Most of the first refugees from East Bengal belonged to upper or middle caste groups. The massive increase in the city's population has had a major impact on the city's infrastructure. This was necessary because the conflict between the refugees and the former inhabitants of the country was imminent.
The discussion on refugee rehabilitation often misses the plight of the poorest part of the population in the country. The 1950 Calcutta riots witnessed major changes in the city's social morphology. Communist leaders in the Assembly saw in the provisions of the bill the government's evil plan against refugees.
The amount and method of payment of any compensation were also not clearly stated in the provisions of the bill. The historiography of division in the East and rehabilitation policies often does not pay much attention to the role of women. We know that many members of the refugee families participated in the informal sector of the city to make a living.
That meant looking after the refugees as well as the former residents of the state.
Urban Planning, Settlement Practices, and Issues of Justice in Contemporary Kolkata
Glimpses of this way of thinking can be found in some past studies of urbanization. Siddiqui with the task of launching a full investigation into the situation of Muslims in the city. For the first time, she drew attention to a peculiar aspect of migration settlements in the city: the tendency to concentrate the so-called
However, the value system and intellectual background which provide a justifying explanation for the zoning of the city according to 'ethnic' identities did not undergo a significant change even in contemporary times. While almost 60% of families, the survey found, were current-generation migrants, the remaining 40% of families had roots in the city for more than one generation. This drive to become the most powerful actor in the case of squatter settlements proves how much importance the state has attached to issues of existence and improvement of the city's slums in relation to urban development.
We should not forget that historically most of the slums in Kolkata were built to house the workers who came to live in the city from other districts or states. The changing patterns of land use in the city are therefore partly constitutive of the changing production methods in the urban sector. Urbanization has received attention from both government and academic circles in recent years as one of the remnants of neoliberal reform in India.
The exclusivity of the new cities – if any – lies in the novelty of their mechanisms of accumulation. I think the accumulation strategies take a slightly different path in the case of the old cities. In the next and final section, I will dwell on this notion by citing a particular incident from the city's recent history.
For example, most construction workers in the city spend their nights on the construction site, under the fragile roof of the half-finished buildings. Some residents of these new bustees also hoped to find a place in the apartments for rehabilitation. On March 30, three KMDA bulldozers stormed into the area and destroyed most of the 139 homes in the two settlements.62.
Another approach can be sought in the concept of 'social justice', in which the notion of justice should be linked to a systemic revision of the social self. 6 This categorization ignores the existence of "Bengali Muslims," who occupy a large portion of the city's Muslim population.
Migration, Street Dwelling and City Space
A Study of Women Waste Pickers in Calcutta
Let us consider an investigative framework for the history of the population group in the KMC area in conversation with the figures presented in the previous section12. The decline in population in the KMC area came as the 2011 census reported rapid urbanization in each of the 19 districts of the state. Waste pickers were part of the latter, which included the poorest sections of the population studied.
Presumably, the meaning of the term can be derived from the literature on homelessness in the United States and Latin America. Before entering into this discussion, a brief outline of the existing work on waste collectors in Calcutta would be appropriate. Routh's work illustrates the scenario of urban solid waste management under the purview of the Calcutta Municipal Corporation and the role of waste collectors in this larger process.
36 In the rest of the one hundred and thirty-four departments, while the KMC only has landfills, the waste collectors help separate and recycle the waste. None of the garbage pickers I encountered in this particular area are new migrants to the city; they have lived here for two or three generations. It was under the persuasion of the ailing father-in-law that Gulbahari came to the city along with two of her daughters and a son.
Major streets and intersections are always the most profitable regions because of the shops and cars, 'the. Also the second phase of the work, sorting and separating the collected waste, is carried out in the places where they live. My ethnography does not look at the details of the chain of traders in the waste recycling industry in Calcutta.
She graduated into the mainstream of the city's host population by finding a place in the city's tenements. Living in the heart of the city ensures access to certain public infrastructures and economic activities. Housing the homeless cannot be a pretext for their displacement to a new border of the city.
A growing union and mechanization of waste separation will make the living labor of waste collectors progressively socially unnecessary. Before setting up the compressor station in the area, she was earning Rs.
CRG Publications
Anya Pakistan - 'n Bengaalse versameling vertaalde geskrifte uit, Ander stemme uit Pakistan, geredigeer deur Ranabir Samaddar, versprei deur Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. Parbotyo Chattogram - Simanter Rajniti O Sangram - Debjani Datta & Anasua Basu Ray Chaudhury, versprei deur Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata. Abiram Raktopat - Tripuranarir Sangram - Geredigeer deur Krishna Bandyopadhyay, versprei deur Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group, Kolkata.
Rethinking 1905: Spatial Inequality, Uneven Development and Nationalism- Authored by David Ludden Published by Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (MCRG). Climate Change Induced Displacement: A Challenge to International Law- Authored by Walter Kalin Published by Mahanirban Calcutta Research Group (MCRG). Civil Society Dialogue on Human Rights and Peace in the North-East (First, Second and Third) 2.
UN Guidelines on the IDPs - A report on workshops, advocacy meetings and translations of documents. Report of the Three Year Research and Dialogue Program on Development, Democracy and Governance - Lessons and Policy Implications, 2013. Ecosystem for Life- A Bangladesh-India Initiative- Ecology, Politics and Survival in India's Northeast and Deltaic Bengal, 2014.
