value of current can be obtained while considering the polycrystalline solar panel the lower value compare then monocrystalline panel is
10 obtained for solar radiation about 690
W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively.
5. CONCLUSION
With study and experimental result, it is concluded that, if both the panels compare on the basis of electrical efficiency at particular ambient temperature the Mono-crystalline solar panel shows higher efficiency compare then other one. But the decrement of electrical efficiency for increment of 17°C temperature from 25°C to the 42°C is less in Polycrystalline solar panel i.e. 9.52%
and more in Monocrystalline solar panel i.e. 11.5%. Also it is observed that the relationship between module temperature and the irradiance is linear in both modules, the proportionality factor in the results obtained during the experiments is about 0.039°C/W/m2 and 0.053°C/W/m2 for both modules i.e.
Monocrystalline and Polycrystalline modules respectively. The module temperature increment or heating is maximum in Polycrystalline module compare then monocrystalline module, thus more cooling is required for the Polycrystalline module and it is also the reason for lower efficiency at same ambient temperature. While optimizing the three solar radiation conditions i.e.
690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2. It is observed that for monocrystalline solar panel the maximum power obtained are 53-Watt, 50-Watt and 40-Watt for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively. While considering the polycrystalline solar panel the maximum power output reduced and about 48.5-Watt, 45 Watt and 38-Watt power is obtained for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively. The power reduction obtained about 8.4%, 10% and 5% for solar radiation about 690 W/m2, 645 W/m2 and 590 W/m2 respectively.
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