View of CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SWISS ALBINO MICE AFTER CADMIUM CHLORIDE EXPOSURE

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ACCENT JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS ECOLOGY & ENGINEERING Peer Reviewed and Refereed Journal (International Journal) ISSN-2456-1037

Vol.04,Special Issue 07, (RAISMR-2019) November 2019, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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CHANGES IN BIOCHEMICAL PARAMETERS OF SWISS ALBINO MICE AFTER CADMIUM CHLORIDE EXPOSURE

Dr. Jaihree Daverey, Deptt. Of Zoology, J.D.B. Govt. Girls College, Kota

Abstract:- Excessive levels of trace elements may occur naturally as a result of geological phenomenon such as ore formation, weathering of rocks and leaching. Human activities, for instance, burning of fossil fuel, mining, smelting, discharging industrial, agricultural and domestic waste are far more responsible for the presence of heavy metals in the atmosphere than the natural geological phenomenon. Some metals such as lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic are highly toxic in minor quantities. Cadmium as an industrial pollutant has aroused a great concern due to its toxic effects on the various body tissues. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study the changes in the biochemical parameters-Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) of Swiss albino mice after cadmium chloride exposure. For the experiment, adult healthy male Swiss albino mice (6-8 weeks old) were used for the experiment. The aqueous solution of the cadmium chloride was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of cadmium chloride in 1000 ml of the glass distilled water, thus giving the concentration of 20 ppm and then administered orally in drinking water. Animals were autopsied by cervical dislocation at each post-treatment interval of 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days. Three normal mice were also autopsied. Immediately after autopsy, the blood was collected by cardiac puncture in heparinized tubes for studying biochemical parameters SGOT and SGPT. The present investigation revealed an increase in SGOT and SGPT activities continuously upto day-10 after cadmium exposure and decreasing thereafter. Decrease in protein levels in the tissue can be attributed to the increase GOT and GPT activities.

Keywords:- Cadmium chloride, SGOT, SGPT.

1. INTRODUCTION

Environmental pollution is an undesirable change in physical, chemical and biological characteristics of water, air and soil that is harmful for all living organisms including plants. Most of the pollution problems which we face today stem from the overexploitation of our natural resources, technological advancement, urbanization and industrial revolution. Excessive levels of trace elements may occur naturally as a result of geological phenomenon such as ore formation, weathering of rocks and leaching.

Human activities, for instance, burning of fossil fuel, mining, smelting, discharging industrial, agricultural and domestic waste are far more responsible for the presence of heavy metals in the atmosphere than the natural geological phenomenon. Cigarette smoking can cause significant increase in the concentrations of cadmium in kidney, the main target organ for cadmium toxicity. [1] Once perpetuated in the environment, metals are not readily detoxified by metabolic activity. As a result they get accumulated contributing to potential environmental hazard.

Some metals such as lead, mercury, chromium, cadmium, arsenic are highly toxic in minor quantities. Cadmium as an industrial pollutant has aroused a great concern due to its toxic effects on the various body tissues. Therefore, an attempt has been made to study the changes in the biochemical parameters- Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) of Swiss albino mice after cadmium chloride exposure.

2. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Adult healthy male Swiss albino mice (6-8 weeks old) were used for the experiment. Animals were fed with standard mice feed and water ad libitum.

2.1 Cadmium Chloride treatment

The aqueous solution of the cadmium chloride was prepared by dissolving 20 mg of cadmium chloride in 1000 ml of the glass distilled water, thus giving the concentration of 20 ppm and then administered orally in drinking water.

The animals for the experiment were divided into following groups:-

 Group I: Animals of this group served as control (Normal).

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 Group II: Animals of this group were orally fed with CdCl2 at the dose rate of 20 ppm ad libitum in drinking water continuously till the end of the experiment.

Three animals from each group were autopsied by cervical dislocation at each post- treatment interval of 1, 2, 4, 7, 10, 14 and 28 days. Three normal mice were also autopsied.

Immediately after the autopsy, the blood was collected by cardiac puncture in heparinized tubes for biochemical studies.

The biochemical parameters estimated were:-

a. Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) b. Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT) (a) Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT)

Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase in the serum plasma was estimated by clinical kit provided by Star Chem. Ltd. Mumbai.

Principle:-

The enzymatic reactions of this is as follows:-

Aspartic acid + Alpha Ketoglutaric acid Oxaloacetic acid + L-Glutamic acid

Oxaloacetic acid + 2, 4 DNPH Alkaline Hydrazone derivative

Medium (brown coloured complex)

The absorbance of the hydrazone derivative was correlated to SGOT activity by plotting a calibration curve using pyruvate standard. The intensity of the colour was proportional to the SGOT concentration present in the sample.

(b) Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)

Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase in the serum plasma was estimated by clinical kit provided by Star Chem. Ltd. Mumbai.

Principle:

The enzymatic reactions of this is as follows:-

L-Alanine + Alpha Ketoglutaric acid Pyruvic acid + L-Glutamic acid

Pyruvic acid + 2, 4 DNPH Alkaline Hydrazone derivatives

Medium (brown coloured complex)

The absorbance of the hydrazone derivative was correlated to SGPT activity by plotting a calibration curve using pyruvate standard. The intensity of the colour was proportional to the SGPT concentration present in the sample.

3. RESULTS

The changes in the values of SGOT (mµ/ml) of Swiss albino mice in various experimental groups are shown in Histogram-1

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3 Histogram-1

2. The changes in the values of SGPT (mµ/ml) of Swiss albino mice in various experimental Groups are shown in Histogram-2

Histogram-2 4. DISCUSSION

Cadmium has been considered as a causative agent in several human pathological conditions including essential hypertension, [5] renal dysfunction and ‘itai-itai’ disease.[2,3]

After administration by inhalation, ingestion or injection, cadmium is transported by the blood to various tissues of the body. Therefore, the concentration of cadmium in the blood is maximum immediately after intravenous injection and decreases with time because of its distribution to the tissues and elimination from the body.

Increase in the activities of certain enzymes in blood indicates the degree of tissue damage.[4] The present investigation revealed an increase in serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) activities after cadmium exposure which continued up to day 10 and decreasing thereafter. The present findings are in collaboration with the earlier reports of [6,7,8]. Decrease in protein levels in the tissue can be attributed to the increase GOT and GPT activities.[9]

Elevation in the activities of serum GOT and serum GPT and decrease in protein level clearly indicate protein catabolism as a source of energy after chronic toxicity of heavy metals.[10] Significant elevation serum GOT and serum GPT together with proteinuria and high hepatic and renal cadmium burden, indicates the dysfunction of these organs.[11]

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

1Day 2-Day 4-Day 7-Day 10-Day 14-Day 28Day

Values of SGOT

Autopsy intervals

group II group I Changes in the values of SGOT (mµ/ml) after cadmium exposure

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

1-Day 2-Day 4-Day 7-Day 10-Day 14-Day 28-Day

Values of SGPT

Autopsy Intervals

Group II Group I Changes in the values of SGOT (mµ/ml) after cadmium exposure

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4 5. CONCLUSION

1. From the present investigation it can be concluded that cadmium causes damage to the soft tissues.

2. Decrease in protein levels in the tissue can be attributed to the increase GOT and GPT activities.

REFERENCES

1. WHO (2010): Exposure to Cadmium: A major public health concern. World Health Organization, Preventing Disease through healthy Environments.

2. Friberg, L., Piscator, M., Nordberg, G.F. and Kjellstrom, T. (1974): Cadmium in the Environment, 2^nd ed.

CRC Press, Cleveland, Ohio.

3. Moore Oliver (2017): Cadmium, Mineral and fertilizers and A Tale of two Reports.

4. Nemesok, J. and Boross, L. (1982): Comparative studies on the sensitivity of different fish species to metal pollution. Acta Biol. Hung., 33:23.

5. Ki-Do Eum, Mi-Sun Lee, Domyung Paek. (2008): Cadmium in Blood and Hypertension. Science of the total Environment, Vol. 407; Issue-1, Pg.147-153.

6. Rajanna, B., Hobson, M, John Reese, Esther Sample and Chapatwala, K.D. (2008) : Cadmium in Rats.

Published online, Pages 229-241.

7. Chapatwala, K.D., Rajanna, B., and Desalah,D. (2011) : Cadmium induced changes in Gluconeogenic Enzymes in rat Kidney and liver. Published online. Pages 407-420.

8. Vinoth Kumar, P., Amala Pricy, A., Ch. Sudheer Kumar and Kiran Kumar Goud, G. (2012): Hepato protective effect of green tea (Camellia Sinesis) in Cadmium Chloride induced toxicity in rats. J. Chem.

Pharm. Res. 2 (6) Pg. 125-128.

9. Sastry, K.V. and Shukla,V. (1990): Toxic effects of cadmium on some biochemical and physiological parameters in the teleost fish Channa punctuates. Bio journal, 2:325.

10. Sastry, K.V., Sachdeva, S. and Rathee,P. (1997): Chronic toxic effects of cadmium and copper and their combination on some enzymological and biochemical parameters of Channa punctuates. J. Environ.

Biol., 18:291.

11. Tandon, S.K., Flora, S.J.S., Behari, J.R. and Ashquin, M. (1984): Vitamin-B complex in treatment of cadmium intoxication. Ann. Clin. And Lab, Sci., 14:487.