View of A CRITICAL REVIEW ON CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LENDING PRACTICES

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Vol. 05,Special Issue 02, (IC-IRSHEM-2020) February 2020, Available Online: www.ajeee.co.in/index.php/AJEEE

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A CRITICAL REVIEW ON CO-OPERATIVE BANKING IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO LENDING PRACTICES

1Manoj Kumar, ²Dr. Satyapal Singh

1Research Scholar, JJT University, Jhunjhunu, Rajasthan, India

2Associate Professor, Govt. College, Hisar, Haryana, India

Abstract:- Banking business has done miracles for the world economy. The basic looking strategy for tolerating cash stores from savers and afterward loaning a similar cash to borrowers, banking movement empowers the progression of cash to gainful use and ventures. This thusly enables the economy to develop. Without banking business, investment funds would sit inert in our homes, the business people would not be in a situation to collect the cash, standard individuals imagining for another vehicle or house would not have the option to buy autos or houses. The administration of India began the cooperative development of India in 1904. At that point the administration in this way chose to build up the cooperatives as the institutional office to handle the issue of usury and provincial obligation, which has turned into a revile for populace. In such a circumstance cooperative banks work as an adjusting focus. At present there are a few cooperative banks which are performing multipurpose elements of money related, regulatory, and supervisory and advancement in nature of extension and improvement of cooperative credit framework. To sum things up, the cooperative banks need to go about as a companion, scholar and manual for whole cooperative structure. The investigation depends on some fruitful community banks in Delhi (India). The investigation of the bank's exhibition alongside the loaning practices gave to the clients is herewith embraced. The client has taken more than one kind of credit from the banks. In addition they recommended that the bank ought to embrace the most recent innovation of the financial like ATMs, web/internet banking, Visas and so on in order to carry the bank at standard with the private part banks.

Keywords: Co-Operative Banks, India.

1. INTRODUCTION

The co-usable development in India was presented with the fundamental object of helping the poor classes, particularly by far most of agriculturists, who were under the weights of obligations. Horticulture, similar to some other industry, requires present moment, medium term and long haul credit. Yet, it is little scale, wide dissipated and exceptionally sloppy. Besides agriculturists need more property to offer as security for getting advances.

In this manner, they needed to depend upon private offices viz., the town Mahajan or sahukars, proficient and non-proficient cash moneylenders, landowners, companions and family members. Because of the absence of haggling force and danger of loaning, these private organizations had been charging extravagant paces of enthusiasm, driving further indebtness of agriculturists and coming about after ages to worry about the concern of in debtness.

It is no misrepresentation to state the "Indian rancher is conceived owing debtors, lives paying off debtors and passes on under water." The agriculturalists and little ranchers were overlooked by the financial framework as they had no substantial property to offer as security. It is this void in the financial framework which co-usable financial looks to satisfy.

So during that time the need was felt for such an office which could give credit to agribusiness part at sensibly low paces of enthusiasm on simple terms and conditions, in order to give sufficient farming account both to filling in just as starting capital.

These issues of agriculturists pulled in the consideration of the legislature and the Indian heads. So Mr. F.A. Nicholson was deputed on the errand of finding the arrangement.

Subsequent to contemplating the agrarian credit associations of Europe and America, presented his report (in 2 volumes), in which he summarized his discoveries in the words

"Each town must discover Raiffeisen", that prompted the foundation of co-usable social orders and banks in India.

The primary target of setting up of co-usable credit social orders is to advance frugality and shared assistance among the individuals who principally claimed these co- usable establishments. Co-usable credit social orders provide food the credit prerequisites

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of the individuals as well as different administrations related with it like info supply, stockpiling and showcasing of produce and so on. A few councils, in the wake of thinking about the commitment of cooperatives in the rustic credit situation, have accentuated their job in allotment of credit and partnered benefits in the country regions.

A cooperative is by and large seen as a social monetary association that can satisfy both social and financial goals of its individuals. A cooperative depends on specific qualities and standards of its own, which recognize it from different types of associations. The very aphorism of participation, 'each for all and just for each', implies steadfastness, trust, confidence and association. A cooperative is an ideal law based establishment of the individuals, for the individuals, and by the individuals, and depends on the 'one part, one vote' arrangement of basic leadership. Indian economy is rustic in character. This is obvious from the way that a high extent of the populace is living in provincial regions.

Despite the fact that horticulture, including associated exercises, represented just 14.1 percent of the GDP at steady (2004-5) costs in 2011-12, its job in the nation's economy is a lot greater with its offer in complete work as indicated by the 2001 enumeration, proceeding to be as high as 58.2 percent (monetary overview 2011-12).That methods a more elevated level of accomplishment could be accomplished with the accessible common, human, material and money related assets in the nation. On the off chance that the objectives of provincial advancement are to be accomplished it is important that the country individuals be composed inside an institutional structure that gives them access to the financial and social assets. In India, cooperatives are the most regularly discovered type of individuals' association.

1.1 Meaning and concept of Co-operatives

"A cooperative is a self-ruling relationship of people joined intentionally to meet their regular monetary, social and social needs and goals through a together possessed and fairly controlled undertaking".

They are business substances where individuals cooperate to tackle regular issues, hold onto energizing chances and furnish themselves with products and enterprises. A cooperative is overseen on the premise that the clients of a business are likewise the proprietors of the business. Every client is qualified for become an individual from the cooperative society, along these lines accepting the advantage of progress through a profit payout.

The start of this incredible development is gone back to 1844, when a gathering of men known as the 'Rochdale Pioneers' started exchange staple creates in England, in view of 'another' standards of reasonable costs for dependable quality merchandise. These associations are better perceived around the world, for their non-benefit character and root level social working on intentional premise. Willful and open enrollment, vote based part control, part financial investment, self-rule and freedom, instruction, preparing and data, participation among cooperatives and worry for network are the standards of cooperatives.

Self-improvement, self-duty, popular government, equity, value and solidarity are the estimations of cooperative associations. In the convention of its originators, the development additionally pursues such moral qualities as trustworthiness, transparency, social duty and thinking about others. Obviously, it is a social development and its development will collectively bring about the healthy development of the general public.

1.2 The Statutory definition of co-operative banks

The death of the financial laws (application to co-usable social orders) Act 1965, was an age making occasion in the records of the Co-employable Banking System in India. This has empowered to broaden a portion of the significant arrangements of the previous Banking Companies Act 1949 (presently Banking Regulation Act) and the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934 to the Co-employable Bank too. For the first run through in the financial history, a statutory meaning of a Cooperative Bank has been set down in the demonstration (conditions of segment 2 of the Reserve Bank of India Act 1934).

a) Central Co-usable Banks mean the essential co-employable society in the area in an express, the essential object of which is the financing of other co-usable social orders in that region. Given that notwithstanding such head society in the locale, the state government may announce any at least one co-usable social orders

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carrying on the matter of financing other co-usable social orders in that area to be a focal co-usable bank or banks inside the importance of this definition. b) Co-usable Bank implies a state Co-employable Bank, a Central Cooperative Bank and a Primary Co-usable Bank.

b) Primary Co-employable Bank implies a co-usable society, other than an essential horticulture credit society,

i. The essential article or head business of which is the exchange of banking business;

ii. The paid-up share capital and save of which are at the very least one lakh of rupees; and

iii. The bye-laws of which don't allow confirmation of some other cooperative society as a part.

c) State co-employable bank implies the central co-usable society in the express, the essential object of which is the financing of other co-usable social orders in the state:

Given that notwithstanding such head society in a state or where there is no such head society in an express, the state government may announce any at least one co-employable social orders conveying business in that state to be a state co- usable bank or banks inside the significance of this definition.

1.3 Structure of Co-operative Banking in India

India's co-operative financial structure consists of two fundamental fragments, viz., farming and non-agrarian credit. There are two separate structures on account of agrarian credit - one for short and medium term credit and the other for long haul credit. The co-operative credit structure for short and medium terms is a three level one with primary horticultural credit social orders at the base level, the focal co-operative bank at the region level and state co-operative bank at the zenith level. Well beyond these organizations, grain banks are effectively working as primary social orders in specific states. Despite the fact that the association of focal and state co-operative banks was for the most part to help the rural credit area, they serve non-rural social orders as well.

2. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Different examinations directed and various recommendations were looked to get viability the working and activities of money related foundations. Narsimha Committee (2010):

stressed on capital ampleness and liquidity, Padmanabhan Committee (1995) proposed CAMEL rating (as proportions) to assess monetary and operational effectiveness, Tarapore Committee (1997) discussed Non-performing resources and resource quality, Kannan Committee (1998) opined about working capital and loaning strategies, Basel council (1998 and reconsidered in 2001) suggested capital sufficiency standards and hazard the board measures.

Desai and Narayana Rao (2010): saw that in co-employable credit the default rate is exceptionally high. In contrast with long haul advances the rate is very high for transient advances. The default rate in a large portion of the states was more that 30 to 35 percent with a couple of special cases like Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Kerala, Punjab and Haryana. The significant purposes behind this were unseemly advance terms and organization, which were seen as interrelated. They inferred that so as to take care of this issue there was a need to reorient the acknowledge extends along-for better monetary investigation.

Kapoor Committee (2011): Suggested for credit conveyance framework and credit assurance and prescribed seven parameters (proportions) to pass judgment on money related execution and a few different advisory groups established by Reserve Bank of India to get changes the financial part by accentuating on the improvement in the monetary strength of the banks. Specialists proposed different instruments and systems for powerful examination and understanding of the budgetary and operational parts of the money related organizations explicitly banks. These have center around the investigation of budgetary feasibility and credit value of cash loaning organizations so as to anticipate corporate disappointments and early rate of liquidation among these establishments.

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Bhaskaran and Josh (2012): Inferred that the recuperation execution of co-usable credit establishments proceeds to unsuitable which adds to the development of NPA even after the presentation of prudential guidelines. They proposed authoritative and arrangement remedies to make co-usable credit foundations progressively proficient, gainful and beneficial association on top of aggressive business banking. Jain (2011) has done a relative execution examination of District Central Co-employable Banks (DCCBs) of Western India, in particular Maharashtra, Gujarat and Rajasthan and found that DCCBs of Rajasthan have performed better in gainfulness and liquidity when contrasted with Gujarat and Maharashtra. Singh and Singh (2006) contemplated the assets the board in the District Central Co-usable Banks (DCCBs) of Punjab with explicit reference to the examination of budgetary edge. It noticed that a higher extent of possess reserves and the recuperation concerns have brought about the expanded edge of the Central Co-usable Banks and along these lines had a bigger arrangement for non-performing resources.

Kanakasabhai (2013): examined the credit arranging and money related administration in co-usable banks in Orissa. He discovers that the accomplishment of a co- usable society relies on the manner in which it deals with its assets, how it builds its productivity and accordingly improves the picture of the establishment. Varkey (1976) saw that to raise assets was the serious issue looked by co-employable social orders. The proportion of stores among business and co-usable banks has decayed from 88.19: 11.81 in 1970-71 to 89.05: 10.95 during 1973-74. He presumed that instead of relying upon government commitment co-agents need to concentrate on the preparation of stores.

John Winfred (2014): in his investigation saw that so as to have brief recuperation of credits it was exceptionally fundamental that recuperations in DCB ought to be mastermind around collect time with supervisory staff and non-official authority. For the correct comprehension of the ramifications of reasonable utilization of credit, he further proposed a part training project, which was likewise expected to produce extra salary - through backup occupation to ranchers. His proposals likewise included sorting out the advertising exercises by showcasing social orders to recoup the advances from deals continues.

Mavaluri, Boppana and Nagarjuna (2016): Proposed that exhibition of banking as far as benefit, profitability, resource quality and monetary administration has turned out to be essential to stable the economy. They found that open part banks have been more proficient than different banks working in India.Pal and Malik (2017) examined the distinctions in the monetary attributes of 74 (open, private and remote) banks in India dependent on factors, for example, gainfulness, liquidity, hazard and effectiveness. It is proposed that remote banks were better entertainers, when contrasted with other two classes of banks, by and large and as far as use of assets specifically. Campbell (2017) concentrated on the connection between nonperforming advances (NPLs) and bank disappointment and contended for a compelling bank bankruptcy law for the avoidance and control of NPLs for creating and transitional economies as these have been enduring serious issues due to NPLs.

Subhash Chandra Sarkar (2017): saw that the overwhelming overdues at the degree of DCBs in India are the significant purpose behind diminishing their ability to acquire from the higher money related organizations. In his view the purpose behind the expanding overdues of DCBs was not the powerlessness of the borrowers to reimburse, rather their own lack of ability to recoup advances. According to his conclusion different explanations behind the expanding overdues in co-usable monetary establishments incorporate faulty loaning approach sought after by the DCBs and Primary Agricultural Credit Societies, regulatory shortcomings, political support to defaulters and the disappointment of the officials of the co-usable foundations to embrace proper measures.

Singla (2018): stressed on money related administration and analyzed the monetary situation of sixteen banks by thinking about benefit, capital ampleness, obligation value and NPA. Dutta and Basak (2018) proposed that Co-employable banks ought to improve their recuperation execution, embrace new arrangement of automated checking of credits, actualize legitimate prudential standards and sort out ordinary workshops to continue in the aggressive banking environment. Chander and Chandel (2010) investigated the money related proficiency and reasonability of HARCO Bank and

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discovered horrible showing of the bank on capital sufficiency, liquidity, winning quality and the administration effectiveness parameters.

2.1 Objectives

1. To realize the loaning practices of cooperative banks in India.

2. To quantify and think about the proficiency of Cooperative Banks of India.

3. To consider the effect of “size‟ on the effectiveness of the Cooperative Banks.

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Cooperative banks were the significant constituent of the financial structure of India as they crossed over any barrier between the deficiency and surplus units of the money related arrangement of the nation. Co-employable banks are especially significant in Indian financial structure as a result of the way that India is fundamentally a creating nation with nearly less created money related frameworks bringing about low degree of banking and budgetary exercises. In such a situation co-employable banks assume a significant job as they pursue a basic financial framework and furthermore offer advances and advances at less expensive rates which make them appealing and rewarding for those speculators who are not roused enough to go for complexed and propelled banking and budgetary instruments. This is the means by which it was expected that cooperative banks are significant for the development and improvement of Indian financial business. In the present years it has been seen that by and large the benefit and effectiveness of the cooperative banks in India is declining and their commitment in general financial business is likewise declining. Subsequently there is a need to survey and investigate the present status of these banks, purposes behind the decrease in their gainfulness and proficiency and further to give certain significant arrangement recommendations which will prompt their improvement.

As there are a huge number of cooperative banks in India of different kinds and classifications, which will be excessively enormous, an example size to examine successfully and effectively. Along these lines in the present investigation the scientist is especially centering upon the present status of DCBs in India especially in India.

Type of Research: Descriptive research is utilized in this investigation so as to recognize the loaning practices of bank and deciding customer‟s level of satisfaction. The method utilized was survey and meeting of the accomplished credit officials.

Collection of Data:

1. Primary Data

1. Observation Method 2. Interview Method

3. Structured Questionnaire.

2. Secondary Data

1. Annual reports of the bank

2. Manual of instructions on loans and advances 3. Books

4. Articles and Research Papers.

5. Internet

Sampling Unit: The Study population incorporates the clients of bank and Sampling Unit for Study was Individual Customer.

Sampling Size: 200 Respondents

Table 1: Preferences of the customers for the loans Kind of Loan No. of Respondent Percentage (%)

House loan 16 32%

Personal loan 15 30%

Consumer loan 6 12%

Educational loan 8 16%

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Vehicle loan 3 6%

Other 2 4%

Figure 1: Preferences of the customers for the loans

Present study uncovers that greater part of the respondents have taken house loans and individual loans and less respondents incline toward purchaser, instructive and vehicle loans.

Table 2: Range of the amount of loans

Loan Amount No. of

Respondent

Percentage (%)

Less than

20,000

4 8%

20,000-50,000 10 20%

50,000- 1 lac 6 12%

More than 1 lac 30 60%

Figure 2: Range of the amount of loans

Present Study uncovers that 8 % individuals lean toward advance under 20,000, 20 % respondents favor 20,000 to 50,000,12 % incline toward more than 1 lac and 60% of the respondents incline toward more than 1 lac.

Table 3: Preferable term of loan

Term of Loan No. of respondent Percentage (%)

Less than 1 year 6 12%

1 to 3 years 10 20%

More than 3 years 32 64%

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Figure 3: Preferable term of loan

Study shows that 64 % respondents take advance for over 3 years, 20 % take advance for 1 to 3 years and 12% take credit for the time of under 1 year.

Table 4: What prompted the customers to take loan from co-operative banks Reason for taking loan No. of

Respondent Percentage (%)

Reasonable rate of

Interest 6 12%

More schemes 5 10%

Less formalities 17 34%

Easy repayment 19 38%

Any other 3 6%

Figure 4: What prompted the customers to take loan from cooperative banks Study uncovers that 38 % take advance since banks give simple payment,34% take loans in view of less conventions and different respondents take credit in view of sensible pace of premium, more schemes.

Table 5: Average time taken for the processing of the loan Average time for

processing of loan

No. of

respondent

Percentage (%)

Less than 7 days 34 68%

Between 7 to 14 days 13 26%

More than 14 days 3 6%

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Figure 5: Average time taken for the processing of the loan

Study uncovers that 68% respondents says that normal time taken for preparing of the advance is under 7 days, 26% says that it takes 7 – 14 days and 6 % says that it takes over 14 days.

Table 6. Ranking of the facilities provided by the co-opp. banks Rank the facility No. of respondent Percentage (%)

Above average 16 32%

Average 30 60%

Below average 4 8%

Figure 6: Ranking of the facilities provided by the co-op. banks

Study shows that 60% of the respondent says that office gave by the bank are normal, 32%

state that its better than expected and 8% says that its underneath normal.

Table 7: Customer’s ranking for service of the bank Rank the customer

services

No. of

responedent

Percentage (%)

Excellent 12 24%

Good 26 52%

Average 12 24%

Poor 1 2%

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Figure 7: Customer’s ranking for service of the bank

Study shows that 52% of the respondents says that client assistance of the bank is good, 24% says that it is astounding and another 24 % says its normal and just 2 % says its poor.

Table 8: Satisfaction of the customers with the amount& period of instalment

No. Of

respondent Percentage (%)

Yes 34 68%

No 6 12%

Can‟tsay 10 20%

Figure 8: Satisfaction of the customers with the amount& period of installment Study uncovers that 68% are happy with the sum and time of portion, 12 % are not fulfilled and 20 % can‟t say.

Table 9: Preferable banks for borrowing facilities Preferable banks in

future

No. of

respondent

Percentage (%)

Public banks 7 14%

Private banks 15 30%

Cooperative bank 28 56%

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Figure 9: Preferable banks for borrowing facilities

Study shows that 56 % of the respondents will lean toward loans from co-operative banks, 30 % from the private banks and 14 % from people in general banks.

Table 10: Customers who would like to refer the co-op. banks to their friends and relatives

Bank refer to others

No. of

respondent

Percentage (%)

Always 39 78%

Sometimes 9 18%

Never 2 4%

Figure 10: Customers who would like to refer the co-op. banks to their friends and relatives

78% of the respondents might want to allude the bank to their companions and family members which shows that they are fulfilled from the administrations and loaning practices of the bank.

Study shows that 64 % respondents take advance for over 3 years, 20 % take credit for 1 to 3 years and 12% take advance for the time of under 1 year.

3.1 Need of the study

The District Co-employable Banks otherwise called Central Co-usable Banks involve a noteworthy situation in the cooperative credit structure. They fill in as a significant connection between the Apex Co-employable Bank and the Primary Agricultural Credit Societies. Region Co-employable Banks are in truth an alliance of Primary Agricultural Credit Societies and different kinds of social orders working inside their ward. Area Co- employable Banks (DCBs) goes about as the pioneer of the cooperative development in a locale and assumes a viable job in the inside and out development of the cooperative development. It needs to embrace different limited time and formative exercises too.

3.2 Data analysis

The significant target of this part is to break down the productivity of chose DCBs in India with respect to preparation and organization of assets. The primary point of the considerable number of associations, regardless of whether open and private, is to accomplish and look

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after productivity. Be that as it may, there have been various perspectives with respect to the significance, strategies and estimation of productivity. If there should be an occurrence of cooperative banks, it is even more troublesome in light of the fact that a cooperative foundation needs to meet double targets, viz., money related goals as a monetary venture and social destinations as a co-employable undertaking. The social targets have been kept out the ambit of this investigation as they require estimation of non-monetary parameters and include a particular method of examination.

3.3 Ratio analysis

Proportion investigation is an idea or method, which is as old as bookkeeping idea. Money related examination is a significant device. It has expected significant job as an instrument for evaluating the genuine worth of an endeavor, its presentation during a timeframe, its traps. Money related examination is indispensable device for the translation of monetary insights. It additionally discovers any cross sectional and time arrangement linkages between different proportions. Proportion examination implies the way toward figuring, deciding and displaying the relationship of related things and gatherings of things of budget reports. They give, in an abridged and brief structure, smart thought about the money related situation of a unit. They are significant apparatuses for monetary examination.

For the evaluation of the productivity of cooperative banks different proportions have been utilized viz., credit to store proportion, borrowings to stores proportion, claimed assets to obtained supports proportion, fluid advantages for request and time liabilities proportion, current and reserve funds store to add up to stores proportion, term stores to add up to store proportion, possessed assets to working finances proportion, stores to working subsidizes proportion, borrowings to advances proportion, ventures to stores proportion.

Table 1: Credit to deposit ratio of selected DCBs from 2002-03 to 2010-11

Table: displays the credit store proportion of chosen test DCBs for the period 2002- 03 to 2010-11. The CD proportion of DCBs has demonstrated a fluctuating pattern during the investigation time frame. It is clear from the table viable that on a normal the extent of credit to store was most noteworthy in Moradabad DCB (G.M. = 92) and most minimal in Azamgarh DCB (G.M. = 26) which was lower than the ideal level for example > 60 %. The level of credit dispensing in connection to the assembled stores was seen to be suggesting in the later years when contrasted with the previous years. A horrible credit-store proportion in the later years could be attributed to the mounting NPAs in the previous long stretches of the examination time frame. The state of Allahabad, Etawah, Hamirpur, Jalaun, Lalitpur and Lucknow was no better. On a normal the proportion of all DCBs aside from Etah, Ghaziabad and Moradabad were lower than the general normal of state (G.M. = 70) and country in general (G.M. = 74).

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For better understanding into the working of the association, investigation of its development, improvement and other fundamental highlights turns into a pre-essential advance. The presentation and money related markers of the locale cooperative banks were exposed to compound development rate investigation for the period 2002-03 to 2010-11 so as to survey the exhibition of area cooperative banks. The money related factors viz., Share capital, stores and overflow, complete stores and every one of fixed, sparing and different stores, all out working capital and every part of acquired and possessed assets, ventures, the all out advances and every one of the short, medium and the long haul advances of the considerable number of regions cooperative banks were found to have recorded a noteworthy yearly development rate throughout the years.

1. During 2002-03 to 2010-11 there is irrelevant development in number of DCBs throughout the years (0.17%).

2. We found that if there should arise an occurrence of offer capital, Ghaziabad DCB recorded the most elevated development which is considerably more noteworthy than the general development of India and of India also. The least development was watched for Lucknow DCB.

3. Notwithstanding, all in all, the information of the chose test areas of India for the period 2003-2011 shows that the offer capital of DCBs in India is expanding throughout the years.

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