This is to confirm that the thesis entitled “Biochemical characterization and antibiotic resistance of some medically important bacterial isolates” submitted by Mr. Prabhu Prasad Sarangi, to the Department of Life Sciences, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela for the degree of Master of Science in The life sciences are based on the result achieved from the bona fide project work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision. I further declare that, to the best of my knowledge, Prabhu Prasad Sarangi is of good moral character.
Bismita Nayak, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, for their wholehearted help and cooperation. In the end I must record my special appreciation to God who has always been the source of my strength, inspiration and achievements. I declare that the research work included in this dissertation entitled "Biochemical Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Some Medically Important Bacterial Isolates" is an authentic research work carried out in the Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela under the guidance and supervision directly from Dr. .
Tetracycline Chemical Structure Tetracycline Mode of Action Vancomycin Chemical Structure Mechanism of Action of Vancomycin Ciprofloxacin Chemical Structure Amoxicillin Chemical Structure Chloramphenicol Chemical Structure Mode of Action of Chloramphenicol Biochemical test results for pseudomonas Biochemical test results for proteus Pseudomonas disk diffusion test Proteus disk diffusion test. MDRPA Multi-Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa SIRS Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome NAG N-acetyl glucosamine NAM N-acetyl muramic acid.
INTRODUCTION:-
Disinfectants are used to kill bacteria and other pathogens on surfaces to prevent contamination and further reduce the risk of infection.
SCIENTIFIC CLASSIFICATION:-
The pseudomonads were observed early in the history of microbiology due to their widespread occurrence in water and in plant seeds such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common bacterium capable of causing disease in animals, including humans. It is found in water, soil, skin flora and most man-made environments throughout the world.
It is also capable of breaking down hydrocarbons and has been used to break down tar balls and oil from oil spills (Balcht et al, 1994; Itah and Essien, 2005). It is a Gram-negative, aerobic, rod-shaped bacterium with unipolar motility (Ryan and Ray, 2004) An opportunistic human pathogen, P. This organism can achieve anaerobic growth with nitrate as a terminal electron acceptor, and, in its absence , it may also be able to ferment arginine by substrate-level phosphorylation (Palmer et al, 2007; Vander et al, 1984).
However, this organism is the least isolated in the laboratory and usually only targets immunocompromised individuals. At the species level, indole is considered reliable because it is positive for Proteus vulgaris but negative for Proteus mirabilis.
OBJECTIVES:-
- Isolation and pure culture of Proteus and Pseudomonas
- Biochemical characterization of pathogens
- Resistance properties of Proteus and Pseudomonas toward various antibiotics
- Determination of Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of some important antibiotics toward Proteus and Pseudomonas
- Pseudomonas
- Proteus
- Antibiotics and their mechanism of action
- COLLECTION OF SAMPLE
- ISOLATION OF PURE CULTURE
- BIOCHEMICAL IDENTIFICATION TESTS
- McFarland standard
- PRINCIPLES OF THE PROCEDURE
- Antimicrobial susceptibility test
Page | 8 aeruginosa is also one of the most commonly isolated nosocomial pathogens, accounting for 10.1% of all hospital-acquired infections. Infection of the nail bed is not uncommon after excessive exposure of hands to detergents and water. Survival study evaluating the in vitro susceptibility of commonly used antibiotics against clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa provides estimates of the number of MDRPA infections.
Patients with recurrent infections, with structural abnormalities of the urinary tract, those who have had urethral instrumentation, and those whose infections are acquired in the hospital have an increased frequency of infection caused by Proteus. Page | 13 The first step in the infectious process is attachment of the microbe to host tissue. E coli, P mirabilis and other gram-negative bacteria contain pili, which are small projections on the surface of the bacteria.
The presence of sepsis syndrome associated with a urinary tract infection should raise the possibility of urinary tract obstruction. Vancomycin inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis by binding the D-alanyl-D-alanine moiety to the peptide side chain of one of the membrane-bound intermediates (Fig. 4). This attachment of vancomycin to the D-Ala-D-Ala prevents the incorporation of the NAM/NAG peptide subunits into the peptidoglycan matrix.
Mechanism of action: Ciprofloxacin is one of the broad-spectrum antibiotics that is active against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Recent studies have shown a link between the cytotoxicity of quinolones in mammalian cells and the induction of micronuclei. It prevents cross-linking between the linear peptidoglycan polymer chains that form an important part of the cell walls of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
Tryptophanase enhances the deamination reaction, during which the amine group (NH2) of the tryptophan molecule is removed. A positive result was the presence of a red or red color in the surface layer of the liquid alcohol. Organisms that perform other types of fermentation cannot exceed the buffering capacity of the liquid.
One of the first uses of turbidity for the enumeration of bacterial populations was in the preparation of vaccines (Lorian, 1986). The use of the McFarland 0.5 standard will allow the preparation of standardized inocula for use in performing standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing procedures.
Disc diffusion method
PROCEDURE
Antibiotics to which organisms are sensitive form a clear zone around them, and those to which organisms are resistant do not form an inhibition zone around them.
AGENT
Biochemical identification test
Since pseudomonas is resistant to all antibiotics, no zone of inhibition is formed (Fig 11). Page | 32 Very small zone of inhibition was formed around amoxicillin and vancomycin, but no zone formation around other antibiotics (Fig 12).
MIC RESULT: Concentration of antibiotic solution=µg/mL
DISCUSSION
They are likely to be highly effective in compromising intrinsic and acquired biocide resistance (ie, triclosan) in this organism, as well as antibiotic and biocide resistance in organisms expressing homologous multidrug efflux systems (Blais et al. 1999). Aeschlimann et al. 1999; Markham et al. 1999) and preventing the emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in vitro (Markham and Neyfakh 1996). Finally, due to the prevalence of the biofilm mode of bacterial growth in vivo and its importance compared to antibiotic and biocidal insensitivity, strategies aimed at interfering with biofilm formation/function are also likely to be useful in preventing clinical episodes of antibiotic use. and biocide resistance.
Natural susceptibility of disease-causing bacterial populations through judicious use of current and future antimicrobials. Compounds have now been identified that disrupt bacterial cell signaling processes required for biofilm formation (Manefield et al. 1999; Rice et al. 1999; Chemical (Armstrong et al. 2000) and electromagnetic (Blenkinsopp et al. 1992; McLeod et al. al. 1992).1999) have also reported approaches to biofilm disruption.
Nutrient agar
McFarland standard
Kovac’s reagent
TDA reagent
Baritt reagent Methyl reagent
34; Nevertheless, some quinolones cause damage to the chromosome of eukaryotic cells.21,22 These results led us to optimize the substituent at C-3 by...". Using the Malthus-AT system to assess the effectiveness of permeabilizing agents on the activity of antibacterial agents against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 34;Regulation of expression of the cyanidine-sensitive terminal oxidase in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Pseudomonas: Genomics and Molecular Biology (1st ed.).
-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa cholangitis after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography:. failure of routine endoscope culture to prevent an outbreak. Furuta I, Yamazumi T, Kitahashi T, Iimori M, Satou K, Maeno T. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and epidemiological investigation of the clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in 1999 and 2000 [in Japanese]. Gales AC, Jones RN, Turnidge J, Rennie R, Ramphal R. Characterization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates: prevalence rates, antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and molecular typing.
34; Secreted proteins of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: Their export machinery and how they contribute to pathogenesis". Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 19018 in National Committee on Clinical.Laboratory Standards, Wayne, Pa. Obritsch MD, Fish DN, MacLaren R, Jung R. National surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates obtained from intensive care unit patients from 1993 to 2002.
RK Stuart and M Pollack, Pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin A inhibits proliferation of human bone marrow progenitor cells in vitro, Infect Immun. 1999) Inhibitors of efflux pumps in Pseudomonas aeruginosa potentiate the activity of the antibacterial fluoroquinolone levofloxacin. 34; Effects of New Fluoroquinolones on the Catalytic Activities of Eukaryotic Topoisomerase II: Influence of the C-8 Fluorine Group" (PDF).
Extensive high-level cross-resistance to antipseudomonal antibiotics among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in a university hospital. Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventilator-associated pneumonia: comparison of episodes due to piperacillin-resistant versus piperacillin-susceptible organisms. 34; Pseudomonas aeruginosa mutants affected by anaerobic growth on arginine: evidence for a cluster of four genes encoding the arginine deiminase pathway”.
